Sociology Exam 8-14
The physiological ability to have children
fecundity
Actual number of births in a given population
fertility
The idea that specific actions are in and of themselves deviant is an example of ______________ approaches to deviance.
Absolutist
Describe the various functions that every society has to meet its members' needs.
Abstract concepts
Refined by occupation, status, prestige
Economic stratification
Inhibited, restrained and secretive
Ectomorphs
Movements designed to overhaul the entire structure of the society or the economy
Revolutionary Movements
Reject the importance of success when they understand they will not achieve it and instead find meaning in enforcing rules more precisely than was intended
Ritualists
These people often have institutional security - civil servants, middle managers, people lost in large corporations
Ritualists
Who came up with the strain theory?
Robert K. Merton
According to sociologists, which of the following is NOT one of the components of a deviant act?
Rule
Believed tat certain criminal tendencies can be genetically passed on from parent to child
Sarnoff Mednick, 1977
The behavior that results from having been labeled
Secondary deviance
Separating groups informally through social practice or formally through law is known as
Segregation
What of the below incomes, according to Archer, Hogg, Perumal, Saunders and Johnson (2021) is closest to the living wage in New Providence?
$2,500 per month
In The Bahamas, how many genders are recognized by mainstream society?
2
What was the population of the world 10 years ago?
6,926,381,757
What is the population of the world 5 years ago?
7,413,517,908
What is the population of the world today?
7,908,683,900
What do we estimate the population of the world will be in 2050?
9,735,033,990
As societies grow more complex the moral code becomes less meaningful
Anomie
Occurs when individuals in complex and fast-changing societies no longer feel as though they belong to the social order
Anomie
The idea of the common conscience and individuals' integration into it is at the root of this theory
Anomie
Nobles Relatives of the ruler, place based on birth
Aristocracy
In any given society, how many genders might there be?
As many as the society recognizes
Four means of achieving social bonding
Attachment to others Commitment to conformity Involvement in conventional activities Belief in the moral validity of social rules
Behavior that brings favorable consequences will be repeated
Behavioral theory
Objectification is best described as:
Being treated as objects rather than as people
Which of the following is not one of the three most common global religions?
Buddhism
Regulating and management of the contributions of large numbers of people to deliver a product or service
Bureaucracy
Stratification system based on heredity or birth that is fixed over a lifetime
Caste
Traditionally existed on the Indian subcontinent
Caste
Believed that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks, individuals who are less evolved than the mainstream
Cesare Lombardo - Italy (1835-1901)
Believed that too much emphasis was being placed on free will in discussions of criminality
Cesare Lombardo - Italy (1835-1901)
The conscious mind that balances the id and superego
Ego
Relaxed, easygoing and comfort-loving
Endomorphs
Preindustrial societies of Europe and Asia Land based power Linked to a monarch/supreme ruler
Estate/Feudal
When their culture is eradicated
Ethnocide
The idea that deviance is defined by the powerful to keep themselves in power would be an example of the _______________ perspective in sociology.
Conflict
The wealthy and powerful create the society they want and that benefits them most by exercising power, authority and law.
Conflict theory
Deviance occurs in the absence of conformity
Control Theory
Hirschi
Control theory
The practice of eugenics in the early 20th century can be described as:
Controlled mating, usually through forced sterilization
Movement designed to revert to an earlier set of norms, often in response to reform movements
Countermovements
Suggest that no matter what sociological forces are brought to bear on individual activity, the individual is the first to be affected
Crime and choice - Wilson and Herrnstein (1985)
Shaw and McKay, Sutherland & Cressy
Cultural Transmission Theory
Both mores and norms are ___________________.
Culturally dependent
Behavior that fails to conform to social expectations
Deviance
Acting differently to people based on the group to which they belonged is called _____________________.
Discrimination
Examples of social deviance?
Driving over speed limit, running a red light, picking nose in public
Which structural functionalist regards society as essential to healthy societies?
Durkheim (1895)
Believed that criminality was an inborn trait
E.A. Hooton - USA (1939)
Believed that the potential for deviance could be identified by analyzing body shape and size and facial characteristics
E.A. Hooton - USA (1939)
Which of the following is not one of the impacts of a globalized economy?
Exploitation of workers in developing nations
Sanctions are rewards and penalties for behavior describe what?
Externalized social controls
Laws, rules
Formal negatives
Awards, bonuses, medals
Formal positives
Which of the following is NOT true about inequality in the 21st century?
Free trade is increasing wealth for all people in the world
Tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without requiring any personal cost or contribution
Free-rider problem
When a group of people is killed often because of their ethnicity, race, class or some other characteristic is called
Genocide
Appointed by the ruler, thereafter passed down by birth
Gentry
The number of people of non-working age in a society for every 100 people of working age
High dependency ratio
Irrational drives and instincts; controlled by aggression and libido
Id
A system of thought and belief that makes people (especially exploited people) believe that their subordination is natural/divine/the way things should be
Ideology
Defines group interests Identifies supporters and non-supporters
Ideology
Three factors that influence the likelihood that labeling will foster deviance:
Importance of the violated norms Social identity of the individual Social context
Reflection of unequal distribution of power and resources
Inequality
Frowns, ridicule,avoidance
Informal negatives
Smiles, praises, claps
Informal positives
Accept the cultural definition of success but use deviant ways of achieving it; con artists, embezzlers, bank robbers, drug dealers, corporate criminals, crooked politicians, dirty cops
Innovators
Four main sorts of deviants:
Innovators, Ritualists, Retreatists, Rebels
Social controls that govern individual behavior even in the absence of social reactions by other people
Internalized social controls
Who is the father of conflict theory?
Karl Marx
All individuals commit deviant acts from time to time
Labeling theory
Lemert
Labeling theory
Goes beyond basics to include things that make it possible to be socially mobile and cover costs that are associated with health as well as survival
Living wage
Division of labor Hierarchy of authority Impersonality
Main characteristics of a bureaucratic organization
Examined the function of the organization
Max Weber
How does slavery exists today?
Sex workers Forced laborers Human trafficking
Aggressive, action-oriented and uncaring of others
Mesomorphs
Characterized by home ownership, job security, access to education
Middle class
Divinely ordained rules
Monarchy
Deviant behavior leads to:
Negative sanctions ; Labelling
A system in which the many are ruled by the few is called a/an:
Oligarchy
According to Newman, which of the following workplaces is one of the most likely to find sexual harassment?
On a construction site
Opportunities for social mobility built into social structure
Open class systems
Churches
Organizations
Schools
Organizations
What is considered to be universally deviant?
Parent-child sexual relations Extermination of large numbers of people
Believed that human personalities divided into 3 parts: id, superego, ego
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following would not be categorized as a social institution?
Politics
Dropping fertility rates + low mortality rates =
Population growth slows
High fertility rates + dropping mortality rates =
Population increases rapidly
Practices that reduce population by causing the death of individuals before they reach age of reproduction or which reduce populations through the death of large numbers of people
Positive checks
Amount of yearly income a family needs to meet basic needs
Poverty line
The percentage of residents whose income falls below the poverty line
Poverty rate
Practices that limit reproduction
Preventive checks
Ways to avoid disaster:
Preventive checks Positive checks
Original behavior that leads to being labeled
Primary deviance
Who added the idea of authority to the question of class ?
Ralf Dahrendorf (1959)
People who reject social goals as constituted and the means of achieving them, and who instead seek to change the status quo and implement a new set of institutions and rules
Rebels
A movement designed to adjust or improve something particular in a society without aiming to change the entire social structure
Reform movements
People who pull out of society altogether and refuse to pursue culturally defined goals; drug addicts, alcoholics, street people, others on the fringe of society
Retreatists
Economic form of inequality in which some people are the legal property of others
Slavery
Four main types of stratification systems:
Slavery Caste Estate Social class
- Framework of society - Exists above individuals - Provides setting for individual action - Provides a "patterned regularity" to our lives
Social Structure
Occur when people refrain from contributing to a common resource because the resource is available anyway
Social dilemma
Some of the kinds of conflict that may arise
Social dilemma
Religion
Social institution
Education
Social institutions
The family politics and law religion and healthcare are each examples of this.
Social institutions
What makes up social structure?
Social institutions, organizations, groups, statuses, roles, cultural beliefs, institutionalized norms
Movement of people or groups from one class to another
Social mobility
Continuous, large scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area
Social movement
Single dramatic events Cultural and technological innovations Shifting population size Environmental pressures Diffusion from other cultures Media
Sources of change in our society
High fertility rates + high mortality rates =
Stable population
Low fertility rates + low mortality rates =
Stable population
Class involves:
Status Power
Overemphasis of monetary success contributed to the development of deviance
Strain Theory
The structured system of ranking entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society
Stratification
The more unique or important to the functioning of society, the higher the reward
Structural-functionalism
Individual conscience; developed by the process of socialization
Superego
Conspicuous consumption (ownership and display of things) helps to identify people by class
Symbolic interactionism
Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of the victim
Techniques of neutralization
Describe the justification of deviant behavior
Techniques of neutralization
Billionaires Tech giants CEOs Corporate executives
The One percent
You work in an office where all employees are asked to contribute to a collective fund that helps provide coffee, tea, biscuits and other refreshments. You drink coffee every day, but you never make a contribution, since you figure the other employees will keep the fund going. Sociologists would describe your actions as:
The free rider problem
Class divisions are based on:
The ownership of the means of production The ability to purchase or control labor
Unable to meet basic needs of shelter food clothing etc.
The poor
Biological, Psychological, Sociological, Anomie,
Theories of Deviance
Who are one of the most influential students of population:
Thomas Malthus British Cleergyman
How did slavery exist in colonial and industrial times?
Through capture and trade
How did slavery exist in ancient times?
Through conquest or debt
Occurs when critical but finite resources are available to everyone but no one replenishes
Tragedy of the Commons
According to sociologists, most instances of deviance are relatively trivial
True
Choices you make about music, clothes, hairstyle, etc categorize you according to social class and may affect your social mobility. True or False
True
Social structure can be described as a collective reality that we all inhibit, that was shaped by past realities, and that we all continue to shape and form. True or False
True
Businesspeople Lawyers Doctors Celebrities
Upper Class
Ownership of durable consumer goods
Wealth
When does deviance become a problem?
When it makes social life unpredictable When it causes confusion about core values When it undermines trust When it takes up too many social resources
When has a deviant act been committed?
When norms are violated
Believed that human bodies come in three general types (Endomorphic, Ectomorphic and mesomorphic)
William H.. Sheldon (1940)
Subsistence level economic earning Work to live Hourly wage
Working class
Appointed by the gentry, may be passed down by birth
Yeomanry
Sykes & Matza
techniques of neutralization
