Sociology Exam 3

As shocking as the gender pay gap is, it actually widens when we add race and ethnicity to the picture. African American women make on average ________ for every dollar a Caucasian male makes. Latina women make ________ for every dollar a Caucasian male makes.

64 cents; 56 cents

More than fifty years since the Equal Pay Act, women in the United States continue to make less money than their male counterparts. According to a 2013 report, "On average, full-time working women make just ________."this is a significant gap, with real-life consequences.

77 cents for every dollar a man makes

________ ensures certain basic rights for their citizens. Citizens are free to organize political parties and hold elections. Leaders, once elected, must abide by the terms of the given nation's constitution and are limited in the powers they can exercise, as well as in the length of the duration of their terms.

A democracy

Some religious scholars consider ________ more of a social system than a religion because it focuses on sharing wisdom about moral practices but doesn't involve any type of specific worship.

Confucianism

________ shape the way our society views old age and dying, but these attitudes shift and evolve over time.

Cultural attitudes

________ believed religion is about community, suggesting that it binds people together (social cohesion), promotes behavior consistency (social control), and offers strength during life's transitions and tragedies (meaning and purpose).

Emile Durkheim

One of the most misunderstood concepts of ________ is that of jihad, which many people interpret as a holy war.

Islam

________ believed that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.

Karl Marx

________ means that a gap has developed in the job market, with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and few jobs for those with mid-level skills and education.

Polarization

________ affects more than personal relationships; it shapes larger dynamics like social groups, professional organizations, and governments.

Power

Max Weber studied power and authority, differentiating between ________ and formulating a system for classifying types of ________.

Power; authority

________ suggest that issues with the healthcare system, as with most other social problems, are rooted in capitalist society.

Social conflict theorists

________ use the term medicalization of deviance to refer to the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior. They also use a related process called de-medicalization, in which "sick" behavior is normalized again.

Symbolic interaction theorists

The ________ is the highest court in the United States, and it has the final say on decisions about the constitutionality of laws that citizens challenge.

U.S. Supreme Court

Strictly speaking, ________ is a government in which a single person rules until he or she dies or abdicates the throne.

a monarchy

Which social conflict theory on aging suggests that because age serves as a basis of social control, different age groups will have varying access to social resources such as political and economic power?

age stratification theory

Today, wealth is distributed inequitably ________ of the socioeconomic scale. Corporate profits have increased more than 141 percent, and CEO pay has risen by more than 298 percent.

at the top

The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems,

capitalism and socialism.

Leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas Gandhi are examples of ____________.

charismatic leaders

An example of ________ is the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders.

institutionalized sexism

In the United States, median income has not increased, and in fact it has receded in many cases. The size, income, and wealth of the middle class have been declining since ________, effects that were perhaps hastened by the recession.

the 1970s

The rapid increase in computer use in all aspects of daily life is a main reason for the transition to an information economy. Fewer people are needed to work in factories because computerized robots now handle many of the tasks. This is referred to as the

the Post-industrial revolution.

________ is health plan coverage that is provided in whole or in part by an employer or union; it can cover just the employee, or the employee and his or her family. ________ is coverage that an individual buys directly from a private company.

Employment-based insurance; Direct purchase insurance

Cultural attitudes in ________ prior to about 1986 supported the idea that the elderly deserve assistance, but major social shifts have created an increased demand for community and government care, and the increase in women working outside the home has made it more difficult to provide in-home care to aging parents, which leads to an increase in the need for government-supported institutions.

Japan

________ identified and explained three distinct types of authority (charismatic, traditional, legal-rational).

Max Weber

According to ________, struggles in the present era are driven by the desire to gain or protect power and wealth, whether in the form of land and resources or in the form of liberty and autonomy. Internally, groups within the U.S. struggle within the system, by trying to achieve the outcomes they prefer.

Social conflict theorists

________ view religion as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequality.

Social conflict theorists

________is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.

Socialism

According to ________, the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. According to this theory, all aspects of society serve a purpose.

Structural functional theorists

________ view government and politics as a way to enforce norms and regulate society's problems. They seek consensus and order in society and believe that dysfunction creates social problems that lead to social change.

Structural functional theorists

________ suggest that religious rituals bring order, comfort, and organization through shared familiar representations and patterns of behavior.

Structural functionalist theory

________ contains within itself customary rights and obligations based on the social norms that surround it.

The sick role

The power in ________ is held by a small, elite group.

an oligarchy

As ________ began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.

capitalists

Symbolic interaction theorists are concerned with the degree to which ________ such as college degrees symbolize the completion of education.

credentialism

Some people suggest secularization is a root cause of many social problems, such as

divorce, drug use, and educational downturn.

In sociology, ________ refers to the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed.

economy

Growing up poor can cut off access to the opportunities and services people need to move out of poverty and into stable employment. As we saw, more ________ was often a key to stability, and those raised in poverty are the ones least able to find well-paying work, perpetuating a cycle.

education

In the United States, society tends to glorify youth and associate it with beauty and sexuality. In comedies, the ________ are often associated with grumpiness or hostility. Rarely do the roles of older people convey the fullness of life experienced by seniors.

elderly

The Industrial Revolution and its accompanying social changes made education more accessible to the general population. Many families in the emerging middle class found new opportunities for ________ schooling.

formal

Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

global commodity chain

Some of the drawbacks of ________ are that countries can be weakened or polluted. The growing influence of enormous international financial and industrial corporations that benefit the most from free trade and unrestricted markets can use their vast wealth and resources to control governments to act in their interest rather than that of the local population, and there can be negative impacts on the environment and local economies.

globalization

It was not until the establishment of Title IX of the Education Amendments in 1972 that discriminating on the basis of sex in U.S. education programs became

illegal.

Structural functional theorists suggest that ________, are the intended and visible functions of education. and latent (or secondary) functions, which are the hidden and unintended functions.

manifest (or primary) functions

Despite the cost of college today, it is more ________ than ever before to complete a college degree.

necessary

The 1960s saw other important reforms in U.S. voting. Shortly before the Voting Rights Act was passed, the 1964 U.S. Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims changed the nature of elections. This landmark decision reaffirmed the notion of ________ a concept holding that all people's votes should be counted equally. Before this decision, unequal distributions of population enabled small groups of people in sparsely populated rural areas to have as much voting power as the denser populations of urban areas. After Reynolds v. Sims, districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

one person, one vote

Contracting a job or set of jobs to an external corporation or nation is called ________.

outsourcing

The controversy surrounding death with dignity laws or ________ is hotly debated. Oregon, the first to institute a Death with Dignity Act in 1997, required the presence of two physicians for a legal assisted suicide.

physician-assisted suicide

A government's ________ is not necessarily limited to control of its own citizens. A dominant nation, for instance, will often use its clout to influence or support other governments or to seize control of other nation states.

power

The ________ produces ideas, including the research that leads to new technologies, the management of information, and a society's highest levels of education and the arts.

quaternary sector

Conflict theorists believe that the public education system

reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities.

Although real poverty exists In the United States, we tend to have what is called ________, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country.

relative poverty

Social conflict and even wars often result from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study its

religion.

In underdeveloped countries, as economies develop, more and more people are employed in the

secondary sector.

________ claim that a ________ economy leads to inequality, with unfair distribution of wealth and individuals who use their power at the expense of society.

socialists; capitalistics

Unfortunately, in June 2013 the Supreme Court repealed several important aspects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, ruling that

southern states no longer need the stricter scrutiny that was once required to prohibit racial discrimination in voting practices in the South.

According to ________, In this model of health, doctors serve as gatekeepers, deciding who is healthy and who is sick, a relationship in which the doctor has all the power.

structural functional theorists

Many contend that our society and even our healthcare institutions discriminate against certain diseases—like mental disorders, AIDS, venereal diseases, and skin disorders. This is known as

the stigmatization of illness.

Brown v. Board of Education was a court case decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954 that ____________________.

unanimously strikes down segregation in public schools, sparking the Civil Rights movement.

Evidence suggests that legal protection of ________ does not directly translate into equal voting power.

voting rights