Sociology Exam 3
How do natural disasters such as hurricanes and heat waves magnify social inequalities?
-It is hard to evacuate big groups/populations -they uncover things such as differential distribution of resources -welfare distribution helping people get back on their fee, stricter regulations and building codes are in richer areas.
Three causes of unemployment in the U.S.: One big result of unemployment:
-seasonal, cyclical (booms/bust), structural (i.e. outsourcing) -The Great Recession - led to by cyclical
-meaning of work, job stratification, etc. -capitalism economy fosters conflict (Marx) -economy is well orientated machine that is designed for maximum efficiency -capitalist markets will fluctuate; Durkheim saw economy as a unifying force -match with the theorists (one will be used twice) would study if they were interested in studying the economy
-symbolic interactionalist -Conflict -functionalist -functionalist
According to the film, "College Inc.", what makes for-profit colleges problematic in the US?
-they sell to investors -they put more people in debt -they don't give thorough/proper training -high default rate -could lead to another recession
1950s White flight is an example of either internal or external migration? What about the European Refugee Crisis?
1950s White flight - internal European Refugee Crisis- external
Same-sex couple households account for _____ percent of U.S. households. a. 1 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30
A. 1
Which perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps keep the social system running smoothly? a. Functional perspective b. Symbolic interactionist perspective c. Conflict perspective d. Feminist perspective
A. Functional perspective
Who was the leading theorist on the development of socialism? a. Karl Marx b. Heidimarie Schwermer c. Émile Durkheim d. Adam Smit
A. Karl Marx
Which of the following do the functionalist and conflict perspectives share? a. Position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms b. Emphasis on religion as providing social support c. Belief that religion helps explain the mysteries of life d. None of the above
A. Position that religion relates to social control, enforcing social norms
Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults include: a. Scientology and the Hare Krishna b. the Peoples Temple and Heaven's Gate c. the Branch Davidians and the Manson Family d. Quakers and Pentecostals
A. Scientology and the Hare Krishna
If someone does not earn enough money to pay for the essentials of life he or she is said to be _____ poor. a. absolutely b. essentially c. really d. working
A. absolutely
The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for __________. a. access to education b. average spending on students c. desegregation of schools d. teacher salary
A. access to education
Which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism
A. conflict theory
Which of the following is not a manifest function of education? a. Cultural innovation b. Courtship c. Social placement d. Socialization
A. cultural innovation
Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________. a. cultural transmission b. educational access c. formal education d. informal education
A. cultural transmission
Sociologists tend to define family in terms of a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption b. the connection of bloodlines c. the status roles that exist in a family structure d. how closely members adhere to social norms
A. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, and adoption.
Children of divorced parents are _______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married. a. more likely b. less likely c. equally likely
A. more likely
Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that _____________. a. racial segregation in schools was allowed b. separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional c. students do not have a right to free speech in public schools d. students have a right to free speech in public schools
A. racial segregation in schools was allowed
What are the major factors that affect education systems throughout the world? a. Resources and money b. Student interest c. Teacher interest d. Transportation
A. resources and money
Among the reasons socialism never developed into a political movement in the United States was that trade unions _________. a. secured workers' rights b. guaranteed health care c. broke up monopolies d. diversified the workforce
A. secured workers' rights
Which country serves as an example of convergence? a. Singapore b. North Korea c. England d. Canada
A. singapore
The majority of U.S. children live in: a. two-parent households b. one-parent households c. no-parent households d. multigenerational households
A. two-parent households
Ben lost his job when General Motors closed U.S. factories and opened factories in Mexico. Now, Ben is very antiimmigration and campaigns for large-scale deportation of Mexican nationals, even though, logically, their presence does not harm him and their absence will not restore his job. Ben might be experiencing _____________. a. xenophobia b. global commodity chains c. xenophilia d. global assembly line
A. xenophobia
_____ economy- surplus crops allow for the creation of markets (trade). _____ economy- wage labor _____ economy- knowledge, ideas, technology, globalization These lead up to the _____ economy we have now. In U.S., production is ___ and is ____ oriented. -post industrial, industrial, agriculture.
Agriculture. Industrial Post-industrial. post industrial. high and is consumer oriented.
The Protestant work ethic was viewed in terms of its relationship to: a. evolution and natural selection b. capitalism c. determinism d. prejudice and discrimination
B. Capitalism
A cultural universal is something that: a. addresses all aspects of a group's behavior b. is found in all cultures c. is based on social norms d. may or may not be of value in meeting social needs
B. Is found in all cultures
Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model? a. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family. b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages. c. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior. d. It is not based on comprehensive research.
B. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages
Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States? a. Physical abuse b. Neglect c. Shaken-baby syndrome d. Verbal mistreatment
B. Neglect
A sect: a. has generally grown so large that it needs new buildings and multiple leaders b. often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important fundamentals c. is another term for a cult d. All of the above
B. Often believes it must split from the larger group to return to important fundamentals
Which of the main theoretical perspectives would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual's sense of support and well-being? a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Feminism
B. Symbolic Interactionalism
According to the study cited by the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with married parents grow up with more advantages than children who live with: a. a divorced parent b. a single parent c. a grandparent d. all of the above
B. a single parent
Which of these is an example of a commodity? a. A restaurant meal b. Corn c. A college lecture d. A book, blog entry, or magazine article
B. corn
One reason critics oppose globalization is that it: a. has positive impacts on world trade b. has negative impacts on the environment c. concentrates wealth in the poorest countries d. has negative impacts on political stability
B. has negative impacts on the environment
The type of socialism now carried on by Russia is a form of ______ socialism. a. centrally planned b. market c. utopian d. zero-sum
B. market
Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ________. a. challenge gifted students b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status c. help students who need additional support d. teach respect for authority
B. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status
Informal education _________________. a. describes when students teach their peers b. refers to the learning of cultural norms c. only takes place at home d. relies on a planned instructional process
B. refers to the learning of cultural norms
Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________. a. cultural innovation b. social control c. social placement d. socialization
B. social control
Key predictors for student success include ____________. a. how many school-age siblings the student has b. socioeconomic status and family background c. the age of the student when she or he enters kindergarten d. how many students attend the school
B. socioeconomic status and family background
What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common? a. They are all in Asia. b. They recruit top teachers. c. They spend more money per student. d. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms.
B. they recruit top teachers
About what percentage of the workforce in the United States are legal immigrants? a. Less than 1% b. 1% c. 16% d. 66%
C. 16%
In what part of the world have Confucianism and Taoism been primarily practiced? a. India b. Europe c. China d. The Middle East
C. China
Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society? a. Functional b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict theory d. Feminist perspective
C. Conflict Theory
The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is: a. the number of followers or believers is much larger for denominations b. the geographical location varies for ecclesia versus denominations c. ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion d. there are no important differences; the terms are interchangeable
C. Ecclesia are state-sponsored and considered an official religion
Social scientists refer to the use of a church to combat social injustice in the political realm as: a. the protestant work ethic b. conflict management c. liberation theology d. justice work
C. Liberation Theology
Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)? a. IPV victims are more frequently men than women. b. One in ten women is a victim of IPV. c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol. d. Rape is the most common form of IPV.
C. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.
A woman being married to two men would be an example of: a. monogamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. cohabitation
C. Polyandry
Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _______ than the family they grew up with. a. less close b. more close c. at least as close d. none of the above
C. at least as close
Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism
C. functionalist theory
In general, children in ______ households benefit from divorce. a. stepfamily b. multigenerational c. high-conflict d. low-conflict
C. high-conflict
The median age of first marriage has ______ in the last fifty years. a. increased for men but not women b. decreased for men but not women c. increased for both men and women d. decreased for both men and women
C. increased for both men and women
What is the most important commodity in a postindustrial society? a. Electricity b. Money c. Information d. Computers
C. information
Which is an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges? a. Capitalism b. Communism c. Mercantilism d. Mutualis
C. mercantilism
Public schools must guarantee that ___________. a. all students graduate from high school b. all students receive an equal education c. per-student spending is equitable d. the amount spent on each student is equal to that spent regionally
C. per-student spending is equitable
Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are: a. referred to as the Apocrypha b. oral traditions only because Judaism has no sacred text c. shared by Christianity and Islam d. no longer part of the Torah
C. shared by Christianity and Islam
Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ______ couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least ten years. a. far more likely than b. far less likely than c. slightly less likely than d. equally as likely as
C. slightly less likely
Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________. a. affirmative action b. social control c. social promotion d. socialization
C. social promotion
What term describes the separation of students based on merit? a. Cultural transmission b. Social control c. Sorting d. Hidden curriculum
C. sorting
When did the first economies begin to develop? a. When all the hunter-gatherers died b. When money was invented c. When people began to grow crops and domesticate animals d. When the first cities were built
C. when people began to grow crops and domesticate animals
The ____ view on families is that they are ____ _____. They highlight the role of power in family life and contends that family is an ____ where power struggles can occur. They study the ____ of ____ from parent to child, domestic violence, sexual assault, marital rap, and incest.
CONFLICT. private entities. arena. enforcement of rules.
How common is cohabitation? Men and women delay marriage today because we don't really ____ it anymore. Cohabitation is used as a "___ ___" for marriage now to work out the kinks. So many ____ and ____ changes now. People are ___ motivated to get married since cohabitation and people place ___ and ___ before marriage.
Cohabitation is way more common now (11.5% of the population). We don't really value it anymore. Cohabitation is a "trial run". So many cultural and structural changes now. People are less motivated to get married. People place education and career before marriage.
_____ is ideal. It is resource equality, owner ship and administrative collective and there is no political apparatus. ____ are where industries own collectively. Goal of common good, free market idea.
Communism. Socialism.
-religion is used to maintain social stratification, inequality, etc (Marx) -civil religion. secular rituals become sacred and take on religious quality (ex. national anthem, pledge of allegiance) - which one is the symbolic interactionalist approach on religion and which one is the conflict?
Conflict Symbolic
What are each of the views? Functionalist, conflict, or symbolic interactionalist. -families are private entities. -families are an important social institution and play a key role in stabilizing society -family is a social construct that is subject to the ebb and flow of social norms and ever-changing meanings.
Conflict- families are private entities. Functionalist- families are an important social institution and play a key role in stabilizing society Symbolic Interactionalist- family is a social construct that is subject to the ebb and flow of social norms and ever-changing meanings.
____ ____ is cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency that helps us navigate a culture. The ____ system maintains a cycle in which the ____ culture's value are ____. Instructions and test cater to the _____ culture and leaves others struggling to identify with values and ____ outside their ____. Many argue that the tests group students by cultural ___ rather than by ___ ___. An example: SATS.
Cultural Capitalism. educational system. dominant, rewarded. dominant. competencies. social class. ability, natural intelligence.
How do sociologist explain variations in education? ____ factors play a role (labeling theory, gender hierarchy, fewer success stories to emulate = inequalities in completion rates) ____ factors play a role (school segregation, tracking, and inequitable funding). What are some ways sociologists explain local inequalities in education?
Cultural. Structural. Curriculum debates, how to improve global standing, how to solve bully, violence in school, privatization, bilingual education, cost of higher education, common core, extending the school year.
In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution? a. Religions have a complex and integrated set of norms. b. Religious practices and beliefs are related to societal values. c. Religions often meet several basic needs. d. All of the above
D. All of the above
What do Christianity and Islam have in common? a. Both believe in a single supreme god. b. Both share many of the same stories in their central religious texts. c. Both believe in an afterlife. d. All of the above
D. All of the above
What are some denominations of the Christian Protestant church? a. Catholic and Jewish b. Jehovah's Witnesses and Presbyterians c. Scientology and Hare Krishna d. Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist
D. Methodist and Seventh-day Adventist
Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why? a. They are scored in a way that is subject to human error. b. They do not give children with learning disabilities a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence. c. They don't involve enough test items to cover multiple intelligences. d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.
D. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper-class culture.
Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of _________. a. families b. society c. the individual d. all of the above
D. all of the above.
All of the following are characteristics of global cities, except: a. headquarter multinational corporations b. exercise significant international political influence c. host headquarters of international NGOs d. host influential philosophers
D. host influential philosophers
Which of the following is not an aspect of globalization? a. Integrating governments through international trade b. Integrating cultures through international trade c. Integrating finance through international trade d. Integrating child care through international trade
D. integrating child care through international trade
Megachurches tend to have: a. a variety of male and female clergy b. numerous buildings in which to meet c. high attendance for only a limited time d. large arenas where services are held
D. large arenas where services are held
A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _____ society. a. matrilocal b. bilateral c. matrilineal d. patrilineal
D. patrilineal
In which sector of an economy would someone working as a software developer be? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary
D. quaternary
Current divorce rates are: a. at an all-time high b. at an all-time low c. steadily increasing d. steadily declining
D. steadily declining
Which of the following is not a characteristic of multinational corporations? a. A large share of their capital is collected from a variety of nationalities. b. Their business is conducted without regard to national borders. c. They concentrate wealth in the hands of core nations. d. They are headquartered primarily in the United States
D. they are headquartered primarily in the United States
What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? a. Hidden curriculum b. Labeling c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Tracking
D. tracking
Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________. a. a latent function b. a manifest function c. informal education d. transmission of moral education
D. transmission of moral education
Which is evidence that the United States workforce is largely a meritocracy? a. Job opportunities are increasing for highly skilled jobs. b. Job opportunities are decreasing for midlevel jobs. c. Highly skilled jobs pay better than low-skill jobs. d. Women tend to make less than men do for the same job
D. women tend to make less than men do for the same job
An example of the environmental racism is
DAPL Michigan Flint Water Crisis
______ study the human populations. Why are they interested in things such as infant morality?
Demographers It helps to project an estimated population because it projects the potential amount of children that will be born and added to the population.
Throwing out old electronics is known as: Electronics contain ___ ___ and ___ ___ which makes for a _____ ____. With the alarming rate of electronic use, more are getting trashed. They get sent to _____ to be "___" but it's a bad job.
E-waste toxic chemicals + precious metals = dangerous combination. countries like Africa and Asia to be "recycled"
______- the burden of environmental problems often felt most by the marginalized (low income, colored) ex. Michigan Flint Crisis and DAPL _____ and ____ magnify social inequalities
Environmental Racism. hurricanes and heat waves.
The ___ view on families: Families are an important social _____ and play a key role in ____ society. Family members take on status ____. Families perform certain ____ that facilitate the ____ and ____ of society.
FUNCTIONALIST. institution. stabilizing. roles. functions. prosperity and development.
____ ____ provides the most (__%) of U.S's electricity, heat, and gas. And it contributes to ___ ____.
Fossil fuel 80%. greenhouse gasses.
The ______ ____ in schools is the nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmissions. It reinforces the ____ of those with higher ___ ___ and serves to bestow ___ ____.
Hidden curriculum. position. cultural capital. status inequality.
Social forces shape patterns, conflict/war economic conditions, and natural disasters shape _____.
Immigration
- to find new jobs, to seek new life, to be closer to work places/ businesses -city grew too big and lost its charm but wanted to stay close to the city Which is an factor for internal migration? What about external migration?
Internal. External.
MLK, Fancis of Assisi, Leo Tolstoy, and Desmond Tutu are examples of _____.
Liberation Theology.
_____- combining christian values with political activists. They use church to promote ___ ____ via the political arena and is often seen in attempts to reduce or eliminate social ____, ____, and ____. Bringing social justice to women and gays.
Liberation Theology. social change. inequalities, discrimination, and poverty.
_______- population growth will spiral and cause mass starvation. Critics say this doesn't consider influence of technology or cultural change. ____- stages of population growth is related to technology. Critics say that patterns are not always smooth or predictable. Which one is Malthus Theory? Which one is Demographic Transition Theory?
Malthus Demographic Transition
Manifest vs Latent ____- recognized and intended consequences ____- unrecognized and unintended consequences.
Manifest- recognized/intended Latent- unrecognized/unintended
____ functions lead to an ____ _____.
Manifest. informed citizenry.
The_____ functions of education are socialization (how to ____, ____ to authority), social ____ (job skills, adult roles), creation of an ____ ____. The ____ functions of education are socialization (norms and values like ____, _____, and _____), social ____ (college track or vocational), social groups, ____ and networks.
Manifest. interact, obedience, placement, informed citizenry. Latent. individualism, competition, patriotism. groups. hierarchies.
Marx believes religion creates social ____. Weber believes religion causes social ____.
Marx - stability Weber - change
____- religion is a source of social cohesion, social control, and meaning; creates social stability (functionalist) ___- protestant religious ideas fostered industrialization, the development of capitalism, globalization, and social change. -which one is Marx and which one is Weber?
Marx - stability Weber - change
According to the film, "God in America", how have political and religious ideologies been linked in the US?
National Anthem, teach religion and prayers in schools, in the constitution, Civil Rights Movement
_________ requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with results of those test determining eligibility to receive federal funding. ______ is a federal program that provides academically focused preschools to students of low socioeconomic status. ___ is for bilingual education.
No Child Left Behind. Head Start Program. American Dream Act.
Are Durkheim and Marx's theory about modern economy unifying or diving it, similar?
No. Durkheim believes that modern economy unifies society. Marx believes that modern economy divides us.
____ is when a gap has developed in the job market with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and only a few jobs for those with mid level skills and education. This is due to ___ and ___ (technology). Has the labor market become more polarized?
Polarization. Yes.
The sectors: Primary- Secondary- Tertiary- Quaternary- -raw materials, create finished goods, services, ideas/info/technology
Primary- raw goods Secondary- create finished goods Tertiary- services Quaternary- ideas, info, technology
An example of Cultural Capitalism is:
SATS
The ___ view on family is that it is a ___ ___ that is subject to the ebb and flow of ____ ____ and ever-changing ____. Ex. how "parent" meaning has changed. They view the family as a group of ___ ____ that come together to ___ out their parts to try to ___ a family.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONALIST. social construct. social norms. meanings. role players. act. construct.
What are some functions of the family? Nurture/sustain ____, socialize culture ____/____, unit of ____ ____, determine transfer of ____, and regulate ____.
Some functions of the family are to nurture/sustain members, socialize culture norms/values, unit of economic production, determine transfer of property, and regulate sexuality.
_____ is when a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the available jobs. Can be caused by geographic, technological, or sudden change in jobs people are looking for vs. companies hiring ___ deals with economy's business cycle. When customer demands drop, business revenues fall and jobs get cut. -cyclical, structural
Structural Cyclical
Urban vs Suburban characteristics
Suburbs- the communities of surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute Urban- cities, higher population density
What sectors of the labor market have been growing or declining in the US?
The Quaternary and tertiary are increasing. Primary and secondary are decreasing.
Demographers look at a ratio of those ____ to those who ____ to give a more accurate description and projection of population. When analyzed together, ___ and ____ rate help researcher understand the overall ____ occurring in a population.
Those who are born/those who die. Fertility and morality.
______ is a state in which a person takes a lower paying job than their education and experience qualifies them to perform.
Underemployment
How do we measure unemployment?
We look at the people seeking jobs and the available jobs. Look at relative inflexibility of the labor market (structural employment)
Who is most likely to be the victim of IPV? 1 in ___.
Women. 1 in 4.
What are the 3 top religions in the world? What are the top 4 religions in the U.S.? -Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, non-affiliated/secular
World: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism U.S.: Christianity, non-affiliated/secular, Judaism, Islam
_____ is an illogical fear an even hatred of foreigners and foreign good. How has the economic changes contributed to increased xenophobia?
Xenophobia. More foreigners are getting the jobs because they can be paid less so people think they are stealing our jobs.
What factors contribute to stable, successful marriages? Increase in ____ in which people get married. and ____ level of ____ among those who marry.
age. increased education.
The sociological view on religion is that is is a system of ___, ___, and ____ of a cultural universe. Religious ideas shape ___ and ___.
beliefs, values, and practices. culture and policies.
How do sociologist define family and kinship systems? They are all related by ___, ____, or ____. Families are a ____ system, they connect you to _____ and ____. They change overtime and vary in place. Do all kin have to be legally or biologically related?
blood, law, or adoption. history and culture. No.
Families are important for understanding society because they are the "____" of society; it's what it functions upon. They create ____ ____ within society.
body. status roles.
Population pyramids provides us with information about ____ that a country faces. It shows us that population distribution is also ____, as it shapes ____ _____.
challenges. political. political distribution.
What theorists focus on structural factors of education? What about cultural factors? Which one believes its an institution?
conflict - structural symbolic - cultural functionalist - institution
Marx (conflict theorist) believes that a capitalist economy fosters ___ so it ___ it. Durkheim (functionalist theorist) believes that economy is a ____ force so it ___ it.
conflict, divides. unifiying force, unifies.
Divorce rate are _____ due to an increase of the ___ in which people get married and increased level of ____ among those who marry. This helps maintain ___ ____.
declining. age. education. marital stability.
No Child Left Behind, the Head Start Program, the American Dream Act, and common core are all programs that help to reduce ___ ___.
educational inequalities.
The Demographic Transition Theory believes that the ___ is due to ____ but Malthus doesn't even consider ____. Demographic Transition Theory believes population growth will come in ___ whereas Malthus Theory believes it will come at ___.
growth is due to technology. technology. stages. once.
Interpersonal violence is a ___ problem and fairly common although most is still ____. It is characterized as violence between ____/____ members; specifically ____, un-married, ___, or same sex couples.
huge. unreported. household/family. couples. cohabiting.
Changes in education occurred due to _____, social policy on ___ ___, economy, ___ status and ____ mobility.
industrialization. child labor. part. upward.
Socialism is where ____ own collectively. Has the goal of ___ ___, and has the ___ ___ idea. Communism is ____. It is ____ equality, ____ and ____ collective and there is no political _____.
industries. common good. free market idea. ideal. resource equality. administrative and ownership collective. there is no political apparatus.
Divorce rates: In 1960 rates were _____. Then ___ by 1975-1980 and now they are steadily ____ (now it's like 19__s). The increase was due to _____ of divorce laws and the ____ ____ due to women increasingly entering the workforce.
low. doubled. decreasing. 1970s. liberalization. societal make-up.
Because we live in _____, education is important ____ (provides ___) and also ____ (needed to achieve ___ ___)
meritocracy. symbolically, status. practically, american dream.
Islam, Christianity, and Judaism are all ____ religions. They have ____ God(s) and all believe in _____. They believe that God is the creater of the ____. They all believe in ___ ____.
mono-theistic. one. Abraham. universe. sacred books.
In America, religion loses ___ and ___ significance. Religious organizations have little ___ ___ and lack cultural ___. Most Americans are _______; ____ is really increasing. The majority of American believe in religion/God, but the is lots of growth in _____ groups and those who attend church.
social and cultural significance. social power and lack cultural authority. Americans are non-affiliated and secularization is really increasing. non-affiliated.
Theorists with education: -cultural factors: labeling theory, kids observe race, class, gender hierarchy, and give up, fewer success stories to emulate = inequalities in completion rates -education is one of the more important institutions in a society. They focus on the manifest and latent functions - structural factors: school segregation, inequitable funding, and tracking.
symbolic - cultural functionalist - institution conflict - structural
