Sociology Exam #4
Blended family (375)
Two different divorced parents remarry and blend their families and children together to create a new bigger family
Neo-Malthusians (448)
contemporary researchers who worry about the rapid pace of population growth and believe that Malthus's basic prediction could be true
Demographic freefall (449)
decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset
What about family would symbolic interactionists be most interested in? (363)
how family relations are created and maintained in interaction than how they are structured
An individual is most likely to be murdered by whom? (368)
intimiate partners
Pluralistic ignorance
members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to take action because of the observation that other group members have not done so
Collective behavior
occurs when individuals converge, thus creating a group or crowd, and embark on some sort of action; they maintain a certain amount of order and are often organized
why is damage to tropical rain forests detrimental to human life?
pharmaceuticals come from rain forests; more than 7,000 medical compounds are derived from native plants
Renewable/non renewable resources.
renewable: natural resources that can be regenerated; oxygen is replenished by plants and trees, animals by mating and reproduction non renewable: those that cannot be replaced; fossil fuels like oil, minerals like coal, copper or iron
Demography (444)
study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population; it is essentially a macro-level, quantitative approach to society
Contagion theory
suggested that when people come together, a unified crowd or mob mentality results
Smart Growth
term for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal
Net migration rate (446)
the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons
Who is more likely to define unrelated roommates as a family? (359)
the elderly
Technological determinism
the idea that technology plays a defining role in shaping society
Ecoterrorists
use violent and often criminal methods to achieve their goals of protecting the environment
Why do more men than women move back in with their parents? (367)
Women are more likely to be asked to take on more domestic responsibilities, and typically she feels a greater loss of independence
Rates of domestic abuse differ across racial groups (369)
Women are not the only demographic group to suffer from this but they are five to eight times more likely than men to be victimized by an intimate partner :(
Interest group (493)
...
Green revolution (449)
It began in Mexico and spread to India, causing an explosion in food production
How has the earth's population changed in the last 50 years? (444)
It has more than tripled
Malthusian trap (447)
Malthus's prediction that a rapidly increasing population will overuse natural resources, leading inevitably to a major public health disaster
What do anti-Malthusians worry about? (449)
They worry about the population shrinking and the possibility of a demographic free fall than they do about it growing indefinitely
global dimming
a decline in the amount of light reaching the earth's surface because of increased air pollution, which reflects more light back into space
Riot
a group of people engaged in disorderly behavior directed toward other people and/or property that results in disturbing the peace
Nuclear family (358)
a heterosexual couple with one or more children living in a single household
Sociological definition of "family" (358)
a social group whose members are bound by some type of tie-legal, biological, emotional or a combination of the three
Social atomization
a social situation that emphasizes individualism over collective or group identities
Urban sprawl
a term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries, associated with irresponsible or poorly planed development
Demographic transition (449)
a theory suggesting the possible transition over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in stabilized population
Mass society theory
a theory that assumes people join not because of the movements' ideals, but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves
Intentional communities (378)
a variety of groups who form communal living arrangements outside marriage; the members have chosen to live together with a common purpose, working together to create a lifestyle that reflects their shared core values
Fashion
a widespread style of behavior and appearance
Dual mothers (366)
accept jobs and other work just to avoid other conflicts with the husband
Ecological footprint
an estimation of the land and water area required to produce all the goods an individual consumes and to assimilate all the wastes she generates
Domestic violence (372)
any physical, verbal, financial, sexual, or psychological behavior that abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims
Environmental racism
applied when an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color
Why do many contemporary sociologists speak of "families" rather than family? (358)
because family situations in contemporary society are so varied and diverse that it doesn't make sense to speak of just a single ideal-type model of "family"
Social dilemmas
behavior that is rational for an individual can lead to collective disaster
How is urban density measured? (451)
by the total number of people per square mile
Edge City
centers of employment and commerce that began as suburban commuter communities.
Fictive kin (362)
close relations with people we consider "like family" but who are not related to us by blood or marriage; example: a best friend, close family friend
the treadmill of production (471)
describes the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation
Sustainable development
economic development that aims to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection
Immigration
entering one country from another to take up permanent residence
Regressive or reactionary social movement
explicitly resist certain social changes, working to make sure things stay the same or even move backward to earlier forms of social order
What factors are involved in forming relationships and selecting mates? (363)
finding partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion or other social group membership; more likely to find mates among people in our neighborhoods, at work or at school
The sandwich generation effect (368)
for children, later in life they may be called on to care for their elderly parents as well as their own offspring
Crowd
forms when a large number of people come together, either on purpose or randomly
Social ecology
the study of human populations and their impact on the natural world
Environmental Sociology
the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problmes
Propinquity (363)
the tendency to marry or have a relationship with people who live in our neighborhoods, work or go to school with us
Malthusian theorem (447)
the theory that exponential population growth will outpace arithmetic growth in food production and other resources
Social change
the transformation of a culture over time
biodiversity
the variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time
Relative deprivation theory
theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society
Resource mobilization theory
theory that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action
Positive checks on population growth (449)
theres more food production and new medicines and technologies
What sort of rural areas are most likely to experience a "rural rebound"
those near urban centers or which rich scenic or amenity values are generally experince an upsurge in population
Herbert Gan's categories of urbanites
1. Cosmopolites - students, professionals who are drawn to the city because of its cultural benefits and convenience to their lifestyles 2. Singles - unmarried seeking jobs, entertainment, and partners to settle down with. 3. Ethnic Villagers- immigrants to the area 4. Urban Dwellers- bottom of the social hierarchy- the poor, disabled
Demographic variables (444)
1. Fertility rate; the average number of births per 1,000 people in the total population 2. Mortality rate; the number of deaths that can be expected per 1,000 people per year 3. Migration; the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling
four major eras of environmental activism
1. conservation era; earliest stage, which focused on the preservation of "wilderness" areas 2. modern environmental movement; focused on environmental consequences of new technologies, chemical production, nuclear power plants 3. mainstream environmentalism; increasing organization, well-crafted promotional campaigns, and political tactics 4. grassroots environmentalism; the diversity of its members and belief in citizen participation in environmental decision making
Stages in a social movement
1. incipient stage; when the public takes notice of a situation and defines it as a problem 2. coalesce; their movement gained momentum 3. bureaucratized; all successful social movements are eventually incorporated into institutions 4. decline; the movement will eventually decline
Urban Legend
Folklore; believed to be true it expresses concerns , fears, and anxieties about the social world.
Handling of custody of minor children in divorce cases (375)
Joint custody, which is for parents who are well-educated, live in the cities and have high socioeconomic status; A father is more likely to be awarded sole custody when his income is more than the mother's; a mother is more likely to receive sole custody when she has a high level of education and the father is unemployed
What are urban areas with more than one million inhabitants called? (450)
Metropolitan
What demographic variable might make global population drop? (444)
Migration
what sort of pollution is responsible for global warming?
green house gases- it allows sunlight to pass through but traps heat
What type of person would be most likely to join a social movement?
highly engaged individuals
Public goods dilemma
individuals incur the cost to contribute to a collective resource, though they may never benefit from that resource; example: blood banks
Fad
interests that are followed with great enthusiasm for a period of time; examples: ipods, words or phases, clothing styles, activities, ect.
How does the birth of children change the gendered division of labor within the household? (368)
it becomes more traditional when children are born, even if it has been nontraditional up to that point
Remarriage rates (375)
it is very HIGH; the rates in the U.S. are lower now than they were before the 1960's; 75% of divorced men and 67% of divorced women ultimately remarry
How is the family responsible for the reproduction of society? (360)
it produces and socializes children; the values and norms of a society are passed on to then next generation
Why do abusive partners resort to domestic abuse? (372)
it results from an abuser's desire for power over the victim, and abusers often blame their victims
What happens to marital satisfaction when children are born?
it tends to decline when there are small children in the house
Boomerang kid (366)
kids who leave home at eighteen to attend college but often return home for at least a short period of time afterward
Emigration
leaving one country to live permanently in another
Who are more likely to be negatively affected by the parents' divorce? (375)
male children more than female children as boys are more likely to act out than girls
Tragedy of the commons
many individuals' overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource; the benefit is to the individual but the cost is shared to all
Exogamy (359)
marrying someone of a different social group
Endogamy (359)
marrying someone within your social group
Internal migration (446)
movement of a population within a country
Mass behavior
occurs when large groups of people not necessarily in the same geographical location engage in similar behavior; ranges from buying a certain type of jeans or getting a tattoo
Why are child and elder abuse likely to go unreported? (372)
partly because of the relative powerlessness of their victims and the private settings of the abuse
How can social dilemmas be solved?
people have to change their behaviors
Free riders
people who take advantage of a public good without having contributed to it's creation
social revolutions
periods of time during which large-scale social change took place so rapidly that the whole of human society was defined
How do most abusive relationships look at the beginning? (372)
the abusive partner is charming and thoughtful; the relationship looks stable and healthy
human exceptionalism
the attitude that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits
Expressive tasks (364)
the emotional work necessary to support family members; example: remembering relatives' birthdays, playing a game with the kids)
Bystander effect of diffusion or responsibility
the more people there are present in the moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action.
Instrumental tasks (364)
the practical physical tasks necessary to maintain family life; example: washing dishes, fixing the gutters)
Miscegenation laws (359)
the prohibition of mixing racial groups through marriage, cohabitation or sexual interaction
Suburbanization
the shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and towards the edges of cities
Gentrification
transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working class or poor inner city neighbor hoods into more affluent middle-class communities
Census definition of "family" (358)
two or more individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption living in the same household
The second shift (365)
unpaid work and childcare often expected of a woman after they return home from a paid labor job
How do male and female life expectancies compare in the United States today? (368)
women are living an average of almost six years longer than men; more people are living longer, and that has an impact on families and society
"Super mom"
women who overwork at home without any help to avoid conflicts with spouses and children; found to often feel unhappy or emotionally numb- it's been acceptable to the working class mothers all along
