Sociology Final

_____, who coined the term "sociology," is also known as the "father of sociology." Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx C. Wright Mills Max Weber

Auguste Comte

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the conflict perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above

Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.

In terms of nature vs. nurture argument, most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements? Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course. Nature can explain all human behavior. Nurture can explain all human behavior. Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant. Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the functionalist perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above

Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory

People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory.

Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.

Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx? The Enlightenment Discovery of the New World The French Revolution The Industrial Revolution World War I

The Industrial Revolution

Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society. Addams Comte Durkheim Martineau Weber

Weber

In open stratification systems, social classes are based on _____ statuses. ascribed achieved hereditary religious official

achieved

_____ statuses are those that we can change, control or choose through effort or actions. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social

achieved

_____ statuses are those that we cannot change, control or choose. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social

ascribed

The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the following is not one of these approaches? avoidance prevention intervention punishment rehabilitation

avoidance

A _____ is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people. voluntary association formal association bureaucracy government civil organization

bureaucracy

In applying to three colleges, Layla spent several days completing nearly identical forms. Each asked for her high school grades, roommate preferences, and parent's financial status. This is an example of which of the shortcomings of bureaucracies? a weak reward system bureaucratic ritualism alienation Parkinson's Law Peter Principle

bureaucratic ritualism

Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand family and its functions. the role of education. class conflict. the importance of religion. social organization.

class conflict

Stratification is dysfunctional because it harms society and individuals. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory

conflict

Income, status and other rewards allow some owners and managers to exploit workers. This statement exemplifies which major theoretical perspective? Functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism exchange theory feminist theory

conflict theory

_____ is recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards. Darwinism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism Subculturism Multiculturalism

cultural relativism

According to our textbook, marriage, medicine, and modesty are examples of George Murdock's cultural changes. cultural differences. cultural universals. cultural competencies. cultural variations.

cultural universals

_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms. Crime Deviance Stigma Social control Sanction

deviance

_____ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. Counterculturism Subculturism Superculturism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism

ethnocentrism

Norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are folkways. mores. laws. sanctions. rules.

folkways

A _____ is a complex and structured secondary group that is deliberately created to achieve a specific goal in an efficient manner. primary group secondary group formal group formal organization primary organization

formal organization

A division of gender roles helps society function smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange

functionalist

Stratification is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory

functionalist

_____ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure that maintain society. Functionalists Conflict theorists Feminist theorists Symbolic interactionists Criminologists

functionalists

Asch's studies, in which subjects were asked to match lines on cards, showed that people tend to see most things differently. people often lie to those who have authority. group membership generates conformity. leaders compete for power in social groups. All of the above are correct.

group membership generates conformity

At the Barkley Company, there are forty employees. Addison is the President and CEO. Below her, Jack and Ross, are managers. The thirty-seven others work below the managers in the storeroom or on the show floor. Which of Weber's ideal characteristics does this exemplify? high degree of division of labor and specialization hierarchy of authority explicit written rules and regulations impersonality qualification based employment

hierarchy of authority

_____ are those that share a sense of identity and exclude and devalue outsiders. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups

in-groups

Joanna is conducting a research project that examines whether parent's income impacts a child's choice of college. Joanna thinks that parents who make a lot of money will have children who will attend private schools and parents who make little money will have children who will attend public schools. "Parent's income" is the _____ in Joanna's project. validity reliability hypothesis independent variable dependent variable

independent variable

Socialization controls behavior because of sociobiology integration institutionalization internalization nurture

internalization

Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are examples ofcultural boundaries. nonmaterial culture. material culture. primitive culture. subversive culture.

nonmaterial culture

_____ are those people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as being different. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups

out-groups

_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses. Primary Secondary Tertiary Street Corporate

primary

_____ groups meet our expressive (or emotional) needs; _____ groups meet our instrumental (or task-oriented) needs. In; out Out; in Secondary; primary Primary; secondary Primary; in

primary; secondary

Ryan is examining children's books as part of a research project on gender images in the media. Ryan is using which of the following research approaches? quantitative research qualitative research deductive research inductive research none of the above

qualitative research

A/n _____ is a group that shapes our behavior, values and attitudes, and influences who we'd like to be in the future. in-group out-group primary group secondary group reference group

reference group

Gretchen is conducting a research project and is interviewing respondents about their fertility history. On the first day her respondent says that she has had three children. However, the next day, the respondent reports that she has only two children. This is an example of a problem with validity. reliability. hypotheses. variables. methods.

reliability

Cameron was scheduled to work on Thursday from 9:00am until 3:00pm. His sociology final was scheduled for 2:00 pm. Cameron was likely experiencing role sets. role strain. role conflict. role sprain. role tension.

role conflict

_____ are the behaviors expected of people who have a particular status. Role sets Status sets Roles Symbols Signals

roles

Connor is reviewing birth and death certificates for persons living in Jefferson County. Connor is using which data collection method? survey evaluation research secondary analysis experiment field research

secondary analysis

Social constructionist theories contend that sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture. sexual orientation has a strong genetic basis. sexual identity is based on cultural factors. sexual orientation is based on social structure. none of the above

sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture.

_____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. Sanctions Social control Strain Anomie Labeling

social control

_____ suggests that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. Dramaturgical analysis Symbolic interactionism Feminist theory Social exchange theory Ethnomethodology

social exchange theory

_____ are webs of social ties that link individuals to one another. Social muddles Social networks Social systems Social interactions Social organisms

social networks

The hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources is referred to as social networking. the division of society. dependency. social stratification. inequality.

social stratification

Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of learning. socialization. culture. resocialization. nurturing.

socialization

Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's role set. status set. master statuses achieved statuses. ascribed statuses.

status set

Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data. The Census Bureau is using which of the following data collection methods? secondary analysis field research experiment survey evaluation research

survey

Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization? functionalism conflict feminist symbolic interactionism None of the above are used to understand socialization.

symbolic interactionism

A stop sign, a wedding dress, and a handshake are examples of mores. transitions. symbols. signs. culture.

symbols

If the researcher and the respondent interpret a research question differently, there is a problem with reliability. validity. deduction. accuracy. objectivity.

validity

_____ are the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable. Languages Norms Mores Values Sanctions

values

For sociologists, culture refers to which of the following? values beliefs behaviors all of the above

values beliefs behaviors

Dr. Harry Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers. biology affects behavior. nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort. warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment. none of the above

warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.

Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime? violent crime property crime white collar crime organized crime victimless crime

white collar crime