Sociology CH. 3 and 21

Religious/Redemptive Movements

"meaning seeking", and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals. Organizations pushing these movements include Heaven's Gate or the Branch Davidians.

Resource Mobilization

Theory- way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.

Transformation

a complete revision of goals. If it wants to remain active the movement has to change with the transformation or risk becoming obsolete

Sanction

a form of social control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms. Sometimes people conform to norms in anticipation or expectation of positive sanctions: good grades, for instance, may mean praise from parents and teachers. From a criminal justice perspective, properly used social control is also inexpensive crime control. Utilizing this social control pushes most people to conform to societal rules, regardless of whether authority figures like law enforcement are present.

Public

an unorganized, relatively diffused group of people who share ideas, such as Libertarian political party. While these two types of crowds are similar, they are not the same

Countercultures

are a type of subculture that rejects some of the larger cultures norms and values. In contrast to subcultures which operate relatively smoothly within the larger society, countercultures might actively defy larger society by developing their own set of rules and norms to live by, sometimes even creating communities that operate outside of greater society.

Beliefs

are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true, individuals in a society have specific beliefs but they also share collective values Ex: Americans commonly believe in the American Dream that anyone who works hard enough will be successful and wealthy. Underlying this belief that American value that wealth is good and important

Emergent Norm Theory

asserts that, in circumstance, people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolved. This focuses on the individual component of interaction reflects as a symbolic interactionist perspective

Saphir Word Hypothesis

based on the idea that people experience their world through their language and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language.The hypothesis which has also been called linguistic relativity states that language shows thought. Essentially the hypothesis argues if a person can't describe the experience the person is not having the experience.

Informal Norms

casual behaviors that are general and widely conformed to. People learn informal norms by observation, imitation, and general socialization. Ex: In the United States there are informal norms regarding behavior at fast food restaurants. Customers line up to order their food and leave when they're done. They don't sit down at a table with strangers, sing loudly as they prepare their condiments, or nap in a boot. Most people don't commit even benign breeches of informal norms. Informal norms dictate appropriate behaviors without the need of written rules.

Casual Crowds

consist of people who are in the same place at the same time but who aren't really interacting, such as people standing in line at the post office

Non Material Culture

consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. The appropriateness of wearing certain clothing for specific events

Culture

consists of thoughts, expectations about personal space and tangible thing like bus stops, trains, and seating capacity

Values

cultures standard for discerning what is good and just in society, values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs

Norms

define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them

Cultural Imperialism

deliberate imposition of ones own cultural values on another culture. Ex: include the work of international aid agencies who introduce agricultural methods and plant species from developed countries while overlooking indigneous varieties and agricultural approaches that are better suited to the particular region.

New Social Movement theory

development of European social scientists in the 1950s and 60s, attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to analyze using traditional social movements theories. More perspective that revolves around understanding movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture, and social change

Formal Norms

established, written rules. They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people. Laws are formal norms but so are employee manuals, college entrance exam requirements and "no running" signs at swimming pools

Culture Shock

ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration

Alternative Movements

focused on self improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. These include trends like transcendental meditation or a macrobiotic diet.

Acting Crowds

focuses on a specific goal or action, such as protest movement or riot

Informal Sanction

informal sanctions are actions in response to someone's behavior that may serve to discourage nonconformity or encourage conformity to a norm, rule, or law. As such, a sanction can be positive or negative, to encourage or discourage actions in line with standards of what is normal, expected, or appropriate -The football team threw a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.

Globalization

integration of international trade and finance markets

Ethnocentrism

involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. EX: Americans tend to say that people from England drive on the wrong side of the road rather than on the other side. Someone from a country where dog meat is standard fare might find it off-putting to see a dog in a French Restaurant- not on the menu but as a pet and patrons companion.

Motivational Framing

is the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame? These frames are action- oriented EX: in the gay marriage movement , a call to action might encourage you to vote "no" or conversely to contact your local congressperson to express your viewpoint that marriage should be restricted to male-female couples

Collective Behavior

noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage. Other examples are a group of commuters traveling home from work and a population of teens adopting a favorite singer's hairstyle. -Any group behavior that is not mandated or regulated by an institution, the crowd, the mass, the public

Mores

norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group. Violating them can have serious consequences. The strongest mores are legally protected with laws or other formal norms. Ex: murder is considered immoral, and its punishsble by law (formal norm). But more often mores are judged and guarded by public sentiment (informal norm). Can be banned or shunned by groups Mores of the school system require writing to be in students' own words and use quotes and citing for other people's words.

Folkways

norms without any moral underpinnings. Direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture. Indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the cheek when greeting another person. Specify what to wear to an event. Include holding open the door for a stranger or giving someone a gift on their birthday, these may change from culture to culture

Cultural Universals

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. Ex: the family unit; every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children, even so how that family unit is defined and how it functions vary.

Expressive Crowds

people who join together to express emotion, often at funerals, weddings, or the like.

Value-added Theory

perspective within the functionalist tradition based on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur. Neil Smelsers. -Structural conduciveness- occurs when people are aware of the problem and have the opportunity to gather, ideally in an open area -Structural strain- the second condition, refers to people's expectations about the situation at hand unmet, causing tension and strain -Growth and spread of generalized belief- wherein a problem is clearly identified and attributed to a person or group -Precipitating factors- spur collective behavior; this is the emergence of a dramatic event -Mobilization for action- which leaders emerge to direct a crowd to action, relates to action by agents,

Culture Relativism

practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of ones own culture. Practicing cultural relativism requires an open mind and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms.

Social Movements

purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal. Movements happen in our towns, in our nation, and around the world.

Material Culture

refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people, metro passes and bus tokens are part of material culture, as are automobiles, stores, and the physical structures where people worship

Popular Culture

refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society. Popular culture events might include a parade, a baseball game, or the season finale of a television show. Unlike high culture, pop culture is known and accessible to most people. You can talk about the super bowl to just about anyone but talking about a elite play might be harder to come across just anyone

Mass

relatively large number of people with a common interest, though they may not be in close proximity, such as players of the popular Facebook game Farmville.

Reform Movements

seek to change something specific about the social structure. Ex: antinuclear groups, Mothers against Drunk Driving.

Revolutionary Movements

seek to completely change every aspect of society, EX: 1960s counterculture movement, including the revolutionary society

Resistance Movements

seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure. The Ku Klux Klan, the Minutemen, and pro-life movements fall into this category.

Subculture

smaller cultural group within a larger culture; people of a subculture are part of the larger culture but also share a specific identity within a smaller group. Ex: Ethnic and racial groups share the language, food and customs of their heritage, other subcultures are united by shared experiences like biker culture revolving around a dedication to motorcycles.

Symbolic Interactionism

sociology theory that seeks to understand humans' relationship with their society by focusing on the symbols that help us give meaning to the experiences in our life

Diagnostic Framing

states the problem in a clear, easily understood way. When applying diagnostic frames, there are no shades of gray: instead there is the belief that what "they" do is wrong and this is how "we" will fix it. EX: the anti- gay marriage movment is and examples because its uncompromising insistence that marriage is only between man and woman.

Symbols

such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words help people understand the world. Ex: sports uniforms, company logos, traffic signs are symbols. In some cultures a gold ring is a symbol of marriage. Many objects have both material and nonmaterial symbolic value

Assembling Perspective

system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings. Unlike previous theories, this theory refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action

Social Movement Industry

the collection of the social movement organization that are striving toward similar goals, was growing

Social Control

the enforcement by society by its members , either by law or social pressure Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of social control

Existing Social Movement Sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society even if they have widely varying constituents and goals. The civil rights movements had also existed well before Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man.

Xenocentrism

the opposite of ethnocentrism, refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one's own. An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living. Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of xenocentrism

Prognostic Framing

the second type, offers a solution and states how it will be implemented. EX: when looking at the issue of marriage equality as framed by the anti-gay marrige movement, include the plan to restirct marriage to "one man/ one woman" or allow only "civil unions" instead of marriages

Diffusion

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture Globalization refers to the integration of markets, diffusion relates to a similar process in the integration of international cultures.

Ideal Culture

the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. There would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial tension

Real Culture

the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists. Police officers, lawmakers, educators, and social workers constantly strive to prevent or repair those accidents, crimes, and injustices

Conventional Crowds

those who come together for a scheduled event that occurs regularly , like a religious service

High Culture

to describe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. People often associate high culture with intellectualism, political power, and prestige.

Frame Alignment Process

when social movements link their goals to the goals of others social movements and merge into a single group. Its an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement. 4 aspects- bridging- bridge that connects uninvolved individuals and unorganized or ineffective groups with social movements that structurally unconnected but share similar interests Amplification-organizations seek to expand their core ideas to gain a wider more universal appeal Extension-social movements agree to mutually promote each other, even when the two social movement organizations goals dont necessarily relate to each others immediate goals

Social Change

which is the change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations. Essentially any disruptive shift in the status quo, be it intentional or random, human caused or natural can lead to social change