sociology
19. In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that (A) is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information (B) has high public visibility in the community (C) requires training from a specialized school rather than from a university (D) serves government and industry as well as individuals (E) is a full-time position with a regular salary
A. IS BASED ON ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND A BODY OF SPECIALIZED INFORMATION
33. Which of the following made up the largest number of immigrants to the United States in the 2000s? (A) Mexicans (B) Chinese (C) Italians (D) Canadians (E) Russians
A. MEXICANS
13. The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called (A) assimilation (B) accommodation (C) cooperation (D) interaction (E) equilibrium
A. ASSIMILATION
24. Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the (A) Calvinist doctrine of predestination (B) Catholic monks' belief in asceticism (C) Protestants' desire for material luxuries (D) increasing power of the nobility in medieval Europe (E) Hindu belief in reincarnation
A. CALVINIST DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION
46. According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following? (A) Content analysis (B) Secondary analysis (C) Quasi-experiment (D) Participant observation (E) Ethnographic interview
A. CONTENT ANALYSIS
3. Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of which of the following functions of the family? (A) Economic production (B) Care of young children (C) Regulation of sexual behavior (D) Socialization of the individual (E) Social control
A. ECONOMIC PRODUCTION
38. The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called (A) ethnocentrism (B) cultural relativism (C) cultural integration (D) transference (E) multiculturalism
A. ETHNOCENTRISM
45. Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to (A) explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act (B) determine how society is dysfunctionally organized (C) focus on the inequality in society (D) search for the social structures that fulfill people's needs (E) identify the patterns of exchange among individuals or groups
A. EXPLAIN THE SUBJECTIVE BELIEFS THAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO ACT
31. In the United States, economic growth between 1985 and 2005 resulted in (A) growth in the gap between the rich and poor (B) a narrowing of the gap between the rich and poor (C) no change in the gap between the rich and poor (D) growth in the economic gap between men and women (E) no change in the economic gap between men and women
A. GROWTH IN THE GAP BETWEEN THE RICH AND POOR
4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between q and z on the scattergram above? (A) A perfect positive correlation (B) A perfect negative correlation (C) A perfect curvilinear correlation (D) A low negative correlation (E) A correlation of zero
B. A PERFECT NEGATIVE CORRELATION
14. The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist (A) Émile Durkheim (B) Auguste Comte (C) Max Weber (D) Harriet Martineau (E) George Herbert Mead
B. AUGUSTE COMTE
21. An example of a folkway in American society is (A) joining a religious cult (B) eating a sandwich for lunch (C) failing to pay income taxes on time (D) stopping for a red light (E) being fined for jaywalking
B. EATING A SANDWICH FOR LUNCH
32. Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge? (A) Common sense and tradition (B) Empiricism and reason (C) Authority and structure (D) Paradigms and intuition (E) Existentialism and reference groups
B. EMPIRICISM AND REASON
35. In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries? (A) High-income countries depend on low-income countries to purchase natural resources from them. (B) High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor. (C) High-income countries encourage the development of state-owned economic enterprises in low-income countries. (D) High-income countries are more likely than low-income countries to have an agriculturally based economy. (E) High-income countries have less-diversified sources of income.
B. HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES BUILD MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES TO OBTAIN CHEAP LABOR.
30. Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy? (A) Agricultural (B) Industrial (C) Public (D) Service (E) Information
B. INDUSTRIAL
7. Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution? (A) C. Wright Mills (B) Karl Marx (C) Robert Park (D) Max Weber (E) Karl Mannheim
B. KARL MARX
37. The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a (A) manifest function of desegregation (B) latent dysfunction of desegregation (C) functional alternative to desegregation (D) secondary function of desegregation (E) rational exchange for desegregation
B. LATENT DYSFUNCTION OF DESEGRATION
40. Demographic transition theory explains population changes by (A) connecting them exclusively to changes in the food supply (B) linking population changes to technological development (C) focusing on the migration of people in and out of specified territories (D) tying population growth to changes in the sex ratio (E) referring to a culture's religious attitudes
B. LINKING POPULATION CHANGES TO TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
15. According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its (A) organic solidarity (B) mechanical solidarity (C) functional differentiation (D) co-optation (E) stratification
B. MECHANICAL
39. In Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Gemeinschaft to (A) have frequent face-to-face contact with those they know (B) see others as a means of advancing their own individual goals (C) be united by primary group bonds (D) have altruistic concerns for others (E) be tradition-directed
B. SEE OTHERS AS A MEANS OF ADVANCING THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL GOALS.
. A sex ratio of 120 means that in a population there are (A) 120 more males than females (B) 120 more females than males (C) 120 males for every 100 females (D) 120 females for every 100 males (E) 12% more males than females
C. 120 MALES FOR EVERY 100 FEMALES
34. Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans have (A) larger proportions of their populations in poverty (B) lower median family incomes (C) a higher level of formal educational achievement (D) fewer ties to their family's country of origin (E) a lower proportion of first-generation immigrants
C. A HIGHER LEVEL OF FORMAL EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
23. A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of (A) structural assimilation (B) cultural assimilation (C) accommodation (D) rationalization (E) ethnocentrism
C. ACOMMODATION
10. Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments? (A) Instinct (B) Heredity (C) Culture (D) Stratification (E) Ethnocentrism
C. CULTURE
44. The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the (A) recognition of the transcendent power of God (B) biological need for humans to reproduce (C) desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict (D) discovery of agriculture (E) reaction to the industrial revolution
C. DESIRE TO ESCAPE A STATE OF CONTINUOUS SOCIAL CONFLICT
1. All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the (A) Republican Party (B) League of Women Voters (C) Federal Bureau of Investigation (D) First Baptist Church of Atlanta (E) Little League Baseball Association
C. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
41. Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means? (A) Hirschi's social control theory (B) Labeling theory (C) Merton's strain theory (D) Differential association theory (E) Cultural transmission theory
C. MERTON'S STRAIN THEORY
29. According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is (A) traditional authority (B) charismatic authority (C) rational-legal authority (D) coercion (E) persuasion
C. RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY
27. Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs? (A) Social structure (B) Social organization (C) Social institution (D) Social culture (E) Economic corporation
C. SOCIAL INSTITUTION
47. Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage? (A) They have consistently required monogamy across all periods of history and cross-culturally around the globe. (B) They have favored polyandry in those societies wanting to increase their birth rate. (C) They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful. (D) They have no impact in democratic societies, since democracies allow individuals to choose their own form of marriage. (E) They are based on the ideal of gender equality
C. THEY HAVE FREQUENTLY HELD POLYGYNY AS THE SOCIETAL IDEAL, ALTHOUGH THIS PATTERN WAS FUNCTIONALLY AVAILABLE TO AND PRACTICED PRIMARILY BY THE MOST WEALTHY AND POWERFUL
16. Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in (A) technologically developing countries only (B) technologically developed countries only (C) virtually every known human society (D) highly urbanized countries only (E) countries with high nutritional standards only
C. VIRTUALLY EVERY KNOWN HUMAN SOCIETY
42. Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's (A) role sets (B) cultural roles (C) achieved statuses (D) ascribed statuses (E) mobility aspirations
D. ASCRIBED STATUSES
20. In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus on (A) power (B) social mobility (C) style of life (D) motivation (E) occupational status
D. MOTIVATION
5. The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as (A) amalgamation (B) association (C) collective behavior (D) socialization (E) innovation
D. SOCIALIZATION
17. Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following? (A) Class, politics, education (B) Prestige, politics, occupation (C) Residence, occupation, religion (D) Status, class, power (E) Status, religion, prestige
D. STATUS, CLASS, POWER
8. Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods? (A) Small group experiment (B) Laboratory experiment (C) Participant observation (D) Survey research (E) Case study
D. SURVEY RESEARCH
9. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Chicago School of Sociology? (A) They studied urban neighborhoods in the city of Chicago. (B) They were influenced by Herbert Spencer and Frederic Clements. (C) They used ethnography and field methods in their research. (D) Talcott Parsons was a proponent of the school. (E) They were most influential during the twentieth century.
D. TALCOTT PARSONS WAS A PROPONENT OF THE SCHOOL
43. Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others (A) the divided self (B) self-esteem (C) the concrete operational stage (D) the looking-glass self (E) the "I" and "me"
D. THE LOOKING GLASS SELF
11. All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT (A) They are important sources of social support. (B) They tend to be ethnocentric. (C) They significantly influence personality development. (D) They tend to be large in number. (E) They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships.
D. THEY TEND TO BE LARGE IN NUMBER
12. According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by (A) rationalism (B) altruism (C) egoism (D) secularism (E) anomie
E. ANOMIE
26. Which statement about political participation in the United States is true? (A) Almost everyone of voting age in the United States is registered to vote. (B) Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations. (C) Voter turnout has increased substantially in the last twenty years. (D) People of higher social class tend to participate less in voting than lower social classes. (E) Younger adults are more likely to vote than those over 65.
B. VOTER TURNOUT IN THE UNITED STATES IS LOWER THAN IN MOST EUROPEAN NATIONS.
36. Sociological studies of gender socialization show that (A) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to encourage assertive behaviors (B) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to emphasize strict observance of rules (C) girls are more likely than boys to learn to suppress emotions of sadness (D) girls are more likely to engage in competitive play and boys in cooperative play (E) girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers
E. GIRLS ARE LESS LIKELY THAN BOYS TO RECEIVE ATTENTION FROM TEACHERS
6. Which of the following can properly be considered norms? I. Laws II. Folkways III. Mores (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III
E. I, II, AND III
25. The economy of the postindustrial United States is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT (A) computer-facilitated automation (B) relocation of manufacturing plants to less-developed countries (C) international competition in the manufacturing sector of the economy (D) increasing numbers of service compared to manufacturing jobs (E) increased job security due to globalization
E. INCREASED JOB SECURITY DUE TO GLOBALIZATION
28. Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from (A) lottery revenues (B) state income taxes (C) local sales taxes (D) local income taxes (E) local property taxes
E. LOCAL PROPERTY TAXES
18. The term "SMSA" used in the United States census refers to a (A) summary of many small areas (B) statistical mean of sampling error (C) summary of metropolitan shopping areas (D) standard measure of suburban areas (E) standard metropolitan statistical area
E. STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA
22. Socialization takes place (A) only in childhood (B) mainly in adolescence (C) mainly in early adulthood (D) mainly through the reproductive years (E) throughout the life cycle
E. THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE
