Sociology Ch 1-5

The industrial revolution, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization first appeared when? 1910-1940 1870-1905 1835-1870 1760-1850

1760-1850

Worldwide, what percentage of adults own more than half of the entire world's household wealth? 2% 7% 13% 27%

2%

The goal of the United Nations is to eliminate extreme poverty in the world by the year 2010. 2015. 2025. 3040.

2015

Which of the following would be the best example of absolute poverty? A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. A dual-career couple lives in a suburban community and struggles to pay their monthly bills. A family owns only two luxury automobiles, although their friends and neighbors own three such vehicles. none of these

A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.

Which of the following groups experiences the highest levels of chronic poverty? African Americans Hispanics Asian Americans Whites

African American

According the Schaefer text, which level of college degree serves as less of a guarantee of upward mobility today than it did in the past? A.A./A.A.S. B.A./B.S. M.A./M.S. Ph.D.

B.A./B.S.

Which of the following is true of white-collar crime? The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would. Most cases are heard in municipal courts. all of these

Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would.

The recent bail out of the automobile industry would be an exam ple of which of the following: Consumption flow Corporate welfare Corporate gains Business welfare

Corporate welfare

Which of the following notes that while a system of rewards for filling highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may have once served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists? Gerhard Lenski Ralf Dahrendorf D. Stanley Eitzen David Featherman

Gerhard Lenski

Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the microlevel to determine how social behavior is shaped? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

Interactionist

The analysis of how the "definition of the situation" can mold the thinking and personality of the individual is associated with the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. feminist perspective.

Interactionist perspective

Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations? Spain has an informal economy. Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries. Modernization has benefited Kenya. Mobility exists only in nonindustrialized societies.

Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries.

Which of the following would be seen as a contributer to poverty in the U.S. according to your text? Large numbers of workers employed at minimum wage. Large numbers of people who wish to stay poor Large numbers of CEOs Large numbers of technologically savvy workers

Large numbers of workers employed at minimum wage.

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by Ferdinand Tönnies. Gerhard Lenski. Jonathan Kozol. William I. Thomas.

Lenski

Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as power. wealth. life chances. status.

Life chances

Trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico were dismantled as a result of NAFTA. the Zapatista revolution of 1910. the collapse of the National Liberation Army in 1966. the demise of the peso.

NAFTA

Employment that is poorly paid and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected is called Pink collar work White collar work Hard word Precarious work

Precarious work

Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality? Elliot Currie Richard Quinney Mark Warr Kai Erikson

Richard Quinney

Which of the following is an example of social interaction? Felipe watches television and does needlepoint. Mary wallpapers her bedroom walls. Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation. all of these

Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation.

Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships? socialization social structure social interaction culture

Social structure

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection? postmodernism negotiated order industrialization sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution

Which of the following statements about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations is true? Structural factors influence the opportunities for social mobility. Immigration does not play a significant part in mobility patterns. There is consistent migration from urban to rural areas. Most women resist mobility.

Structural factors influence the opportunities for social mobility.

An ideal type is a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated. True False

True

Corporate welfare gives big business tax breaks and direct payments. True False

True

Reference group is a term used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. True False

True

The wealth of the top 1 percent exceeds the collective wealth of the bottom 90 percent. True False

True

A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is White and non-Hispanic. Black. Hispanic. Asian or Native American.

White and non-Hispanic.

A disproportional percentage of which group falls in the upper class? White, non-hispanic White, hispanic Non-white, non-hispanic Non-white, hispanic

White, non-hispanic

The distintion between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by Erving Goffman. Philip Zimbardo. William Graham Sumner. Charles Horton Cooley.

William Graham Sumner.

A professional criminal is an affluent individual who commits crimes in the course of daily business activities. always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling. a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques, and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals. none of these

a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques, and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals.

Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.

a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.

The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty? relative poverty absolute poverty elementary poverty dramatic poverty

absolute poverty

Wealth is all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property. salaries and wages. a term used by Max Weber to refer to people who have a similar level of income and prestige. a term used by Thorstein Veblen for people who have the same lifestyle, independent of their class position.

all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.

According to the functionalist perspective, multinational corporations can actually help developing nations because multinationals bring jobs to the area. multinationals promote diffusion of inventions and innovations from industrialized nations. cheap labor is ideal for a global enterprise. all of these

all of these

Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries have a large pool of cheap labor. discourage strong trade unions. often create a favorable "climate for investment". all of these

all of these

Formal organizations may vary in size. degree of efficiency. specificity of goals. all of these

all of these

Nearly 60 percent of adults who remain on welfare are not in school or enrolled in welfare-to-work programs due to their usually facing substance abuse. mental illness. a criminal record. all of these

all of these

Which of the following is a socially constructed entity? Hallmark Polaroid Disney all of these

all of these

Which of the following is an example of vertical mobility? A person loses her job as a corporate vice president because of downsizing and remains unemployed for 14 months. An African president is overthrown in a bloodless coup and flees to a neighboring country where he works as a farmer. A National Football League star suffers a career-ending injury and gets a job as an auto mechanic. all of these

all of these

Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies? Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent. Formal educational institutions developed. all of these

all of these

Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations? rural population deaths of children total population all of these

all of these

Which of the following statements is true relative to stigma and deviance in the U.S.? Many people with "normal" appearance have cosmetic surgery each year because of the "beauty myth". People may be stigmatized for deviant behaviors in which they no longer engage. A person need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized. all of these

all of these

Which of the following would be an example of cyberbullying? sending a photo of a friend drunk to others sending a photo of a friend cheating to others sending a nude photo of a friend to others all of these

all of these

Which one of the following would be an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization? the Peter principle employees deprived of a voice in decision making the stifling of initiative and imagination all of these

all of these

Inequality exists in: All societies Western societies only Developed societies only Developing societies only

all societies

Dependency theory is defined as a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations. a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. an approach which contends that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations. applying to the interactionist perspective.

an approach which contends that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations.

Control theory states that we are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use them as role models and act in the same manner. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society. are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement agencies have over our lives. act in a conforming manner because of self-control.

are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society.

An ascribed status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. based solely on income and wealth. based solely on lifestyle.

assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.

Achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. assigned to a person by peers, without regard to the person's unique talents or characteristics. assigned to an individual at birth. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.

Developing nations have high ____ and low _________________. health spending; military spending rural populations; birth rates exports; burden of disease birthrates; health spending

birthrates; health spending

Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated? tenure slavery castes feudalism

castes

A primary group is a small group that is characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.

A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system? caste class estate slavery

class

Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on class differentiation. achieved status. the Protestant work ethic. religious factors.

class differentiation.

Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? conformity, deviance, and social control class, status, and power class, caste, and age class, prestige, and esteem

class, status, and power

Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.

closed stratification system.

The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is known as dependency. neocolonialism. colonialism. modernization.

colonialism.

Obedience refers to going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior AND compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict

Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to emphasize that the mass media exacerbate many divisions in our society, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class? functionalist perspective conflict and feminist perspectives interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict and feminist perspectives

An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power as purported by the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.

conflict perspective

When viewing the global economic system, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. dialectical perspective.

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that the existence of unregulated maquiladoras in Mexico has led to the exploitation of workers with jobs that lack security, possibilities for advancement, and decent wages? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in important ways? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict perspective

Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more mechanical. organic. preservationist. institutionalized.

organic

Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African-American offenders? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an authoritarian government? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely urge policy makers and the general public to look closely at corporate tax breaks, rather than focusing on the allowances given to welfare mothers and their children? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective(s) is (are) especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

conflict perspective

What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner? consumption flow inconspicuous ridicule conspicuous leisure consumptive frivolity

conspicuous leisure

Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms? anomie theory of deviance labeling theory control theory theory of differential association

control theory

Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions. criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities. folkways.

criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.

The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. self-assessment. assessments by friends and colleagues. the neighborhoods in which they reside.

criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.

What term do we use to refer to the flow of content across multiple media and the accompanying migration of media audiences? cultural convergence digital divide culture gap information superhighway

cultural convergence

Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics. all of these

demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.

By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of employment based on technical qualifications. hierarchy of authority. division of labor. written rules and regulations.

divisions of labor

A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on age. caste. economic position. religious and ethnic background.

economic position.

Among the major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and the feminist perspective, conflict theorists would be most likely to suggest that the mass media serve a useful function in society by bringing members together in a collective experience. True False

false

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

feminist perspective

Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys? fraud burglary motor vehicle theft aggravated assault

fraud

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist

Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist

"Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior". This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that "we" and "they" feelings promote in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective's approach to deviance focuses on why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

functionalist perspective

Which one of the following ascribed statuses influences people's self-images within formal organizations? gender college education job skills all of the above

gender

A(an) __________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact. group negotiation team organic solidarity aggregate

group

Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media? conferring status having a narcotizing effect integration of a common view providing a collective experience

having a narcotizing effect

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(an) agrarian society. hunting-and-gathering society. horticultural society. slash-and-burn farming society.

hunting-and-gathering society.

Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(an) dyad. triad. in-group. out-group.

in-group

An individual's salary and wages are referred to as wealth. income. prosperity. finances.

income

A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry glare. This is an example of formal social control. informal social control. neutralization. tenure.

informal social control

Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their relationships with one another? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

interactionist perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective

interactionist perspective

Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex-offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective

interactionist perspective

The conflict view holds that social institutions maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society. preserve order and equality. train personnel equitably. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.

Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences? transmitters opinion leaders mass media narcotizers

mass media

Industrialized nations have have high _____________ and low ______________. infant mortality; military spending rural populations; income military spending; infant mortality birthrates; health spending

military spending; infant mortality

The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called world systems analysis. developmental theory. reconstructionism. modernization.

modernization

Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan? most husbands do not call their wife by name husbands say "I love you" more often than other nationalities most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status

most husbands do not call their wife by name

The continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries is called neocolonialism. colonialism. a world system. recolonization.

neocolonialism.

For the most part, the impact of modernization in developing countries has not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women. increased the vital role of women in food production. strengthened women's ties to relatives. all of these

not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women.

Research concerning the degree of social mobility within the occupational structure of the U.S. indicates that occupational mobility has been common among males. much of the social mobility in the U.S. covers a very "great distance". occupational mobility among African Americans is no longer sharply limited by racial discrimination. all of these

occupational mobility has been common among males.

The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. none of these

of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.

A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.

open stratification system.

A person who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication is referred to as a(an) gatekeeper. opinion leader. specialist. concentrator.

opinion leader

A status group refers to people who share a similar level of wealth and income. people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. members of a class who have a subjective awareness regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. a feudal class.

people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.

Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations? exports population carbon dioxide emissions income

population

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(an) preindustrial society. postindustrial society. industrial society. postmodern society

postindustrial society.

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(an) industrial society. postmodern society. postindustrial society. agrarian society.

postindustrial society.

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(an) preindustrial society. industrial society. postindustrial society. postmodern society.

postmodern society

The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo, illustrates the idea that poverty is absolute. poverty is relative. being a doctor is not a high-prestige occupation in all countries. Americans are ethnocentric.

poverty is relative.

Which type of group is most important for socialization? primary groups coalitions out groups all of these

primary groups

Modernization refers to the elimination of old housing and its replacement with modern skyscrapers. process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. colonial domination of Third World nations by Western powers. process of development that, at this time, has occurred in only core nations such as England, France, Japan, and the U.S.

process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.

A dysfunction of media promotion of product consumption would be creating realistic behavior. raising unrealistic expectations. notifying consumers of sales events. increasing awareness of environmental issues.

raising unrealistic expectations.

Prestige refers to the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. ability to exercise one's will over others. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.

respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.

Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding? primary group secondary group tertiary group reference group

secondary

Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory? too much focus on larger forces seems to "blame the victim" critics feel there are no viable organizations critics feel troubled areas are hopeless

seems to "blame the victim"

A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as feudalism. slavery. communism. a caste system.

slavery.

A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called socialization. status. social structure. social inequality.

social inequality

What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to recipients? capital punishment institutionalization spanking time-outs

spanking

Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society? status culture social structure Gemeinschaft

status

A master status is a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.

Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society? social mobility stratification hypergamy status

stratification

Functional prerequisites are tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.

The term "social control" refers to justifications for deviant behavior. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. behavior that violates the norms of a group.

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of farming. education. technology. banking.

technology

Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by the Industrial Revolution. the Spanish-American War. the Great Depression. World War II.

the Industrial Revolution.

Neocolonialism is defined as the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a power for an extended period of time, such as French control over major parts of northern Africa. the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. the invasion of Third World countries by the military forces of the U.S or Russia since 1965. all of these

the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.

Colonialism is defined as the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period. an approach which contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain. the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. none of these

the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.

Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit. none of these

the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.

In large developing nations, the most socially significant mobility is the movement out of poverty. the employment of women. property ownership. proof of a confirmed dowry.

the movement out of poverty.

Bureaucratization is an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

In Émile Durkheim's view the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability. labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant. people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their aspirations. the punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior AND people accept or reject the goals of a society.

the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability.

Which of the following is not a goal of the U.N.'s Millennium Project? to reduce child mortality to empower women to achieve universal primary education to improve maternal health

to achieve universal primary education

A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced structural mobility. horizontal mobility. upward intergenerational mobility. institutional mobility.

upward intergenerational mobility.

The most frequently reported hate crimes were: physical abuse and intimidation vandalism and intimidation rape and murder murder and vandalism

vandalism and intimidation

Deviance is behavior that always violates the laws of a society. is always illegal. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. is always anomic.

violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

Max Weber uses the term "class" to refer to people who share a similar level of culture. wealth and income. power. esteem.

wealth and income.

What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities? professional crime organized crime index crimes white-collar crimes

white-collar crimes