Sociology Chapter 9

homophobia

fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people fear of those who are not heterosexual

transphobia

fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people fear of those who don't conform to society's gender expectations

same-sex marriages

federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the US in 2015

matriarchal

female dominated society

Symbolic Interactionism

gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, school, and the media

symbolic interactionism

gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives

functionalism

sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to; it is more appropriate for men to play instrumental roles and for women to play expressive roles

bisexuality

sexual attraction toward members of both genders

homosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of one's own gender gay or lesbian

heterosexuality

sexual attraction toward members of the other gender "straight"

queer

term that used to mean odd or peculiar but now means anything that challenges prevailing binary notions of sex, gender, and sexuality (and is sometimes used to describe nonconformity on other areas as well)

cisgender

term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth

gender-nonconforming

term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles

transgender (noncisgender)

term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth

second wave

the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s, often associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education equal opportunity laws, legislation against sexual harassment and marital rape, and a general increase in public awareness about gender discrimination in out society

asexuality

the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire for sex

gender role socialization

the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization

gender

the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members what is masculine or feminine

expressive role

the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing cares for a child and stabilizes the personality of the instrumental partner against the stresses of the competitive world

instrumental role

the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure "breadwinner"

social learning

the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction (reprimanding a young boy for crying)

third wave

the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess focused on intersectionality equality, diversity, and global interconnectedness

suffrage movement

the movement organized around gaining voting rights for women

people with multiple genders

all these are examples of bigender, trigender, and pangender

gender expression

an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender "masculine" or "feminine" clothing, grooming, behavior, body language, gestures, and even names

sex

an individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories- male or female-based on biological factors

gender identity

an individual's self-definition or sense of gender may or may not correspond with the sex we have been assigned at birth

misogyny

an ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, or hatred of women

men's rights movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men argues that because of feminism, men are actually discriminated against and even oppressed both in the legal arena and in everyday life

genderfluid

those whose gender fluctuates over time

coming out

to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it; short for "coming out of the closet," a phrase used to describe how gays and lesbians have felt compelled to keep their sexual orientation secret

Symbolic Interactionism

what theory does this case study fall under? girls and boys are socialized differently and may be encouraged tp seek out gender-appropriate training, college majors, and career goals, leading them to enter male-and female-dominated occupations

functionalism

what theory does this case study fall under? women are naturally more nurturing and thus make better nurses and teachers of young children; men are naturally more logical and thus make better lawyers and computer programmers

conflict theory

what theory does this case study fall under? Male-dominated occupations generally hold more prestige and are better paid; women may encounter difficulties entering male-dominated occupations, whereas men may more easily succeed in female-dominated occupations

Talcott Parsons

who argues that gender role expectations upheld the traditional family male "breadwinners" fulfilled an instrumental role by being task oriented and authoritative, while female "homemakers" embodied an expressive role by providing emotional support

three societies that do acknowledge a "third gender"

1. Berdaches or "Two-Spirit" People 2. Hijas 3. Bacha Posh

Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer

LGBTQ

Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer Intersex Asexual

LGBTQIA

men's liberation

a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity the need to free men from oppressive gender roles men suffer from greater stress, poorer health, and a shorter life expectancy and argued that these resulted from pressures to achieve success combined with men's ability to express themselves and their emotions

intersex

a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male or exclusively female most parents seek out surgical and other procedures to quickly remedy the situation (in most cases female is the most viable and expedient choice)

rape culture

a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women

gender binary

a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories

pro-feminist men's movement

an offshoot of male liberation whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women suggest that the idea that men are superior is a burden and that, in the long term, men will be happier if society becomes less sexist men need to share more of the responsibilities of child care, contest economic disparities and violence against women, and generally respect and value women's lives

conflict theory

because of the traditional division of labor in families, males have had more access to resources and privileges and have sought to maintain their dominance

feminism

belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief

heterosexism or cisgenderism

belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals

primary sex characteristics

biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs that distinguish males from females

feminist theory

dedicated to securing the same rights and freedoms for both women and men in society focuses on enhancing scholarly understanding on gender inequalities on society by applying assumptions about gender inequality to various social institutions-the family, education, the economy, or media- this allows for a new way of understanding those institutions and the changing role of gender in contemporary society contribute to "writing women back in" to scholarship in history, literature, art, and the social and natural sciences, areas in which the lives and contributions of women have traditionally been minimized or overlooked entirely

microaggression

everyday use of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups are experienced as insulting or demeaning (man-made, mankind)

pink-collar

jobs (nurses, secretaries, librarians) are considered less desirable in a patriarchal society

patriarchy

literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society

functionalism

men and women should remain in traditional social roles to keep society stable

conflict theory

men have control over most society's resources and privileges and will continue to maintain their dominant status through the exploitation of women

secondary sex characteristics

physical differences between males an females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories rejects the idea of a single gay, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, or transgender identity, emphasizing instead the importance of difference any kind of categorization id outmoded and limiting

heteronormativity

the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm

sexism

the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other

sexuality

the character or quality of being sexual used to describe sexual behaviors, desires, and fantasies (the things people actually do as well as the things they think or dream about doing)

first wave

the earliest period of feminist activism in the United States, including the period from the mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920

feminization of poverty

the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care

sexual orientation or identity

the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender

symbolic interactionists

these people emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives gender is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender identity we need to categorize, and we need to be categorizable as well

Essentialists

those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed

constructionist

those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many see gender as a social construction and acknowledge that possibility that binary male-female categories aren't the only way to classify individuals believe that the meaning of masculinity and femininity may differ drastically in different societies and historical periods

1. families 2. schools 3. peers 4. media

what are the four agents of socialization for gender roles?

families

what are usually the primary source of socialization?

suffrage movement

what became the cause most identified with the first wave of the women's movement?

Stonewall Inn

what gay bar in New York City was raided by police who harassed the people in there which sparked a new era of campaigning for civil rights for gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and trans individuals?

conflict theorists

who believe men have historically had access to most of society's material resources and privileges, and consequently they generally seek to maintain their dominant status thus they see gender inequality in much the same way as they see race and class inequality-as manifestations of exploitation

functionalists

who believe that there are still social roles better suited to one gender than the other, and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex

Talcott Parsons

who developed two complementary roles: instrumental role and expressive role

Friedrich Engels

who noted that capitalists (the owners of property) benefited from maintaining patriarchal families with women in the private sphere and men in the public workplace because women do the work of reproducing the labor force (on which the capitalists depend) without recieving san y direct compensation, and they serve as an inexpensive "reserve army" of labor when the need arises if private property were abolished, the material inequalities producing social classes would disappear, and there would no longer be powerful interests forcing women into domestic roles

Zillah Eisenstein

who noted that men stand to lose a good deal if gender segregation disappears: they would have to do more unpaid work, or pay to have their homes lept up and children cared for; they would have to find jobs in a larger and more competitive market; and they would lose some power and prestige if they were no longer the more viable breadwinners

Alfred Kinsey

who suggested that human sexuality is far more diverse than commonly assumed and believed that people are not exclusively heterosexual or homosexual but can fall along a wide spectrum

Betty Friedan

who wrote The Feminine Mystique that was about the problem that had no name, a problem that lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women: the sense of limitation and dissatisfaction that many women felt with their lives