Sociology Ch. 5-9
According to sociologist Jennifer Pierce's research on gender disparities in the legal field, trial lawyers perform masculine emotional labor, using aggression, intimidation, and manipulation, behavior which is often deemed inappropriate ("bitchy") when enacted by female litigators. What social fact does this help us understand? a.the tendency of female litigators to use a "motherly" approach to win cases b. the lack of women judges c.the discrepancy between women's representation among law school and their representation among partners at law firms d. the wage gap between male and female trial lawyers
the discrepancy between women's representation among law school and their representation among partners at law firms
Which of the following scenarios is an example of the free-rider problem? a.Four campers go to gather wood for their respective families. Though they agreed to gather equal amounts of wood, one person hurts her ankle and is not able to gather as much wood. Nevertheless, before returning to their families, the four people divide the wood up evenly between them. b.Except for elite runners, people gain access to the New York Marathon through a lottery system. Everyone has the same chance of being picked, except that if you apply three years in a row and do not get in, you are automatically admitted the following year. c.A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members. d.Four friends wait in line overnight to get the best seats to see a popular band. As they are finally entering the arena, another friend of theirs strolls into the VIP section. They later learn that he was able to secure a VIP pass through his family's connections.
A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.
What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? a.Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures. b. Gender can change on a daily basis. c.All indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender. d.Binary concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.
Binary concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.
Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"? a.Asian immigration has mostly brought highly educated and highly skilled people to the United States. b.Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms. c.Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States. d.In general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture.
Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.
The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? a. Definitions of crimes change over time. b.Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. c. Federal and state laws often contradict each other. d. Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records.
Definitions of crimes change over time.
Where is the "right to be forgotten" a policy? a. China b. Argentina c. United States d. European Union
European Union
The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? a. Goffman's total institution b. Merton's strain theory c. Durkheim's anomie d. Foucault's panopticon
Foucault's panopticon
How did the economic boom that followed World War II contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class? a. The need for manufacturing jobs increased due to the economic boom, and both middle-class and working-class laborers were needed to fill the roles. b.Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. c.Higher wages for working-class laborers meant that many women from working-class families who had worked during the war could quit their jobs and stay home to fulfill the era's ideal gender roles. d.More working-class individuals could take part in leisure activities, such as vacations, sports, and cultural events, that brought them into greater contact with people in the middle class and resulted in blurred class boundaries.
Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.
Same-sex marriage is now legal in all U.S. states, and the number of people marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed, with such couples becoming more visible in society. In Brazil, the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, yet declare themselves as men and have penetrative sex with men who appear exclusively as male. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? a.Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. b.Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. c.Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity. d.There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior.
Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.
What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? a.Incomes at the highest end of the bracket have stagnated, while low-income and middle-income individuals have experienced slow but steady growth in their incomes. b.Incomes at all levels have increased at about the same rate. c.Middle-income individuals have experienced greater income growth than those at the highest and lowest ends of the bracket. d.Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.
Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.
Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx? a. Thomas Malthus b. John Millar c. Vilfredo Pareto d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? a.The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force. b.Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. c.Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. d.Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work.
Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.
What is feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz's model for the relationship between sex and gender? a.base and superstructure b.Möbius strip c.conductor and orchestra d.character and performer
Möbius strip
According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? a. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals. b.People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well. c.Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. d.People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
In the United States, the one-drop rule broadly separated people into "black" and "white." Under apartheid in South Africa, on the other hand, there were four racial categories; and in Brazil there are up to a dozen racial categories, depending on whom you ask. What general insight can we draw from these differences in racial categories? a.There are more blacks in the United States than in South Africa or Brazil, which influenced how racism was manifested. b.The United States has had stricter laws against miscegenation than either South Africa or Brazil. c.Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place. d.Brazil is a more diverse society than either South Africa or the United States.
Racial categories are social constructs, not biological absolutes that transcend time and place.
How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? a. Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime. b.Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact. c.Street crime costs society more, while white-collar crime is more prevalent. d.Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent.
Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has greater financial impact.
Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations? a.They are part of a high-prestige field, but within the field they are at the low end in terms of income. b.While their level of educational attainment would categorize them as upper class, their income potential puts them in the middle-class category. c.The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. d.Each of them spends some time performing highly skilled tasks and some time performing clerical tasks.
The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.
Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been high, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, estimates suggest that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. This lack of local engagement means that people miss the opportunity to influence decisions that affect their everyday lives and immediate environments. What larger social trend does this suggest? a. There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement. b.Tightly knit communities tend to avoid getting involved in local politics. c.Strict voter ID laws have disenfranchised millions of people. d.People believe more in the power of national than local politics.
There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement.
How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece? a.Non-Greeks were generally enslaved and formed the bulk of the agricultural labor force. b.People were categorized according to their abilities as warriors rather than by physical traits. c.The Ancient Greeks tended to view people from the Far East with great suspicion because they had minimal contact with them. d.There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.
There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.
While racial justice advocates might seem to be cheered by the use of DNA databases in identifying perpetrators of crimes, what potential grounds for injustice do these databases create? a.They can only identify people with African ancestry generally, rather than down to an individual, thus casting the net of criminality more widely. b. They are only available to richer police forces. c.They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites. d. They cannot be used to overturn past convictions.
They are more likely to include black individuals, making their relatives easier to identify in run-ins with police than uncatalogued whites.
Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the earth's population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist? a. Thomas Malthus b. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel c. John Millar d. Adam Ferguson
Thomas Malthus
Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? a.Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. b.Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men. c.There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. d.Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work.
Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.
What is the current gender wage gap, which is defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). as the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings"? a.Women earn approximately 81 cents to every $1 men earn. b.Women earn approximately 50 cents to every $1 men earn. c.Women earn approximately 68 cents to every $1 men earn. d.Women now earn as much as men.
Women earn approximately 81 cents to every $1 men earn.
Which of the following represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Note that any knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A.) a.You know Jack, Jill, Larry, Moe, and Sam. Jack knows Jill, Moe, and Sam. Larry knows Jill and Moe. b.You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice. c.You know Paul, Robert, Stacey, and Tom. Paul is dating Quinn and Stacey. Quinn knows Robert. Stacey knows Robert. Tom knows Quinn. d.You know Alex, Walter, and Fred. Alex knows Walter and Fred. Walter knows Alex. Fred knows Alex and Walter.
You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice.
In India, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups (Brahaman, Kshathriya, Vaishyas, and Shudra) is an example of a. an estate system. b. a status-attainment model. c. a caste system. d. a status hierarchy system.
a caste system
Which of the following is an example of a primary group? a family in which the parents live in California and their children live in different states b.a three-time state champion high-school volleyball team c. a preschool class d. a neighborhood volunteer association
a family in which the parents live in California and their children live in different states
Since 1970, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. A pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that a.men in any given profession may initially feel threatened, but they ultimately learn to work with women and view them as equals. b.a profession becomes less competitive and there is a greater emphasis on communication when it is largely a female dominated profession. c.a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. d.there is no significant difference between male and female numbers in many professions. Response Feedback:FEEDBACK: Sociologists Barbara Reskin and Patricia Roos
a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.
Suppose a friend of yours spends a lot of time on Facebook, as he has a lot of close friendships there. He is somewhat alienated from his family, who live far away and most of whom he sees perhaps only once a year. Despite your friend's difficult relationship with them, his family is considered a. a secondary group. b. a primary group. c. his most intimate relationships. d. an impersonal group.
a primary group
What is the collective conscience? a. the legal system b.a measure of how well people relate to each other c. a set of norms by which members of society abide d. the dominant religion of a society
a set of norms by which members of society abide
Our birth families (mother, father, sister, and so on) are a central part of our lives. Suppose you family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and your family. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch, and you share these relationships with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and although the two families are unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of a.the sum of the stories we tell about people in our primary group. b.a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network. c.a symbol that is given meaning through social interactions. d. a direct path to another member of our network.
a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.
When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first class passengers, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This an example of a. a class system hierarchy. b. a status hierarchy. c. an embedded inequality. d. a white privilege.
a status hierarchy
Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that individuals preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that this opportunity would encourage individuals to work to build up society. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, this system a. serves to improve human capital for more people. b.acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property. c. helps preserve wealth for future generations. d. improves social capital.
acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property.
Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. But for many black feminists, Friedan's book ignored thousands of working women by suggesting that a.all women experience oppression in the same way. b.men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere. c.gender influences daily life. d.gender is constructed.
all women experience oppression in the same way
Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? a. fatalistic b. egoistic c. altruistic d. anomic
anomic
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called a. high social integration. b. social cohesion. c. anomie. d. excessive social regulation.
anomie
The brief review of Peggy McIntosh's essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that McIntosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege? a.socializing sons how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations b. offers of scholarships based on affirmative action c. having to worry about how to pay for college d.being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation
being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation
Your good friend Emma comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the women's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Emma is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about a. biological determinism. b. the one-sex model. c. the nature versus nurture argument. d. feminism.
biological determinism
This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are a. white. b. women. c. Hispanic. d. black.
black
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory. a. labeling b. broken windows c. differential opportunity d. strain
broken windows
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to a. be copied from one society to another. b. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. c. be defined by a few elite members of society. d. change over time and vary from one context to another.
change over time and vary from one context to another.
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries the way out of poverty, disease, and economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, which of the following issues might be least likely to be embraced by African nations? a. corruption control b. climate change c. disease control d. railroad development
climate change
A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this? a. withdrawal b. straight-line assimilation c. code switching d. collective resistance
collective resistance
The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime. a. street b. white-collar c. corporate d. environmental.
corporate
Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of a. the "melting pot." b. conflict and competition. c. accommodation and tolerance. d. culture.
culture
In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons: The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that a.education may not be as necessary as previously thought to ensure individual mobility. b.despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. c.young people today need to be very concerned that opportunities for employment in prestigious occupations is declining significantly. d.the tendency for individuals to trade jobs eventually balances out and is not cause for concern.
despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.
To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on a. Foucault's theory of discipline. b. deterrence theory. c. labeling theory. d. differential opportunity theory.
deterrence theory.
You and a date are at a cocktail party. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Idris Elba of Luther fame. You discover after a short chat that he knows your date. You remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing is true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to a. families. b. small groups. c. nonhuman networks. d. disjointed populations.
disjointed populations
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? a. economic opportunities and crime rates b. formal and informal social sanctions c. crime rates and penal codes d. recidivism and rehabilitative justice
economic opportunities and crime rates
In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations by status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________. a. perceived difficulty; educational requirements b. educational requirements; income level c. income level; educational requirements d. income level; perceived difficulty
educational requirements; income level
Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system. a. class b. status hierarchy c. political d. elite-mass dichotomy
elite-mass dichotomy
In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotamayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotamayor arguing in favor of? a. equality of outcome b. ontological equality c. equality of condition d. equality of opportunity
equality of condition
Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? a. equality of outcome b. equality of opportunity c. ontological equality d. equality of condition
equality of opportunity
At the outset of U.S. history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system? a. elite-mass dichotomy b. caste c. estate d. class
estate
You're traveling with a group in a foreign country. After a homestay with a local family, a member of your group remarks that the meal he had last night was horrifying: roasted dog! "No one eats dog!" he exclaims. "It's barbaric!" This person is speaking from a perspective of a. nationalism. b. ethnicity. c. ethnocentrism. d. equality.
ethnocentrism
Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of a. nativism. b. eugenics. c. environmentalism. d. social Darwinism.
eugenics
Offshore outsourcing is a popular industry approach to reduce costs. Recent outsourcing has been of white-collar jobs, such as computer systems design. What cannot be outsourced are low-paying service-sector jobs: baristas, wait staff, and the like. The swapping of manufacturing jobs with service sector jobs domestically is an example of what kind of mobility? a. lateral mobility b. social mobility c. individual mobility d. exchange mobility
exchange mobility
Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at a. linguistic purity. b. forced assimilation. c. educational parity. d. ethnic cleansing.
forced assimilation.
The battle over bathroom access for transgender Americans is expressed through their use of hashtags such as #WeJustNeedtoPee on social media. In making this statement, these individuals are expressing their desire to use bathrooms that correspond to their a. gender. b. sex. c. biology. d. sexuality.
gender
The Asch test provides insight into what concept? a. network analysis b. divide et impera c. group conformity d. embeddedness
group conformity
The classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type by the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex, both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that a.homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interests in asserting their power. b.the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. c.changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." d.society has a need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior.
homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interests in asserting their power.
Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States? a. hotel maid b. professor c. nurse practitioner d. human resources manager
hotel maid
Suppose you have a good friend who has done well as after college. His work in telecommunications helped him land him a job with a six-figure salary last year. He lives in a tiny apartment in the suburbs and keeps his money in a checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card, and he still has $50,000 in college loans. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have high a. investment income. b. wealth. c. income. d. net worth.
income
Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of a. violation of the collective conscience. b. informal social sanction. c. expression of mechanical solidarity. d. formal social sanction.
informal social sanction.
Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions on changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond those allotted, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes? a. converging organizational structures b. institutional isomorphism c. market alignment d. institutional culture
institutional isomorphism
Feminists argue that gender matters because a.it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. b. it is the basis of sex role theory. c.there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited. d. it structures social relations between people.
it structures social relations between people
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance? a. role theory b. strain theory c. reflection theory d. labeling theory
labeling theory
José goes to a training session for election volunteers in his precinct. There are 15 participants and two trainers. This type of group is known as a a. primary group. b. small group. c. large group. d. party.
large group
There are many different student organizations on a college campus. Like a larger society, such organizations have a. an autocratic decision-making process. b. embedded ties. c. organizational culture. d. power and authority used to control others.
organizational culture
Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of a. an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. b.an attempt to control and suppress deviant behavior. c.an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals. d. life in a total institution.
life in a total institution.
In 2011, a Toronto police officer said, during a crime prevention talk, that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of (largely unspoken) social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called "sluts," speaks to the a.sharp divisions between biological males and biological females. b. role of language in society. c. need to police female sexuality. d. maintenance of a gender order.
maintenance of gender order
We often think that the role of women in Western societies prior to the 1960s was largely unchanging: a matter of doing what women were expected to do. During World War II, however, the roles of women silently upended conventional ideas about gender roles. Women worked as bomb makers and in factories and were later revealed as having been a key part of the code-breaking effort that won the war. These examples lend insight into how we create our identities through interactions and not through fixed definitions. As such, they reflect ideas posited by a. microinteractionist theory. b. psychoanalytic theory. c. conflict theory. d. postmodern theory.
microinteractionist theory
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they do, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). In contrast, dating has a very different meaning than hooking up, with the expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is a. a guarantee of marriage. b. not done for pleasure. c. monogamous. d. only done after college.
monogamous
Marissa Mayer was appointed the CEO of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. While she did not become not the highest paid CEO in the United States, her position suggests that a.more women are overcoming the obstacles to better pay and prestige. b. more women are able to enter technical fields. c. more women are able to negotiate better salaries. d. more women are able to break the glass ceiling.
more women are able to break the glass ceiling
We often see sex and gender as immutable: sex is a biological fact, which in turn determines the gender of an individual. As the examples of Deirdre McCloskey and David Reimer demonstrate, however, neither sex nor gender are as straightforward as many people would like to believe. A lot of how we understand sex and gender is found in how we understand the differences and interplay between a. men and women. b. nature and nurture. c. sex and sexuality. d. sexual preference and social environment.
nature and nurture
Today, some people engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners share details about their sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen people who share links to one or more of the others in the group. To protect all those involved, everyone agrees to disclose information upon testing positive for a sexually transmitted disease (STD). If someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, what could the group employ to try to determine what happened? a. network analysis b. a careful look at embedded ties c. organizational structure analysis d. historical analysis
network analysis
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because a.the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim. b.right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim. c.of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group. d.of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."
of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."
A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development, with managers alone promoted or fired based on how well a product eventually sells, to a team-based approach, where team members' salaries rise or fall in relation to how a product fares. This is a fundamental change to the company's a. corporate culture. b. social capital. c. organizational structure. d. small- and large-group dynamics.
organizational structure.
Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of? a. assimilation b. withdrawal c. passing d. acceptance
passing
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in a. racism. b. pluralism. c. ethnocentrism. d. segregation.
pluralism
Avi is disappointed that his daughter is marrying a Latino immigrant because he thinks Latinos oppose women having successful careers. This is an example of a. prejudice. b. ethnocentrism. c. discrimination. d. racialization.
prejudice
The text discusses the plight of the Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of a. discrimination. b. racialization. c. racism. d. prejudice.
racism
Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? a. strain theory b. primary deviance c. recidivism d. general deterrence
recidivism
At finals time, you are studying at a downtown coffee shop. Feeling stressed, you are relieved to hear two students from a college across town who are sitting at a nearby table and talking about how tough their tests are. You strike up a conversation with the pair, and you all end the conversation by agreeing that both schools could give students an extra study day to relieve the pressure. This insight came about thanks to your use of the other students as a a. reference group. b. small group. c. social network. d. secondary group.
reference group
In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system a. represents a transformation in social control. b. discriminates against minorities. c. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals. d. unfairly incarcerates drug addicts.
represents a transformation in social control.
Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have a. steadily decreased. b. cycled through various highs and lows. c. remained steady. d. risen dramatically.
risen dramatically.
Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of a. primary deviance. b. secondary deviance. c. lewd and lascivious behavior. d. public indecency.
secondary deviance.
In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. Based on the text, a food desert is a possible marker of a. segregation. b. apartheid. c. racialization. d. pluralism.
segregation
Wellesley College made the news after experiencing a large number of students who applied as women but then made the decision to transition to male after they enrolled. At a historically all-women's college, this presents a challenge. One of the central questions that the college faces now is reconciling what kind of difference with this student population? a.sex and gender b.gender and sexuality c.social status and sexual identity d.sex and sexuality
sex and gender
The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids, and Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this nuclear family model, we can clearly see the structure of a. sex role theory. b. postmodern theory. c. "doing gender." d. Marxist theory.
sex role theory
Suppose you attend a dinner party, to which you were invited by a close friend who is trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the dozen guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, just listening to conversations around you. Afterward, you worry you missed the chance to gain new a. social capital. b. organizational resources. c. triads. d. embeddedness.
social capital
One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what? a. income b. status hierarchy c. meritocracy d. caste
status hierarchy
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of a. secondary deviance. b. stigma. c. anomie. d. strain.
stigma
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's a. stigma. b. organic solidarity. c. secondary deviance. d. class solidarity.
stigma
The chapter includes a hypothetical example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, leaving him with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful pattern for living on a strict budget is no longer necessary, and he lacks a behavioral template by which to live. According to Merton, this is an example of a. internalization. b. selfishness. c. strain theory. d. nonconformity.
strain theory.
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffrey Sachs notes that providing women in Africa with free birth control has been suggested as a way to speed up a demographic transition by reducing a. deviance. b. abortion. c. stratification. d. unemployment.
stratification
Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society by fulfilling certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? a. conflict b. postmodern c. structural functionalism d. feminist
structural functionalism
Suppose someone you know from college came from a small town in the country, where his parents operate a farm. He graduated when you did and now holds a job in retail selling clothing. From a sociological standpoint, your classmate has experienced what kind of mobility? a. vertical mobility b. horizontal mobility c. structural mobility d. exchange mobility
structural mobility
Which of the following was NOT discussed in this chapter as an arena in which the gender dichotomy is being destabilized on college campuses? a. residence halls b. personal pronouns c. study abroad offices d. sports
student abroad offices
A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions. This is an example of a. assimilation. b. racialization. c. symbolic ethnicity. d. inherited ethnicity.
symbolic ethnicity
A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way or proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of a. functionalist theory. b. means-ends theory of deviance. c. social control. d. symbolic interactionism.
symbolic interactionism
Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? a.telling the hostess of a dinner party the main dish was oversalted b. spray painting public property c. driving drunk d. cheating on a sociology exam in college
telling the hostess of a dinner party the main dish was oversalted
Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and Elena ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role? a. tertius gaudens b. divide et impera c. mediator d. role leader
tertius gaudens
A surgeon recommends surgery to make the genitals of an intersex infant conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. A sociologist might view the doctor's recommendation as a result of a. medical necessity. b. a spectrum approach to gender. c. the belief in a binary sex system. d. a social emergency.
the belief in a binary sex system
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a. the development of successful work-training programs for inmates. b. a more efficient prison system. c. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. d. a more equal percentage of races in prison.
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.
In 2013, 32 mentally disabled workers at a turkey-processing plant in Iowa were awarded $240 million dollars in damages and back wages. The workers had been forced to work despite illness or injuries, were denied bathroom breaks, locked in their rooms, and worse. This kind of modern-day slavery, which, sadly, is not uncommon, is an example of what sociological concept? a. the status-attainment model b. the elite-mass dichotomy c. the status hierarchy system d. the master-slave dialectic
the master-slave dialectic
The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from a. the notion of social Darwinism. b. the concept of racialization. c. concerns about racial passing. d. the science of phrenology.
the notion of social Darwinism.
According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group? a.whether the group has a hierarchical or flat structure b.whether the group serves a social or professional function c. whether the group is personal or impersonal d. the number of people in the group
the number of people in the group
Numerous methods have been devised to ensure that people's racial categorization was clear. The "one-drop" rule was a particular U.S. method, which arose from miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that a.enforcement of the one-drop rule meant that, if found out, the individuals would need to get a divorce. b.the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage. c.the one-drop rule required blood testing verification of race on birth certificates, which were later used to reinforce antimiscegenation laws. d.the one-drop rule was not as accurate a determination as other tests.
the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage.
Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state senator. She has shared this interest with her family and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts who can help her. One day, she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for that senator in a recent election. The classmate then offers to introduce Martha to his cousin. This is an example of what concept? a. leveraging social capital b. the strength of weak ties c. a structural hole d. embeddedness
the strength of weak ties
In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot Michael Brown, a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of protest, and elicited a dialogue about police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having become increasingly so as white residents moved to the suburbs. Some people have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department of another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of a. trust. b. social capital. c. fear. d. civic engagement.
trust
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first- and second-generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generation's outcomes improve. Among black Americans this is not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in a. wealth and income .b.ability to solve their own problems involving poverty. c. wealth and educational attainment. d. marriage patterns and net worth.
wealth and educational attainment.
Your friend Narayan is visiting from India. You both have just finished checking out at a department store. As you walk to the exit, the burly white security guard stops Narayan and insists that he open his parcel for inspection. However, you, a white person, are allowed to continue. Why might this be? Following 9/11, people from South Asia a.who are white are generally targeted as often, just not in this case. b.are randomly spot-checked for honesty in large department stores. c.who are white are usually ignored in situations like this. d. are often likely to be considered suspicious.
who are white are usually ignored in situations like this.