Sociology Chapter 14

________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses: how, where, and to whom they are spread; and how to stop their spread. a) Epidemiologists b) Psychologists c) Sociologists d) Entomologists

a) Epidemiologists

Why is it important to address that approximately 75 percent of patients die in settings like hospitals instead of at home? a) It shows how death has been medicalized. b) It helps researchers find data on the cause of death. c) It indicates that death is a major life event. d) It is a sign that more people are dying earlier

a) It shows how death has been medicalized

________ health care makes ill patients more comfortable and prepares them for the end of life. a) Palliative b) Comprehensive c) Integrative d) Alternative

a) Palliative

What is an epidemic called when it spreads across national borders, across continents, or around the world? a) a pandemic b) an epidemiology c) a deprivation amplification d) a vector organism

a) a pandemic

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company poisoned the water in Hinkley, California. The poisoned water system had sickened many Hinkley, California, residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer. How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified? a) chronic diseases b) curative diseases c) crisis diseases d) acute diseases

a) chronic diseases

The concept of acknowledging and incorporating a patient's cultural background as part of the treatment process is called a) cultural competence. b) the Association of American Medical Colleges. c) patient rights. d) crisis medicine.

a) cultural competence

Researchers found that poorer Louisville residents suffered greater rates of illness and died earlier than wealthier ones. Of what is this an example? a) deprivation amplification b) food deserts c) an epidemic d) the sick role

a) deprivation amplification

Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia. In some villages, especially those surrounded by forests, the rate of malaria infection is 40 percent. Due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns, you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization. You are MOST likely a(n) a) epidemiologist. b) politician. c) psychologist. d) integrative medicine doctor.

a) epidemiologist

People have an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, or heart disease if they live in a(n) a) food desert. b) densely populated urban area. c) East Coast city. d) sparsely populated rural area.

a) food desert

Since ordinary consumers do not have the expertise to evaluate prescription drugs, to what desire do pharmaceutical companies often appeal? a) happy relationships b) avoiding doctors c) learning more about the medication d) "being in the driver's seat" regarding our health

a) happy relationships

Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture. This is an example of ________ medicine. a) integrative b) curative c) conventional Western d) alternative

a) integrative

In the early 1900s, more than half of American women gave birth at home. Today, around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals. This is an example of a) medicalization. b) palliative care. c) chronic care. d) the tragedy of the commons.

a) medicalization

Studies of doctor-patient relations find that a) status and power vary and are established in the doctor-patient interaction. b) doctors and patients interact as equals unless they disagree about the diagnoses. c) in the sick role, patients automatically have more status and power. d) in a medical setting, doctors automatically have more status and power.

a) status and power vary and are established in the doctor-patient interaction.

Virginia has a severe head cold so instead of making dinner as usual for her family, she opts to go to bed early. Virginia's family understands and accepts that she is not fulfilling her typical responsibilities because she is ill. This is known as the "sick role." Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical approach might be used to understand this example? a) structural functionalism b) labeling theory c) symbolic interactionism d) conflict theory

a) structural functionalism

Talcott Parsons researched ________ from a structural functionalist perspective. a) the sick role b) cultural competence c) the medical establishment d) doctors' power and status

a) the sick role

Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some assert that the selection of only healthy babies is a form of a) eugenics. b) epidemic. c) bioethics. d) genocide.

a)eugenics

Researchers often conduct studies on American college students. What is one organization that conducts such research to determine health behaviors and develop support programs and services on a wide variety of health-related issues? a) United Nations b) American College Health Association c) World Health Organization d) Surgeon General's office

b) American College Health Association

Is medicine in the United States a social institution? a) Yes, because doctors need licenses to practice. b) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation. c) No, because organizations like the American Medical Association are brick-and-mortar places and not really large-scale patterns of interaction. d) No, because it is more of an ideal than a social institution.

b) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation.

Since 1994 Albert has had a recurring illness that requires him to periodically visit his doctor for treatment. He likely has ________. a) a terminal disease b) a chronic disease c) an imaginary disease d) an acute disease

b) a chronic disease

Marcus is diagnosed with diabetes. His insurance company cancels his coverage following his diagnosis. This is an example of __________. a) an unintended consequence of the Affordable Care Act b) a practice called rescission that the Affordable Care act bans c) an insurance reform enacted by the Affordable Care Act d) a loophole Republicans added to the Affordable Care Act

b) a practice called rescission that the Affordable Care act bans

Sid feels horrible. He goes to his doctor, who tells Sid he has a bad cold and should feel better soon. How would Sid's illness be classified? a) preventive b) acute c) chronic d) crisis

b) acute

Emily Rosenbaum (2008) found that it was more common for ________ in New York City to live in substandard housing located in marginalized neighborhoods. a) Hispanics and whites b) blacks and Hispanics c) whites and Asians d) Asians and blacks

b) blacks and Hispanics

HIV/AIDS has ravaged populations around the world. Part of the challenge in treatment and prevention hinges upon a clear understanding of local culture in the population under duress. That is, different approaches will work differently in different places. The practice of studying these differences is known as __________. a) alternative medicine b) epidemiology c) sociology d) cultural competence

b) epidemiology

A neighborhood that has no grocery store, but more liquor, convenience, and fast food outlets than most other locations is referred to as a(n) a) social institution. b) pandemic. c) food desert. d) pandemic.

b) food desert

The Flint water crisis, where the city's water source was contaminated with lead, illustrates what? a) the process of medicalization b) how health disparities are often linked to inequality c) the social construction of illness d) medicine as a social institution

b) how health disparities are often linked to inequality

The fact that the top causes of death in the United States are due to chronic illness while people in the developing world are continually affected by the threat of acute illnesses indicates that a) palliative care is necessary. b) illness is impacted by social factors. c) illness is a biological event. d) we can prevent deaths in the United States but not in the developing world.

b) illness is impacted by social factors

What is an epidemic called when it spreads across national borders, across continents, or around the world? a) an epidemiology b) a deprivation amplification c) a pandemic d) a vector organism

c) a pandemic

The 2010 Health Care Reform Act (commonly called the ACA or "Obamacare") a) provided universal health care for all citizens by providing each person with state-run insurance. b) included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care. c) solved all of our healthcare problems in the U.S. d) provided universal health care for all citizens by providing each person with state-run insurance.

b) included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care.

Lucia fell on a tumbling pass during her most recent gymnastics competition and tore the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in her knee. To deal with the pain, she got a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, visited a physical therapist, took aspirin, and got acupuncture. This best exemplifies __________. a) alternative medicine b) integrative medicine c) complementary medicine d) holistic care

b) integrative medicine

Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are further exacerbated in ________ groups. a) majority b) minority c) family d) older

b) minority

Epidemiologists predict that ________ rates may dramatically increase when vector organisms and animals enter new ecosystems due to global climate change. a) heart disease b) plague c) obesity d) cancer

b) plague

Good health is a) biologically determined. b) socially defined. c) consistent around the world. d) unrelated to culture.

b) socially defined

Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces. Which theory takes this approach to medicine? a) symbolic interactionism b) structural functionalism c) the sick role d) conflict theory

b) structural functionalism

A reality television program called The Swan (2004-2005) aimed to give women extreme makeovers. This was done by radically changing their appearance in part through plastic surgery. Of what is this an example? a) deprivation amplification b) the medicalization of beauty c) complementary medicine d) the epidemiology of beauty

b) the medicalization of beauty

There is evidence that ________ make(s) men more sick. a) gender inequality b) traditional male gender role expectations c) traditional female gender role expectations d) biological factors

b) traditional male gender role expectations

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of climate change in the spread of diseases globally. They have found that increases in temperature can also increase the numbers of a) chronic diseases. b) vector organisms. c) pathogens. d) food deserts.

b) vector organisms

Since HIV/AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, approximately ________ people have died from having contracted the virus. a) 3,000,000 b) 100,000,000 c) 35,000,000 d) 250,000

c) 35,000,000

________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses: how, where, and to whom they are spread; and how to stop their spread. a) Entomologists b) Sociologists c) Epidemiologists d) Psychologists

c) Epidemiologists

Why is it that in Central Europe and Central Asia, intravenous drug use is responsible for most HIV/AIDS cases, but in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS is a general problem spread through the entire population? a) HIV/AIDS is a different disease depending on where it is. b) HIV/AIDS is distributed equally throughout the world. c) HIV/AIDS is a different epidemic depending on where it is. d) HIV/AIDS spreads differently based on climate.

c) HIV/AIDS is a different epidemic depending on where it is

When Corrine was in school, kids who had a hard time staying focused in the classroom were punished. Now, as a teacher with twenty-three years of experience, she witnesses this same behavior being treated, not as a disciplinary issue, but as a medical issue that can be diagnosed and treated with prescription drugs. What has changed? a) Teachers are no longer permitted to discipline students for bad behavior. b) The biology of students has changed over time. c) Hyperactive behavior has been transformed into an illness that can be treated with medicine. d) Students no longer respond to disciplinary action so schools had to find other means of controlling their behavior.

c) Hyperactive behavior has been transformed into an illness that can be treated with medicine.

________ is a scientific endeavor that seeks to identify and map the genes that make up human DNA. a) Eugenics b) Medicalization c) The Human Genome Project d) The 2010 Health Care Reform Act

c) The Human Genome Project

What have both classic and more recent studies of hospital experiences found? a) Mixed results have been found as studies are of varying ages. b) The hospital experience is usually highly satisfactory to patients and doctors alike. c) The hospital experience is often dehumanizing, and the power of the institutions to define diagnoses is heavily skewed. d) Mixed findings were revealed as different studies used different research methods.

c) The hospital experience is often dehumanizing, and the power of the institutions to define diagnoses is heavily skewed.

Is medicine in the United States a social institution? a) No, because organizations like the American Medical Association are brick-and-mortar places and not really large-scale patterns of interaction. b) Yes, because doctors need licenses to practice. c) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation. d) No, because it is more of an ideal than a social institution.

c) Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation.

Martha must drive twenty miles to get to the nearest grocery store. She often buys her daily items from a convenience store near her home, where healthy options are hard to come by. A sociologist might describe her neighborhood as __________. a) economically underdeveloped b) overdeveloped c) a food desert d) suburban

c) a food desert

Henry gets frequent migraine headaches. Although his doctor prescribed prescription pain medication, he decided instead to use acupuncture treatment and take herbal supplements exclusively, which are both forms of __________. a) complementary medicine b) conventional medicine c) alternative medicine d) integrative medicine

c) alternative medicine

Diana was in a car accident and now appears to be in a permanent coma. She breathes with the aid of machines and is fed through a tube. Much debate is occurring within her family about her treatment, which doctors say will not improve her condition. A sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research __________. a) alternative medicine b) medical morality c) bioethics d) complementary medicine

c) bioethics

Diana was in a car accident and now appears to be in a permanent coma. She breathes with the aid of machines and is fed through a tube. Much debate is occurring within her family about her treatment, which doctors say will not improve her condition. A sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research __________. a) medical morality b) complementary medicine c) bioethics d) alternative medicine

c) bioethics

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of ________ in the spread of diseases globally. a) integrative medicine b) alternative medicine c) climate change d) cultural competence

c) climate change

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of ________ in the spread of diseases globally. a) integrative medicine b) cultural competence c) climate change d) alternative medicine

c) climate change

Which of the theoretical perspectives considered throughout the text might explore the ways in which laws regarding drug use tend to be created by the powerful in society so that they benefit some while harming others? a) symbolic interactionism b) labeling theory c) conflict theory d) structural functionalism

c) conflict theory

The American Medical Association a) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while the government has had more say. b) is a complicated organization with a long history of social policy advocacy around improving health for all Americans regardless of social class, racial or ethnic group, or gender. c) creates, maintains, legitimizes, and controls medicine in the United States. d) really has had a hands-off approach to medicine, while corporations have had more say.

c) creates, maintains, legitimizes, and controls medicine in the United States.

Nash broke his arm on the playground. His parents will most likely seek __________. a) palliative medicine b) alternative medicine c) curative medicine d) preventive medicine

c) curative medicine

Veronica's parents have adult-onset diabetes. Her doctor suggested that she walk daily for exercise to help prevent getting diabetes herself. Unfortunately, it's difficult for her to walk in her neighborhood because the sidewalks are in disrepair. When the risk for disease is increased by social factors as in this case, it is called __________. a) low socioeconomic status b) urban decay c) deprivation amplification d) social injustice

c) deprivation amplification

What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness? a) how biomedical models are superior to other explanations b) similarities throughout the world c) how health and illness are shaped by social factors d) the physical roots of health and illness

c) how health and illness are shaped by social factors

Research shows that in the years when the diagnostic criteria of autism changed, the odds of a patient being diagnosed with autism a) fluctuated. b) remained stable. c) increased. d) decreased.

c) increased

Rescission refers to a) stabilizing the price of health care. b) insurance companies denying health-care coverage due to a preexisting condition. c) insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick. d) a client's inability to pay for health insurance due to economic hardship.

c) insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick.

As the process of ________ develops, we will be less likely to treat someone who has a mental health issue as having something he or she should just "deal with" alone. Instead, we will be more likely to think of the issue as having to do with a disease. a) the professionalization of doctors b) hospitalization c) medicalization d) acute care

c) medicalization

What type of care are we practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life? a) crisis b) preventive c) palliative d) chronic

c) palliative

The mosquito population increases as rain and heat become more prevalent, and as a result tends to spread disease more during this time. Mosquitos are an example of __________. a) pandemic organisms b) illness insects c) vector organisms d) pathogen providers

c) vector organisms

Mark lives in a densely populated American city and he buys groceries from the nearby corner store. The corner store mostly sells food that is canned or frozen and doesn't have a lot of variety. What can we infer about Mark? a) He eats nutritious meals every day. b) There is a large grocery store nearby, but he prefers the corner store. c) He practices alternative medicine. d) He lives in a food desert.

d) He lives in a food desert

Which of the following best illustrates a question of sociological interest in regard to medicine, health, and illness? a) What is the most common first symptom of a heart attack? b) At what age does juvenile diabetes most often present itself? c) What is the going rate for health insurance for a family of four? d) How does where a person lives impact his or her risk of certain health issues?

d) How does where a person lives impact his or her risk of certain health issues?

When Corrine was in school, kids who had a hard time staying focused in the classroom were punished. Now, as a teacher with twenty-three years of experience, she witnesses this same behavior being treated, not as a disciplinary issue, but as a medical issue that can be diagnosed and treated with prescription drugs. What has changed? a) Teachers are no longer permitted to discipline students for bad behavior. b) The biology of students has changed over time. c) Students no longer respond to disciplinary action so schools had to find other means of controlling their behavior. d) Hyperactive behavior has been transformed into an illness that can be treated with medicine.

d) Hyperactive behavior has been transformed into an illness that can be treated with medicine.

Which of the following U.S. presidents described comprehensive health-care reform as the highest priority on his unfinished agenda for America? a) George W. Bush b) Franklin Delano Roosevelt c) Bill Clinton d) Richard Nixon

d) Richard Nixon

Since 1994 Albert has had a recurring illness that requires him to periodically visit his doctor for treatment. He likely has ________. a) an acute disease b) a terminal disease c) an imaginary disease d) a chronic disease

d) a chronic disease

Marcus is diagnosed with diabetes. His insurance company cancels his coverage following his diagnosis. This is an example of __________. a) a loophole Republicans added to the Affordable Care Act b) an insurance reform enacted by the Affordable Care Act c) an unintended consequence of the Affordable Care Act d) a practice called rescission that the Affordable Care act bans

d) a practice called rescission that the Affordable Care act bans

Ori went to eat at his favorite restaurant and got food poisoning. His illness was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as a) lifestyle based. b) chronic. c) palliative. d) acute.

d) acute

Henry gets frequent migraine headaches. Although his doctor prescribed prescription pain medication, he decided instead to use acupuncture treatment and take herbal supplements exclusively, which are both forms of __________. a) complementary medicine b) integrative medicine c) conventional medicine d) alternative medicine

d) alternative medicine

Henry gets frequent migraine headaches. Although his doctor prescribed prescription pain medication, he decided instead to use acupuncture treatment and take herbal supplements exclusively, which are both forms of __________. a) integrative medicine b) conventional medicine c) complementary medicine d) alternative medicine

d) alternative medicine

The more strongly men identify with stereotypical ideas about masculinity, the more likely they are to a) come into contact with vector organisms. b) have a longer life expectancy than women. c) avoid risky lifestyle behaviors (such as smoking, drinking, and driving fast). d) avoid preventive health care.

d) avoid preventive health care.

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company poisoned the water in Hinkley, California. The poisoned water system had sickened many Hinkley, California, residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer. How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified? a) acute diseases b) crisis diseases c) curative diseases d) chronic diseases

d) chronic diseases

Since ordinary consumers do not have the expertise to evaluate prescription drugs, to what desire do pharmaceutical companies often appeal? a) avoiding doctors b) learning more about the medication c) "being in the driver's seat" regarding our health d) happy relationships

d) happy relationships

You are an American with a lower socioeconomic status. You are a racial minority, live in public housing, and you work at a physically labor-intensive job. You are supporting a family of four on your wages. It is likely that you a) view physical labor as preventative medicine. b) report having good physical well-being. c) engage in regular good health practices. d) have a number of ailments like arthritis and asthma.

d) have a number of ailments like arthritis and asthma.

The Flint water crisis, where the city's water source was contaminated with lead, illustrates what? a) the social construction of illness b) the process of medicalization c) medicine as a social institution d) how health disparities are often linked to inequality

d) how health disparities are often linked to inequality

Epidemiologists predict that rates of certain diseases or viruses may dramatically increase when vector organisms enter new ecosystems due to global climate change. Which of the following have epidemiologists linked to climate change? a) obesity b) HIV/AIDS c) obesity d) malaria

d) malaria

Obesity is now often treated with surgery. Previously, weight loss was not usually considered a medical problem that could be addressed through surgery. This is evidence of a) how people today tend to follow television stars' behavior. b) increases in psychiatric approaches to care. c) an approach to an acute condition. d) medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.

d) medicalization and the social construction of health and illness.

Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are further exacerbated in ________ groups. a) family b) older c) majority d) minority

d) minority

What type of care are we practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life? a) chronic b) crisis c) preventive d) palliative

d) palliative

Epidemiologists predict that ________ rates may dramatically increase when vector organisms and animals enter new ecosystems due to global climate change. a) obesity b) heart disease c) cancer d) plague

d) plague

Death and illness in a population are bad for the productivity of the system and are destabilizing forces. Which theory takes this approach to medicine? a) symbolic interactionism b) conflict theory c) the sick role d) structural functionalism

d) structural functionalism

Kendra is a lower-class American. She lives in public housing, did not finish high school, experiences lapses in employment, and has a hard time making financial ends meet. Kendra is twice as likely as people who are not living in poverty to a) report having good physical well-being. b) visit a doctor for yearly checkups. c) have an above-average life expectancy. d) suffer from depression.

d) suffer from depression

Pauline stays home from school because she has the flu and a high fever. Her mother expects her to stay in bed and rest but instead she goes out for a run. Pauline is not conforming to __________. a) the social construction of illness b) medicine as a social institution c) expected modes of treatment d) the sick role

d) the sick role

Talcott Parsons researched ________ from a structural functionalist perspective. a) cultural competence b) doctors' power and status c) the medical establishment d) the sick role

d) the sick role

Epidemiologists are currently studying the role of climate change in the spread of diseases globally. They have found that increases in temperature can also increase the numbers of a) pathogens. b) food deserts. c) chronic diseases. d) vector organisms.

d) vector organisms

HIV/AIDS has ravaged populations around the world. Part of the challenge in treatment and prevention hinges upon a clear understanding of local culture in the population under duress. That is, different approaches will work differently in different places. The practice of studying these differences is known as __________. a) cultural competence b) sociology c) alternative medicine d) epidemiology

epidemiology