Sociology

The term Homo sapiens, the names of our species, comes from the Latin meaning:

"Thinking person"

The dominant values of the U.S. culture share which of the following?

A belief in individuality

Imagine that you were going to measure the age of a number of respondents taking part in a survey. As you record the data, you are using the concept "age" as:

A variable

In a questionnaire, the question, "Please express your opinions about the threat of terrorist attest at home," is an example of which of the following?

An open-ended format

Sociologist define a symbol as:

Anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.

Which perspective developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

Behaviorism

Making use of sociological perspective encourages:

Challenging commonly held beliefs.

Jean Piaget's focus was on:

Cognition: how people think and understand

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:

Cultural inconsistently in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adult like.

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called:

Cultural relativism

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together constitute a people's way of life?

Culture

Counterculture refers to:

Culture patterns that oppose those that are widely held

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:

Emile Durkheim

The language spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is:

English.

Family is important to the socialization process because:

Families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion. Parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.

To evaluate a theory, sociologist:

Gather data or facts.

Peter Berger described using the sociological perspective as seeing __ in the __.

General; particular

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that:

Girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, but it gradually decreases as they go through adolescence

Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on:

How society actually operates.

While most of today's sociologist agree with Auguste Comte that science is a crucial part of sociology, we also recognize that:

Human beings are partly creative and spontaneous Human behavior is often more complex than natural phenomena No rigid "laws of society" hold everywhere and at all times

In the terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization leads to the conclusion that:

Humans beings can never be free of society.

Sociologist cannot precisely predict any person's behavior because:

Humans may respond to the presence of an observer in unexpected ways. Human behavior is highly complex and has many causes. Social patterns that are found in one time and place may not be found in other.

"An unverified statement of a relationship between variables" is the definition of which term?

Hypothesis

The United States is multicultural because:

In this country many ways of life can be found.

C. Wright Mills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more widespread:

In times of crisis.

Today, most immigrants to the United States arrive from:

Latin America and Asia

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be value free was:

Max Weber

According to Comte, people begin to see society as a natural—rather than a supernatural—phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development?

Metaphysical stage

The largest number of nations in the world (about 90 of a total of 192) falls into which category?

Middle-income nations

The sociological perspective reveals thats:

Much of what passes for "common sense" in the United States turns out to be at least partly wrong.

The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as:

Nonmaterial culture

The social sciences, including sociology, developed based on the idea that:

Nurture is human nature

Patterns of socialization vary by class; in child-rearing, lower-class parents stress __, while well-to-do parents stress __.

Obedience; creativity

Drawing conclusions about all of humanity based on information drawn only from males describes the problem called:

Overgeneralization

Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language

When Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that:

People see themselves as they think others see them

Which of the following is a way in which people can mislead others with statistics?

People use graphs to "spin" the truth. People select the data they present. People interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion.

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feelings?

Personality

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the __ stage.

Preoperational

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful tp their spouses is an example of __ culture, while the fact that most adults acknowledge the importance of sexual fidelity is an example of __ culture.

Real; ideal

Which of the following is NOT found within the American Sociological Association's guidelines for ethical research?

Researchers must always preform their research several times in order to ensure its accuracy.

A smaller number of people used to represent an entire population is called a:

Sample

Which sociological research method saves the time and expense of data gathering, but the researcher has no control over the possible data bias?

Secondary analysis

Mead placed the origin of the self in:

Social experience

Taken together, the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie provide strong evidence that:

Social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality Both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development The effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the:

Social-conflict paradigm.

The theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the:

Structural-functional paradigm

Which theoretical paradigm is closest to the work of early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

Structural-functional paradigm

Campus poets, computer nerds, and jazz musicians all display __ patterns.

Subculture

The statement that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and clothing describes:

The essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology

Herbert Spencer described human society as having much in common with:

The human body.

What term refers to the arithmetic average of the series of numbers?

The mean

Two variables are said to display correlation if:

They vary together.

A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect:

This nation's capitalist economy

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

To radically alter a person's personality or behavior.

Inductive logical thought involves:

Transforming specific observations into general theory.

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and , beautiful are called:

Values

In the process of measurement, reliability refers to:

Whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results.

In the United States today, the suicide rate is the highest for which category of people noted below?

White males

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

id