Sociology Chapter 15

people who choose to cohabit differ from those who don't

The "selection explanation" for why couples who live together before marrying are more likely to divorce than those who do not argues that ____________.

high death rates

What are some of the forces that strained the cohesion of pre-industrial families?

whether either partner has children

What factors have been shown to influence whether two people who are cohabiting will enter into a first marriage together?

*a parenting style characterized by a high level of participation* by children in organized, non-school-related activities, and an emphasis on verbal communication between parents and children

*Concerted cultivation* refers to ________.

stepfamily

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living either in the home or nearby.

matrilocal

A family system in which the husband is expected to live *near the wife's parents*.

patrilocal

A family system in which the wife is expected to live near the husband's parents.

polyandry

A form of marriage in which *a woman* may simultaneously have two or more husbands.

polygyny

A form of marriage in which a man may simultaneously have two or more wives.

polygamy

A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously.

monogamy

A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time.

family

A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the *adult members of which are responsible for the upbringing of children*. All known societies involve some form of family system, although the nature of family relationships varies widely. While in modern societies the main family form is the nuclear family, extended family relationships are also found.

kinship

A relation that *links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption*.

marriage

A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals.

many cases of abuse go unreported

One of the challenges in collecting data on child abuse is that ____________.

nuclear family

A family group consisting of a wife, a husband (or one of these), and dependent children.

extended family

A family group *consisting of more than two generations of relatives* living either within the same household or very close to one another.

compliance with adult directives

According to sociologist *Annette Lareau*, the child-rearing strategies of most working-class and poor parents emphasize __________.

personality stabilization

According to the theory of functionalism, the family plays a crucial role in assisting its adult members emotionally. Marriage between adult men and women is the arrangement through which adult personalities are supported and kept healthy.

Women still take on a greater share of domestic tasks than their male partners, even when they work the same number of hours outside the home.

As women have joined the workforce in greater and greater numbers, how has the sharing of domestic responsibilities between men and women changed?

the existence of unequal power relationships within the family that can privilege some members over others

Feminist sociologists who study the family have shed light on __________.

Many black single mothers form a close and supportive network of extended family members and friends whom they can rely on to help with child care and other family responsibilities.

How have black women who are single parents adapted to create a stable family situation for their children in the absence of a father?

They have contributed to a more precarious economic position for many divorced women and their children because they removed certain financial protections.

How have no-fault divorce laws affected the economic position of women?

the many domestic tasks that women generally take care of for their families in addition to whatever paid work they do outside the home

In relation to the sociology of the family, the *second shift* can best be defined as ______.

civil union

Marcie and Amy have been partners for 7 years and moved to Oregon a year ago when Amy got a job as a school principal outside of Portland. Since moving there, they legally formalized their relationship, which gives them access to all the state-granted rights, privileges, and responsibilities of marriage in Oregon. Which of the following best represents the legal partnership Amy and Marcie have entered into?

the role of the family in providing emotional support for adult family members

Personality stabilization refers to __________.

girls; boys

Research on the effects of family structure on children shows that _______ are more negatively affected by living in a stepfamily while _______ experience more detrimental outcomes from living in a single-parent family.

affective individualism

The belief in *romantic attachment* as a basis for contracting marriage ties.

families of procreation

The families individuals *initiate through marriage* or by having children.

families of orientation

The families into which individuals are born.

a family of orientation

The family into which a person is born is called _________.

functionalist

The notion that the nuclear family fulfills specialized roles in modern societies and helps perpetuate social order is associated with the ________ approach to sociology.

two adults living together in a household with their biological or adopted children

The nuclear family consists of __________.

primary socialization

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family.

the trend of postponing marriage

The sharp increase in the number of people living alone in the United States can be attributed to ____________.

rates of birth outside marriage

There is a high correlation between _________ and indicators of poverty and social deprivation.

cohabitation

Two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, without being married to one another.

marriage based on personal choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of the modern or post-industrial family?

a divorced man in his fifties with grown children

Which of the following people is most likely to get married?

Because of their status as U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans from diverse backgrounds can move to the United States; migration is not limited to those with greater financial resources as is often the case with other groups.

Why are Puerto Ricans the most economically disadvantaged of all major Hispanic groups in the United States?

The pool of employed, marriageable black men has been shrinking, thus greatly limiting black women's opportunity to find and keep a stable life partner.

Why are there more female-headed families among blacks than any other social group in the United States?

There is a growing tendency to evaluate marriage in terms of personal satisfaction, and people are less willing than they were in the past to stay in a marriage that is not rewarding.

Why has divorce become more common in the United States?

Kinship networks are often weakened when individual family members or nuclear families move from rural to urban areas, something that is happening on a large scale.

Why has there been a general decline worldwide in the influence of kinship networks?

As more and more women and men attend college, they wait longer to get married.

Why has there been an increase in the age at which people get married for the first time?

When looking at the average age for first marriages from the late nineteenth century to the present day, the young age for marriages in the 1950s appears to be an exception rather than the norm.

Why might it be more accurate to say that people in the 1950s generation married at a very young age rather than to say that people today are postponing marriage?