Sociology Exam 3 Final

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

--"Beanpoles"

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

--"Supermom strategy"

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

--"The cult of domesticity."

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

--"The leisure gap"

According to research in Chapter 12, what percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

--23 percent

Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.

--3.6

In 2007, intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths. What percentage of these deaths occurred among males?

--30 percent

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?

--40 percent

Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?

--90 percent

In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

--A detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.

Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?

--A devout tradition of Catholicism

Stereotype threat is:

--A psychological process of fear that develops when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation in which they may confirm the stereotype.

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

--A quack

When a scientific paradigm shifts, this means that:

--A scientific revolution has taken place

A paradox of the American education system is that education is:

--A social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

--About 2 years

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

--African American women

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

--All African Americans may still experience discrimination

Marx described workers as being alienated from:

--All of the above

Which of the following is considered a factor that can influence science and scientists?

--All of the above

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

--All of the above

In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:

--All relationships become market relationships

Which of the following scenarios illustrates "stereotype threat"?

--Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests.

When it comes to health care, Western societies:

--Are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.

Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?

--As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others.

A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that:

--Autism has become socially "contagious," as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children.

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

--Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics

Most economists, policy analysts, and well-informed Americans say that the single policy that caused the credit bubble and bust of the 2000s was the repeal of the:

--Banking Act of 1933

"Parceling-out of the soul" is Max Weber's term for people who:

--Become alienated from a sense of right and wrong

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?

--Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

According to your text, the decision to pursue nuclear technologies during World War II was influenced:

--By international geopolitical circumstances.

According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?

--CO2 emissions

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had all of the following risk factors EXCEPT:

--Cancer

What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?

--Capitalism

Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

--Civil unions

In a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?

--Competition

The agricultural revolution was spurred on by new innovations such as:

--Crop rotation

According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?

--Decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds

Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical evolution leading to:

--Depersonalization of exchange

When compared to the 1990s, views regarding gay and lesbian marriage are becoming increasingly

--Divided between positive and negative

Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

--Doctors

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

--Eliminating malaria

According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

--Embodied, objectified, and institutional

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?

--Facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community

According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, because workers want to advance in their careers, many avoid taking full advantage of:

--Family-friendly office policies

The ________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.

--Functionalist

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status states that:

--Genetics and biology affect socioeconomic status (SES) so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.

Contrary to popular belief:

--Girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.

Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:

--Growing acceptance of exogamy

Because Ford created the "family wage," he was:

--Heralded for his generosity and genius

At 9:05 A.M., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk—book open and pencil ready to write—wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) can be referred to as the:

--Hidden cirriculum

Al Gore's film "An Inconvenient Truth" documented the effect of what on climate temperature?

--Human activity

Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

--Human capital

The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this?

--If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent-teacher meetings.

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

--Illness; death

Which of the following is an argument in favor of school vouchers?

--In order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of their ability to pay.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to preferential admissions to colleges and universities?

--In the last 15 years, admissions preference for athletes has risen steadily, surpassing that of minority students.

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based on gender and what other factor?

--Income

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:

--Increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.

It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

--Increasing steadily since 1900

According to functionalist theories of education, which of the following would NOT be a function of the American education system?

--Indoctrination into capitalist ideology

Adam Smith argues that money is:

--Inherently social

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

--Interpersonal confidence

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

--It gave physicians more economic clout

The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:

--It is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

--It is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?

--It separated work and home, and created new roles for men and women

Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century?

--Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs.

The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

--John Henry

Which of the following illustrates the concept of cultural capital?

--Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.

Which term refers to the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person?

--Juristic person

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

--Large

Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades.

--Larger; lower

As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

--Latino women

____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

--Low birth weight

There are several ways corporations can dominate the market by offering the lowest prices to attract the most buyers. Which of the following is one of the ways your text mentions to do this?

--Lowering production cost

Risks that result from human activity are referred to as:

--Manufactured risks

Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:

--Marry and stay married

In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?

--Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others.

Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which created the necessary social conditions for capitalism by creating theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination?

--Max Weber

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

--Medicaid

If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

--Medicare

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

--Medicare

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

--Medication replaced counseling

Which term refers to a single seller of a good or service in the market, resulting in zero competition?

--Monopoly

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

--Morbidity rates

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

--More women are entering high-level jobs

Offshoring occurs when firms:

--Move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations.

Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in which of the research findings below?

--Mundurucu mothers and fathers live in separate homes, eat separate meals, and sleep apart, yet this arrangement is functional for this culture.

When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT:

--No longer predicts college grades very well

A family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a(n):

--Nuclear family

It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:

--Of their diverse origins and geography

A corporate strategy to reduce production cost is to lower labor costs. One publicly unfavorable way is to move all or part of the company's operations overseas and use third world labor to minimize cost. This is referred to as:

--Offshoring

Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because:

--Organic products are more expensive

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:

--People who are healthy are more likely to get married

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

--People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence?

--People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities.

Wangari Maathai, of the Green Belt Movement, demonstrated that the simple act of ____________ has profound social effects for community empowerment, gender equality, and international peace.

--Planting trees

Some critics claim the Carlyle Group uses insider political knowledge, or ____________, to dominate heavily regulated markets.

--Political arbitrage

Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with:

--Population growth

Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions.

--Psychological stress

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

--Psychosocial

Which of the following is NOT an element of socioeconomic status?

--Racial background

The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they were as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that:

--Researchers now question how meritocratic the SAT is, because the SAT may test knowledge that is biased against certain groups.

A prominent hypothesis about the effect of family size on children's educational outcomes is the:

--Resource dilution model

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

--Rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

--Risk adjustment

Which term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?

--Service sector

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

--She felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."

According to your text, the most frequent form of domestic violence is:

--Sibling on sibling

What is the relationship between birth weight and education?

--Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings.

As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?

--Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American.

Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. This example illustrates how ____________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior.

--Social capital

Cultural capital refers to:

--Social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage.

Which term best describes the division between individuals who have access to Internet resources and those who do not within the United States?

--Social divide

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

--Social inequality

The green revolution has made it expensive for individual farms to survive on their own, so new collectives and cooperatives have emerged to bring together household farmers. Durkheim might call this a type of:

--Social solidarity

What are some of the unintended consequences of DNA testing?

--Social, economical, and psychological

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

--Socioeconomic status

Which of the following is a problem caused by deforestation in Africa?

--Soil erosion

With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:

--Stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups.

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

--Supplier-induced demand

One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that they:

--Tend to have jobs that require them to be obedient and they want their children to learn this.

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:

--The 1980s

The digital divide refers to:

--The access to and knowledge of the internet

Social capital is:

--The collection of relationships that can facilitate the actions and behaviors of others.

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

--The development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:

--The domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

--The emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?

--The program portrayed an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.

Which of the following trends is true in the Western world today?

--The proportion of women who choose not to have children is on the rise

The global distribution of wealth is referred to as a "champagne glass distribution" because:

--The top 0.5 percent of global adults own more than one-third of the world's wealth.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?

--The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

--Their extrafamilial female networks

What might be a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

--Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school.

Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans?

--There is a high degree of social capital in Asian American communities, and the community reinforces norms regarding education and parenting.

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?

--They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide

One argument against genetically modified foods is that:

--They may pose long-term adverse health effects

Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

--Thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.

According to Adam Smith, what is the most efficient way to produce something?

--Through a division of labor that breaks production into its constituent parts

Post-feminist expectations for family and work today are:

--To combine marriage to an egalitarian man with motherhood and a successful career.

Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?

--To promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility

One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

--To socialize them to become "civilized" Americans

When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it is called:

--Tracking

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

--Undertreated

Sociologists generally concur that the impact of divorce on children:

--Varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce.

With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?

--When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources.

One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:

--When lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved.

With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?

--When social class characteristics are controlled for, the same gaps in test scores between black and white students remain; black students are still less likely to graduate from high school and they are more likely to be held back a grade.

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

--Whether to abort some of the embyros

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

--Women are more likely to seek medical care

Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?

--Women do the housework and men help out

Why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

--Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction

According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?

-Three