Sociology- Chapter 4, 5, 6
What are the two components of "the self"?
"I" and "Me"
What are the characteristics of the play stage?
- age 3-5 - more aware of social relationships *role taking
What are the characteristics of the game stage?
- age 6-9 - knows their position and others position *knows what others expect from him or her
Characteristics of social roles
- anticipate behaviors of others - restrict peoples interactions and relationships
What things did Durkheim believe?
- deviance/crime could be positive thing - there will always be crime - social circumstances can cause crime
What are examples of virtual worlds?
- facebook - myspace - second life
What are the characteristics of feral children?
- fearful of human contact - unpredictable antisocial behavior
Characteristics of organized crime
- good at judging law enforcement - great deal of power over people - form of upward mobility for groups trying to escape poverty
Characteristics of secondary group
- large groups - short term commitment - formal - impersonal
What are the characteristics of the preparatory stage?
- lasts until age 3 - imitate, mindlessly * dont understand
Characteristics of groups
- more than one person - similar norms, values, expectations - interact on a regular basis
Characteristics of primary group
- small group - long term commitments - can turn into secondary if group grows
Characteristics of white collar crime
- use "money" or "prestige" to get off - generally fined - generally does not hurt reputation
What things are considered environmental?
-Attitudes -Values -Chosen mates -Need for intamacy -Comfort -Assistant -Intelligence
Characteristics of Workplace
-Full time work confirms adulthood -need to work to survive
What things are considered hereditary?
-Temperament -Voice Patterns -Nervous Habits -Leadership Tendencies
Definition of midlife crisis
-begins about 40 -stressful period of self
In what ways are networks valuable?
-finding employment -attaining raises -acceptances to schools -scholarships
What are examples of formal social control?
-formal agents of societies that give us duties -examples: police, bosses
Characteristics of crime
-formal penalties associated with the act
Characteristics of Family
-important for children -first agent of socialization -informal socialization -learn basic skills
Characteristics of Peers
-informal socialization -peers reinforce rules set by family/school
Characteristics of Media
-introduced us to unfamiliar lifestyles and cultures -weakens conflict resolution skills -improves social cohesion
What is the anomie theory of deviance?
-people fit into one category, as to whether to conform or not - relationships between goals and means
Characteristics of Law
-reflects values of those in power -reflects values/social conditions of the time
Characteristics of Religion and Government
-religion and government instruct families on how to raise children
Characteristics of School
-second agent of socialization -formal socialization Why formal: train for professionalism, have rules to follow
What are examples of informal social control?
-smiles, laughter, ridicule -driving speed limits with friends (actually should speed) -can kill in video game (cant formally kill)
What are the two types of statuses?
1. Ascribed 2. Achieved
What are the four characteristics of bureaucracy?
1. Division of labor 2. Hierarchy of authority 3. Written rules and regulations 4. Impersonality
What are the 5 major social institutions?
1. Family 2. Education 3. Government/Immigration 4. Religion 5. Economy
What are the 6 agents of socialization?
1. Family 2. School 3. Peers 4. Media 5. Workplace 6. Religion and Government
What is the process of developing a "self"? (3 steps)
1. Imagine how others see us 2. Imagine how others evaluate what we think they see 3. Define ourselves based on these impressions
What are the two types of social control?
1. Informal 2. Formal
What are the three stages of self?
1. Preparatory Stage 2. Play Stage 3. Game Stage
What are the two types of groups?
1. Primary 2. Secondary
What are the 6 elements that make up social structure
1. Statuses 2. Social Roles 3. Groups 4. Social Networks 5. Virtual Worlds 6. Social Institutions
What are the two major types of crime?
1. Violent: against people 2. Property: against people's property
What are four things that decrease crime?
1. booming economy 2. community police (town police) 3. gun control laws 4. Penitentiary (keeps us from going there)
What are the four categories based on crime?
1. severity of offense 2. age of offender 3. potential punishment 4. court that holds jurisdiction
What are examples of stigmas that are hard to shake once you have them?
Alcoholic, rapist, convict
Not static means what?
Changes frequently
"The looking-glass shelf is a theory created by who?
Charles H. Cooley
Conformity vs. Obedience
Conformity: informal, gain acceptance of peers Obedience: level of power such as police officer
Chapter 6
Deviance
Are strong ties indirect or direct?
Direct
What does it mean when we say: "I --> acts"
Do what you want
What sociologist believed that no act was inherently deviant or criminal?
Durkheim
Which of these can be master statuses?
Either can be master statuses
Is "Law" formal or informal?
Formal
What is the difference between frequency and duration
Frequency: how often Duration: how long
What is an example of role conflict?
Friend vs. Police officer
The stages of the self is a theory created by who?
George Herbert Mead
Who came up with the theory of stigma?
Goffman
Between "heredity" and "environmental", which is nature and which is nurture?
Heredity = Nature Environmental = Nurture
Definition of white collar crime
Illegal acts committed by people of authority
What is "in" vs. "out"?
In: group that one feels he/she belongs (may feel superior) Out: group that one feels he/she don't belong
Are weak ties indirect or direct?
Indirect
Which of the environmental traits were thought to be hereditary?
Intelligence
Who came up with the theory about ideal type?
Max Weber
Which sociologist believed that success is important?
Merton
We see other people as what?
Mirrors
What is an example of role strain?
Mother has to be disciplinary but also compassionate and loving
One role of socialization:
Nature vs. Nurture
Are social structures random?
No social structures are not random
Can the "I" act alone?
No, it needs the "Me".
"Self emerges as we interact with others" is considered static or not static?
Not static
Do sociologists view nature or nurture?
Nurture
Definition of "self"
Our sense of who we are, distinct from others, and shaped by the unique combination of our social interactions
Is this social interaction shaped by perception or reality?
Perception
What are examples of victimless crime?
Prostitutes, drug dealing
In simpler terms, what does ascribed mean and what are some examples?
Simpler terms: born with it Examples: sex, tall, daughter, sister
In simpler terms, what does achieved mean and what are some examples?
Simpler terms: something you can become Examples: student, friend
Chapter 5
Social and Structure Interaftion
Chapter 4
Socialization
What is "Me"?
Socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others
What is a master status?
Something not good that people remember you by
How we act is shaped by our what?
Status
What does it mean when we say: "Me--> plans"
Takes others into consideration
What is "I"?
The acting self that exists in relation to the "Me".
What is the looking-glass shelf?
Theory that we become who we are based on how we think others see us
How do we shape reality?
Through our norms and values
What study is done to test between nature and nurture?
Twin studies
Is "I" socialized or unsocalized?
Unsocialized
What does, "not simply passive recipients of external forces" mean?
We make choices about who we want to be
Do formal and informal social control ever conflict?
Yes
Definition of stigma
a label used to devalue a person or group
Example of innovator
a person who has to the goal of being wealthy but decides to be a drug dealer to become wealthy
Definition of acheived
a social person that it within our power to change
Conformity
accepts goals, accepts means
Innovator
accepts goals, does not accept means
Definition of victimless crime?
acts involving the willingness to exchange among adults of widely desired
Definition of sandwich generation
adults who try to meet competing needs of parents and children
Define Impression Management
altering ourselves to please others
Definition of reference groups
any group that uses individuals as a standard to evaluate themselves
Birds of a feather flock together meaning?
athletic kids stay with athletics kids, bad kids stay with bad kids, smart kids stay with smart kids. This means people with the same interests will be found together
Is deviance informal or formal?
can be both
What is the control theory?
conformity and deviance that suggests our connection to members of society leads us to conform to society's norms
What is the labeling theory?
deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
Difference between deviance and crime
deviance: violations of standards or expectations crime: violation of the law
Definition of differential associations
different socialization of what is and is not acceptable
Ritualist
does not accept goals, accepts means
Retreatist
does not accept goals, does not accept means
Rebel
does the exact opposite
Definition of social roles
expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
What is organized crime?
group committing crime under strict regulations
Definition of social disorganization
lack of community connection increases crime
Socialization definition
life long process of learning attitudes and behaviors
Definition of network
links individual to others either directly or indirectly
What is virtual worlds?
much interaction goes on with the advent of the internet
All crime is deviance but...
not all deviance is crime
Define social institutions
organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
Agents of socialization
people or groups that influence how we think about ourselves and how we represent ourselves to others
Definition of significant other
person who is most important in the development of the self, such as friend, parent, or teacher
Definition of ascribed
position assigned in society without regards to talent or characteristics
Characteristics of status
positions are hieralchy
Definition of resocialization
process of discarding old behavior and accepting new ones
Definition of role taking
process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
What was the ideal type theory?
reflects most characteristics of an organization
Definition of total institution
regulates all aspects
Definition of right of passage
ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another
Definition of life course
social factors that influence us throughout life from the time were born to death
Definition of status
socially defined position
Definition of anomie
society loses norms
Example of retreatist
someone who is an alcoholic or homeless
Example of conformity
someone who is wealthy and works hard
Example of ritualist
someone who wants to get a degree but doesn't go to class
What is it called when a person can hold several statuses at one time
status set
Definition of coalitions
subsection of a large group
Why is social development important?
teaches kids how to share, be helpful, teach them respect
Definition of social control
techniques used to prevent deviant behavior
Definition of bureaucracy
utilizes hierarchy to achieve efficiency
Definition of deviance
violations of standards or expectations
Definition of social intereaction
ways in which people respond to one another
Definition of Dramaturgical Approach
when people are seen as actors on a stage attempting to put on a successful performance
Definition of role strain?
when the roles of ONE status clash
Definition of role conflict
when the roles of TWO statuses clash
