Sociology exam 3
inequality
Around the world, _____ is a significant determinant of human behavior.
minority racial and ethnic groups
At some point in the future, the nation's ____, taken together, will grow to more than 50% of the total population.
?????
Because the status quo (current situation) helps those with wealth, status, and power, they have a clear interest in preventing, minimizing, or controlling:
Asia, Latin America
Beginning in 2010, the annual immigration from ___ exceeded the level of annual immigration from ___ ____ for the first time.
relative poverty
Debate has been growing over the accuracy of the federal government's measure of ____, which has remained largely unchanged since 1963.
social mobility
Education's impact on _____ has decreased somewhat in the last decade.
class consciousness
For Karl Marx, _____ is part of a collective process in which the working class comes to identify the capitalist class as the source of its oppression.
intergenerational mobility
Imagine a young child who has very poor parents, but he/she winds up becoming a millionaire and the president and CEO of a multinational company. According to the textbook, this is an example of:
$53,657
In 2014, the average household income in the U.S. was:
class, status and power
In Max Weber's view, each of us has not one rank in society but three. Our position in a stratification system reflects some combination of:
all of the above
In Niger, 90% of the population lacks easy access to:
2011
In ____, for the first time, more non-White and Hispanic babies were born in the U.S. than White babies.
minimum wage
In terms of its real value, adjusted for inflation, ____ has failed to keep pace with the cost of living.
two or more races
In the 2010 census, over 9 million people in the U.S. (or about 2.9% of the population) reported they were:
the rich
In the past 40 years, especially in the 1980s and in the decade from 2001 to 2012, federal tax policies have favored:
class consciousness
A factory worker organizes a protest against unsafe working conditions after realizing that the owners care more about profits than about the health and safety of the workers. In Karl Marx's terms, the factory worker has:
intergenerational mobility
A fast-food worker whose father was a doctor is an example of downward:
the feminization of poverty
A major factor in _____ has been the increase in families with women as single heads of the household.
vertical mobility
A poor inner-city youth spends many hours in the neighborhood playground, shooting baskets on the basketball court and engaging in every game that he can play. His skills become outstanding, he receives a college scholarship, and he then signs a multi-million dollar contract to play in the National Basketball Association. This is an example of:
upward intragenerational mobility
A teacher's aide eventually becoming a superintendent of a school district is an example of:
functionalists
According to ____, poverty and poor people actually have positive purposes for society.
conflict theorists
According to ____, racism keeps members of subordinate groups in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the ruling class with a pool of cheap labor.
the feminization of poverty
According to conflict theorists, ____ can be explained by the difficulty in finding affordable child care, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination in the labor market.
class, status, and power
According to the textbook, Max Weber identified what three components of stratification?
white privilege
According to the textbook, Peggy McIntosh found that as a white person, she rarely needed to step out of her comfort zone, her skin color opened doors for her, her race made the job of parenting easier, and others did not constantly evaluate her in racial terms. What is this called?
conflict theorists
According to the textbook, ____ argue that multinational corporations often buy out or force out local entrepreneurs and companies, thereby increasing a nation's economic and cultural dependence on other nations.
functionalists
According to the textbook, ____ argue that social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill socially important positions.
income, wealth
According to the textbook, ____ is salaries and wages, whereas ____ is land, stocks, and property.
estates
According to the textbook, ____ require(s) peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services.
Jim Crow
According to the textbook, ____ were Southern laws that kept African Americans in a subordinate position.
castes
According to the textbook, _____ are hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile.
life chances
According to the textbook, _____ are the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.
the proletariat
According to the textbook, _____ are the working class.
functionalists
According to the textbook, _____ argue that multinational corporations bring jobs and industry to areas that desperately need them.
conflict theorists
According to the textbook, _____ argue that multinational corporations exploit local workers in order to maximize profits.
functionalists
According to the textbook, _____ argue that multinational corporations facilitate the global exchange of ideas and technology, making the nations of the world more interdependent.
functionalists
According to the textbook, _____ argue that society must use some type of reward to motivate people to enter unpleasant or dangerous jobs, and/or jobs that require a long training period.
conflict theorists
According to the textbook, _____ argue that the dominant class manipulates the economic and political systems in order to maintain control over the exploited working class.
social class
According to the textbook, _____ is a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility.
class consciousness
According to the textbook, _____ is an awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
social inequality
According to the textbook, _____ is the condition in which members of a society enjoy different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
Ethnocetrism
According to the textbook, _____ leads people to judge other cultures by the standards of their own group, which leads quite easily to prejudice against cultures viewed as inferior.
prestige
According to the textbook, _____ refers to the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society.
the bourgeoisie
According to the textbook, _____, or the capitalist class, owns the means of production, such as factories and machinery.
wealth, income
According to the textbook, ______ is distributed much more unequally than ______ in the United States and worldwide.
socioeconomic status
According to the textbook, ________ is a measure of social class that is based on income, education, and occupation.
open, closed
According to the textbook, a/an ______ stratification system is based on achieved status, whereas a/an ______ stratification system is based on ascribed status.
all of the above
According to the textbook, functionalist Herbert Gans argues that poor people perform what function for society?
dominant ideology
According to the textbook, one way for the powerful to maintain the status quo is to define society's _____, which is the set of cultural beliefs and practices that supports powerful social, economic, and political interests.
attitude is to behavior
According to the textbook, prejudice is to discrimination as:
institutional discrimination
According to the textbook, rules requiring that only English be spoken at a place of work, even when it is not a business necessity to restrict the use of other languages, reflect:
women
According to the textbook, since World War II, ____ have constituted an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States.
the social construction of race
According to the textbook, the "one-drop rule" was a clear example of:
poverty line
According to the textbook, the _____ is a money income figure that is adjusted annually to reflect the consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition.
Europe, Latin America and Asia
According to the textbook, the majority of immigrants used to come to the U.S. from ____, but now the majority of immigrants come to the U.S. from ______.
slavery
According to the textbook, the most extreme form of legalized social inequality for individuals or groups is:
racial profiling
According to the textbook, the practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as:
modernization
According to the textbook, the process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called:
globalization
According to the textbook, the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is called:
all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property
According to the textbook, wealth is:
world- system analysis
According to the textbook, what do we call sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited?
the contact hypothesis
According to the textbook, what do we call the argument that interracial contact between people of equal status who are engaged in a cooperative task will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon previous stereotypes?
stereotypes
According to the textbook, what do we call unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group?
the advent of multinational corporations
According to the textbook, what force is responsible for the domination of the world marketplace by a few nations?
estates, castes, social classes and slavery (all of the above)
According to the textbook, what is a system of stratification?
affirmative action
According to the textbook, what is the term for giving priority to minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities?
glass ceiling
According to the textbook, what is the term that refers to an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of that person's race, ethnicity, or gender?
physician
According to the textbook, what occupation has the highest prestige ranking?
Hispanic/ Latino
According to the textbook, which ethnic/racial group has the largest percentage of the total U.S. population?
social mobility
According to the textbook, which of the following refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position of society's stratification system to another?
the revenues of the largest multinational corporations exceeds the total value of goods and services exchanged in many peripheral nations
According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true?
Asians
According to the textbook, which racial/ethnic group has the highest average household income?
conflict theorists
According to the textbook, which sociological perspective argues that competition for limited resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality?
functionalist
According to the textbook, which sociological perspective argues that multinational corporations can actually help the developing nations of the world?
functionalists
According to the textbook, which sociological perspective argues that the most talented people would not go to school for many years to become doctors if they could only make as much money and gain as much respect working as street cleaners?
poverty
Although the current _____ measure does consider family size, it does not consider a household's location, such as whether it is in an expensive city like New York or in a less expensive rural area.
inequality
Social science researchers have found that ____exists in all societies, even the simplest.
occupational segregation
Sociologists have found stability in _____ from 1925 to 1991.
poverty line
The ____ serves as an official definition of which people are poor.
immigration
The current racial and ethnic diversity in the United States in not accidental, but reflects centuries of:
class position
The prestige ranking of occupations has proved to be a useful indicator of a person's:
conspicuous leisure
Those at the top of the social hierarchy may engage in _______, such as jetting to remote destinations and staying just long enough to watch the sunset.
conspicuous consumption
Those at the top of the social hierarchy typically convert part of their wealth into _____, such as purchasing more automobiles than they can use or building homes with more rooms than they can possibly occupy.
conspicuous consumption
Today, _____ has found a new outlet in the cyberworld.
racial profiling
Today, authorities continue to rely on ____, despite overwhelming evidence that it is misleading.
refugees
____ are people who live outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution.
life chances
____ are reflected in such measures as housing, education, and health.
functionalists
____ argue that social stratification facilitates the filling of social positions.
conflict theorists
____ argue that society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of influencing people's beliefs through religion, education, and the media.
world system analysis
____ argues that the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken.
power
____ is the ability to exercise one's will over others.
remittances
_____ are monies that immigrants send home to their countries of origin.
functionalists
_____ argue that a system of rewards and punishments is necessary for the efficient operation of society.
conflict theorists
_____ argue that human beings are prone to struggle over such scarce resources, such as wealth, status, and power.
symbolic interactionists
_____ have long been interested in the importance of social class in shaping a person's lifestyle.
symbolic ethnicity
_____ refers to an emphasis on such concerns as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.
modernization, development
Many sociologists argue that the terms ____ and____ contain an ethnocentric bias.
class
Max Weber used the term ____ to refer to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income.
status group
Max Weber used the term ____ to refer to people who have the same prestige or lifestyle.
employed at minimum wage
One contributor to the United States' high poverty rate has been the large number of workers: