Sociology Ch 1-3

status

position a person occupies in a particular institution

sociology

the scientific study of society, including how individuals both shape and are shaped by society.

symbolic interactionism

viewing society as a social construction, continually constructed and reconstructed by individuals through their use of shared symbols

True consciousness

when the proletariat are no longer in false consciousness and are aware of how they are being mistreated and misled.

Emile Durkheim mechanical solidarity

who referred to social solidarity derived from the similarity of its members as ____

social harmony

occurs when a society with organic solidarity is "healthy" where the parts of the society are working well together

conflict

oppression can be associated with what theory?

noticing patterns of injustice and taking action to challenge those patterns

second core commitment of sociology

species being

the unique potential to imagine and then create what we imagine

culture

the way of life of a particular group

sociological eye

A __ enables you to see what others may not notice. It allows you to peer beneath the surface of a situation and discern social patterns. ex: a woman academic who conducts evaluations of various academic departments every year. Often, she does so as part of a team. She has noticed that, whenever she is paired with a man, the clients always look at the man when speaking to them both. As a sociologist, she knows what she is experiencing is gender bias. In general, both men and women tend to defer to men and pay more attention to them, particularly in business settings.

imagine how to relevant others

A child's first step in developing a sense of self is to ____

reacts to the feedback of the parents and others give about their perceptions towards the child

A child's second step in developing a sense of self is when they __

integrates the first two steps into a coherent and unique sense of self

A child's third step in developing a sense of self is ___

August Comte

French philosopher who gave sociology its name, envisioned that sociology would be the "queen science" that could help steer society safely through great changes.

advanced capitalism

Marx believed that there were ten stages of societal development but was most concerned with the last three stages. Stage 8 was named ___

socialism

Marx believed that, when the proletarian revolution began, society would move from the eighth stage of societal development, advanced capitalism, into the ninth stage, ____.

advanced capitalism

Marx held that ____ is an economic system based on profit and the pursuit of maximum profit

False consciousness

Marx's theory that the proletariat did not understand how they were being mistreated and misled by the owners of the means of production.

family religion economy education government health care media

Structural functionalists note that their are 7 primary social institutions:

construction

Symbolic interactionists view society as a social ___, continually constructed and reconstructed by individuals through their use of shared symbols.

fairly well.

The conflict perspective is so laser focused on oppression and making life better for the have-nots that it can overlook moments when society is going along ___

use the sociological eye to observe social patterns

first core commitment of sociology

social actors

individuals involved in the interaction

organic solidarity

These societies operated more like a living organism, with various parts, each specializing in only certain tasks but dependent on the others for survival

positivism

(social rules) the idea that society can be studied scientifically and logically

Harriet Martineau

-first to translate Comte's works into English -author of the first sociology textbook "How to Observe Morals and Manners" -one of the earliest feminist social scientists

Auguste Comte

-positivism or social physics -needed to make more sense of society as religious authority declined

communism

10th stage of social development

impression management

According to Goffman, each of us uses presentation of self skills to try and control their evaluations of us, what he calls ___ ex) knowing how we know to dress nicely on a first date and try not to forget our wallets

1. Accepting one's punishment is a step in the rehabilitation/resocialization process of the individual back into the community 2. SF worry that without punishment, bad behavior will spread

Bank robber example: He or she should have learned from family, teachers, and perhaps religious leaders that robbing a bank is not socially acceptable behavior. But despite those socializing messages, the person still chose to rob a bank. The person has stepped outside of the moral order of the community and must be punished. Structural functionalist theorists believe that punishment is required for at least two reasons. Name

oppression

But while structural functionalist theorists examine society and see social order and harmony, conflict theorists see something completely different. They see ___: the haves holding the have-nots back to maintain their own elevated status.

Bourgeoisie-rich owners of the means of production Proletariat- poor workers in the factories, etc Lumpenproletariat- perpetually unemployed

Capitalism divides people into two major categories and a third, smaller group. Name and describe them.

broad; discrete

Classical sociology theory tends to be very ___, whereas modern theories are more __

1. theological stage 2. metaphysical stage 3. scientific stage

Comte's 3 historical epistemological stages 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___

value coercion

Conflict theorists note that the haves practice ____, wherein they use their power over the seven major institutions to force their values onto the have-nots, as part of their effort to maintain their higher status positions in society.

inequitable distribution

Conflict thinkers, unlike structural functionalists, do not see social problems as the result of the behavior of some "bad" individuals. Rather, they regard the ___ of resources and rewards as the cause of most social problems

task functions manifest & latent

Each social institution fulfills tasks on behalf of society. Structural functionalism calls these ___. There are two types of functions.

social patterns and how to tell the difference between good generalizations and stereotypes

In democratic societies, it is particularly important for citizens to develop the ability to notice ____

structural functionalism

Individuals work for the larger society's interests, rather than their own, due to social solidarity

social

Our lives are lived in the context of __ structure

very slowly

So theorists using a structural functionalist perspective would argue that, if change is needed at all, it should be done __ so as not to upset the equilibrium that undergirds the society and makes it strong.

idea of poverty

Social constructionists would argue that it is more important to study the ___ than individual poor people

formulate research questions and collect and analyze data to better understand how society operates.

Sociologists use theories and the scientific research process to ____ and ____.

social

Sociology is a ____ science

dysfunctions

Sometimes behavioral patterns have unintended consequences, called ____ ex) US built interstate highway system to move people and products more quickly which helps the economic institution. however, it increases air pollution

good

Structural Functionalists, because they see harmony deriving from the stable functioning of institutions and cooperation among them, are not so sure that a lot of social change is necessarily a __ thing.

macro-theoretical perspective unit of analysis

Structural functionalism is a ____ perspective. That means that the ____ (the thing being examined) is society as a whole, rather than an individual or a subculture.

Manifest functions

The obvious, stated reasons that a social institution exists are known as ____ ex) family-- have children, raising those children, etc

Conflict Theory

The second macro-theoretical perspective is the ___. This perspective is rooted in the scholarship of Karl Marx, who studied history and economics to see how human societies grow and change. In doing so, he created a revolutionary theory of social change called economic determinism.

societal issues

The symbolic interactionist perspective can be used to understand how our interactions can lead to a variety of ___

structural funcitonalism

The view of modern societies as consisting of interdependent parts working together for the good of the whole is known as ___

front stage; back stage

While Goffman discussed many settings, two of the key regions are the __ and __

micro level of analysis macro level of analysis

While social institutions made up of individuals fulfilling their roles (_____ which focuses on an individual or very small groups), they are societal (___ which focuses on the overall social structure of society and the large-scale societal forces that affect groups of people) in nature.

childhood primary socialization

While socialization can happen at any time in a person's life, the most intense time for socialization is in ___

Latent functions

__ are good or useful things that a social institution does but are not the institution's reason for existing. ex) family-- help out the economy when they purchase food, etc

theory

__ is created by one or a small number of sociologists working together; it attempts to explain a particular aspect of the social structure or a kind of social interaction between individuals.

stereotypes

___ are Predetermined ideas about particular groups of people, often used to excuse discriminatory treatment

good generalizations

___ are based on social scientific research unlike stereotypes. ex: one common stereotype is that women are "chatty Cathys" and talk incessantly. A good generalization, on the contrary, is that in mixed-sex conversations, men tend to talk and interrupt more than women. Women ask more questions than men and tend to work harder at fostering conversation, but it is men who tend to dominate verbal interactions

C. Wright Mills

___ believes we cannot fully understand our world without understanding what is going on in the rest of society

C. Wright Mills

___ developed the concept of the sociological imagination to describe how our individual lives relate to social forces

Structural functionalist

___ often overlook conflict and inequality. Instead, they emphasize the role of major social institutions and how they help to provide social stability to society

Erving Goffman

___ was a sociologist who analyzed interaction between small groups as if it was a play.

generalizations

____, or statements used to describe groups of people or things in general terms, with the understanding that there can always be exceptions, tend to have a bad reputation among the general public.

communism

all citizens would be equal and, at long last, able to fulfill their species being

stereotypes

bad generalizations, none based off of evidence

social constructionism

combo of conflict theory and symbolic interactionism

role

composed of the many behaviors that that go into occupying a status ex. part of your role as a college student to come to class, etc

rapidly; have nots

conflict theorists believe that social change to alleviate social injustice should be done ___ to help the ___

Emilie Durkeim

considered founding practitioner of positivist society; also one of the primary creators of structural functionalism

Auguste Comte

considered the founder of sociology

scientific stage

develop a social physics to understand human behavior

presentation of self skills

efforts to shape the physical, verbal, visual, and gestural messages that we give to others to achieve impression management

Albion Small

founder of the first accredited department of sociology in the United States

theoretical perspective

groups of theories that share certain common ways of "seeing" how society works

conflict theory

haves (those individuals and social institutions that gain access to more of society's scarce rewards) and have-nots (those who are unable to get even their fair share of social rewards due to their category membership)

social constructionism

holds that every society creates norms, values, objects, and symbols that it finds meaningful and useful

social order

how the components of a society work together to maintain the society

metaphysical stage

human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts

social scripts

interactional rules; guides interactions

self

knowledge that she or he is unique, separate from every other human. sense of __

social change

large-scale, macroscopic, structural shifts in society

props

material options; used to enhance their performances

symbolic interactionism

micro-theoretical perspective

social solidarity

moral order of society

W. E. Du Bois

one of the key founders of sociology; faced rejection when applying for a faculty position at white colleges due to his race; helped in founding the NAACP

structural functionalism

order and harmony can be associated with what theory?

theoretical perspective

paradigms, or ways of viewing the world. helps us make sense of the social patterns we observe, and determine the questions we ask.

social institutions

sets of statuses and roles focused around one central aspect of society

primary groups

small collections of people of which a person is a member, usually for life, and in which deep emotional ties develop ex. family of origin

theological stage

society is the result of divine will

all the time

sociologists generalize ____ as they recognize and point out social patterns in society. We aim to make good generalizations and avoid stereotyping

positive

sociology should be used to make a __ impact on society

front stage

stage where interaction takes place

back stage

stage where one prepares for the interaction

individualistic perspective

success or failure is a direct result of our own efforts

means of production

technology and materials needed to produce products

sociological imagination

the ability to connect what is happening in your own life and in the lives of other individuals to social patterns in the larger society. ex: you have a difficult time paying for college. this is a challenge for many people. You may address it by taking out loans (and more loans), working while going to school, transferring to a more affordable school, and so forth. So far, these are all individual responses to the problem of high tuition. Looking at the problem with a sociological eye, however, can help you see that this is not just a hardship for a few individuals. You will begin to observe a pattern—many college students across the nation face the same issue. Now you can use your sociological imagination to connect your personal problem (how to pay for the high cost of your college education) with the social issue of the high cost of college throughout the United States

alienation

theoretical concept to describe isolating, dehumanizing, and disenchanting effects of working within a capitalist system of production.

structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction

three main theoretical theories