Sociology Final Exam
Today, the net worth of each U.S. household in the wealthiest 1 percent is nearly __________ times greater than the net worth of the median U.S. household.
50
In 2014, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ of the total income pie.
50 percent
In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force.
60 percent
Why is socialization such an important process for human beings?
Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others
__________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.
Authoritarianism
The text observes that although most married women now share responsibility for the breadwinner role, many men do not accept their share of domestic responsibilities. Hochschild terms this disparity the __________.
"double day" or "second shift"
Which of the following would be classified as a status offense?
Fifteen-year-old Ivy runs away from home.
Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."
George Herbert Mead
Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?
George Simmel
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
What is the world's leading infectious killer?
HIV
British sociologist __________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States.
Harriet Martineau
__________ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
absolute
__________ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench.
absolute poverty
Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
accommodation
Switzerland has been described as a model of __________; more than six million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.
accommodation
Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.
achieved
A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.
Jackie Robinson
__________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture.
Secularization
__________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life.
Secularization
__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.
Subsistence
In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are either broken or followed.
Symbolic interactionists
Which of the following people would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?
Terri is convinced that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill.
Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable.
Thomas Szasz
__________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions.
Totalitarianism
_____ is a belief in sacred principles of thought and conduct rather than a god or gods.
Transcendent idealism
__________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce goods and services across many different national boundaries.
Transnational corporations
The __________ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States.
Uniform Crime Report
Which of these countries was the last to offer legal recognition of gay and lesbian marital relationships?
United States
What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?
Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.
Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States?
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on____________________________.
a division of labor
Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,____________________________.
a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families
What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________.
a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
Research suggests that __________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time.
a little over one-fourth
The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________.
Charles H. Cooley
__________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status.
Credentialism
__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.
Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
Couples with more ________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care.
egalitarian
A(n) __________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.
egalitarian
Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society.
egalitarian
The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin, is termed __________.
ethnicity
Sociologists use the term __________ for the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture, assuming that one's own way of life is superior to all others.
ethnocentrism
The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that ____________________________.
adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization
Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.
aggregates
Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position.
agrarian
Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies and with __________ authority.
agrarian; traditional
Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.
anomie
Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.
anomie
A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of __________.
anticipatory socialization
What percentage of new marriages in the United States ends in divorce?
between 40 and 50 percent
__________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name.
bilateral
Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.
bilateral descent
__________ occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.
biological assimilation (amalgamation)
__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.
body consciousness
Marx used the term __________ for those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines.
bourgeoisie
A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.
bureaucracy
Most government, business, education, and religious organizations are __________ in form.
bureaucratic
Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality.
bureaucratic
__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.
ethnocentrism
In a study of Amish behavior, a researcher moves into an Amish community and lives and works there for a year, participating in the residents' daily lives. This is an example of __________.
ethnography
A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed a(n) __________.
church
Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
civil inattention
The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________.
civil religion
According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.
conformity
Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.
conformity
According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.
cultural capital
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music.
cultural capital
Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________.
decision making and choice
When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time?
during the Great Depression in the 1930s
In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?
dyad
Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) __________.
dyad
Which of these is an example of an acute disease?
dysentery or diarrhea
Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a(n) __________.
dysfunction
A(n) __________ is a data-collection encounter in which a researcher asks a respondent questions and records the answers.
interview
__________ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.
juvenile delinquency
The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________.
karl marx
Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________.
kills over 40,000 people a year
In preindustrial societies, __________ provides the primary basis for social organization.
kinship
The term __________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
kinship
Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure.
knowledge, skills, and cultural values
The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. He chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?
laissez-faire
The term __________ refers to a set of symbols that expresses ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another.
language
Most sociologists are in agreement that__________________________.
language influences perception
When students go away to college they often make lifelong friends and may even find their spouse. According to Robert Merton, this would be a(n) __________ function of education.
latent
Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
life chances
__________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year.
life expectancy
Which of the following would best be described as an example of high culture?
live theater
A __________ is a document stating a person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.
living will
Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.
means of production
Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on_____________________ .
morality
Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.
normative
We voluntarily join __________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
normative
Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a(n) __________ family.
nuclear
__________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.
nuclear family
__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.
obedience
Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States, ________________.
obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years
According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?
ethnomethodologists
Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) __________ family.
extended
__________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources.
extended families
In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important. Having a large number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival.
extended families
The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.
extended family
With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.
extended; nuclear
__________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists.
external social control
Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.
face-saving behavior
In the United States, __________ might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.
folkways
__________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.
folkways
__________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity.
fundamentalists
In the framework presented by sociologist George Herbert Mead, when young children join T-ball teams and begin to learn to play baseball, they are entering the __________ stage of self-development.
game
The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.
gender
__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."
gender
The term __________ refers to all the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society.
gender belief system
__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
gender bias
__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.
gender identity
In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.
gender role
__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
gender role
Sociologists use the term __________ for the specific messages and practices that teach what it means to be female or male in a specific group or society.
gender socialization
Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________.
girls being socialized to play games that emphasize cooperation and involve minimal competitiveness
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________.
global displacement
People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of __________.
global interdependence
__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.
groupthink
Which of these is not considered a function of the family in advanced industrial societies?
guaranteed reproduction
In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________.
have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits
In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?
having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________.
having fewer economic resources than two-parent households
Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because __________.
he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
__________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.
health maintenance organization (HMO)
Which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society?
herbert spencer
In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.
heredity
Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.
heterogeneous societies
The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image.
holistic medicine
According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the __________ and the __________.
id; superego
__________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property.
income
General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________
increasing overall
When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome.
independent variable
Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.
indirect institutionalized
A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.
indistrial society
A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.
individual
__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
individual
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.
institutional
__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.
institutional
A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________.
intersexed
Sex is not always clear-cut. Occasionally, a hormone imbalance before birth produces a person who is __________, in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.
intersexed
Sociologist William Corsaro states that __________ is an established set of activities or routines, artifacts, values, and concerns that children produce and share and that emerges through interaction as children "borrow" from the adult culture.
peer culture
One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.
personal trouble ; public issue
__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.
pay equity
Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings.
pay gap
C. Wright Mills used the term __________ in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society.
power elite
In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.
preconventional
Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.
prejudice
According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.
primary
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
primary group
Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.
proletariat class
Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. According to Marx, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.
proletariat class
__________ crimes include robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these crimes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.
property
For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in ________________________.
property that generates no income
According to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and __________ that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level.
public issues
__________ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.
race
__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
race
Weber's term __________ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
rationality
People may claim to be law-abiding yet still engage in behaviors that are illegal. This behavior is an example of_____________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.
real
According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to the _______________.
relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled
Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________.
rituals
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.
secondary
Asher wants to do a study of the effectiveness of the Gardasil vaccine but lacks the time and money to gather his own data. Consequently, he analyzes data on this topic that were gathered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this case, Asher is conducting __________.
secondary analysis
__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.
segregation
The first step in the "conventional" research model is to __________.
select and define the problem
__________ is the term for the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).
self
The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
self-fufilling prophecy
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
__________ refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
sexual orientation
German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.
size of the social group
German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.
size of the social group
__________ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives.
slavery
A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.
small-group
Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of __________ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.
social bonding
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
social construction of reality
An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality.
social control
The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________.
social control
Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.
social darwinism
Comte believed that societies are made up of social statics, or forces for order and stability, as well as __________ or forces for social change.
social dynamics
The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
social learning theory
__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
social marginality
The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is __________.
social mobility
The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.
social network
Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________.
social placement
__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
social solidarity
__________ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources.
social stratification
__________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
socialism
From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. Which of the following manifest functions of education does this describe?
socialization
Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.
sociological imagination
__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
sociologists; sociobiologists
A __________ is a category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.
subculture
Clay is a high-ranking executive of Harley-Davidson Company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On the weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing and often sponsor community service programs. Clay would be considered a member of a(n) __________.
subculture
The __________ perspective emphasizes how people change culture through interaction with others; whereas the __________ perspective emphasizes that no single perspective can grasp or explain the complexity and diversity of the social world.
symbolic interactionist; postmodern
Caste systems and slavery are both __________.
systems where status is determined at birth
The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.
taboos
According to the text's discussion of civil religion, _____________________.
the U.S. flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion
In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________.
the criminal justice system
After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.
the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example, he recognized ________________.
the economic basis of class systems
Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________.
the labeling process
Which of these would be the subject of a microlevel analysis of gender?
the messages a mother or father gives to his or her child about "being a man"
Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services.
third-party fee-for-service
In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.
third-party provider program
Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States?
tobacco use
Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________.
tobacco use and alcohol abuse
A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institutions.
total institution
In a(n) __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
totalitarian
In a(n) __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion.
totalitarian
One example of a __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations.
totalitarian
__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.
tracking
Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.
traditional
British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________.
traditional authority
Authoritarian governments_______________________.
can occur when military officers seize power from the government
One of the factors that increases the risk of divorce is________________________.
getting married young (before 25)
Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern.
patrilocal residence
According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization,_____________________.
peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender
In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________.
people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group
In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.
this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a(n) __________.
"third sex"
Sociologist Ann Swidler coined the expression __________ to refer to human culture or "symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."
"tool kit"
Research indicates that young people in the United States between the ages of 12 to 17 spend an average of almost __________ hours a month watching video on television.
100
Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years.
100,000
The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for __________ of the world's prison population.
25 percent
In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.
300
People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics?
African Americans
July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________.
American civil religion
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the __________.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military.
C. Wright Mills
__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
Conflict
__________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members.
Contemporary families
__________ refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.
Discretion
__________ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.
Edward Wilson
Sociologist __________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.
Emile Durkheim
__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
Expressive
__________ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.
Functionalism
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.
Functionalist
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
Functionalist
__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
Functionalists
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
Which of these statements is the best explanation of the relative influence of biological and social factors in human development?
Heredity provides the basic material out of which social interaction shapes human characteristics.
The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label______________.
Hispanic
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occur through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual.
IQ
__________ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.
Incapacitation
__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.
Industrialization
Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.
Irving Janis
Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?
Ku Klux Klan
In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________.
Marxist/critical theory
The model of the American class system based on the work of __________ is based on three elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income.
Max Weber
Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.
Max Weber
Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?
Max Weber
Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power.
Max Weber
__________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti.
Military juntas
The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text?
Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies.
__________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death.
Patrilineal
According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.
Pierre Bourdieu
Which of these statements about social networks is false?
Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.
__________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.
Polygyny
How do professions differ from occupations?
Professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations.
__________ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Laws that prohibit drinking and driving and "netiquette" that preclude you from typing e-mails in all caps are examples.
Proscriptive norms
__________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.
Rehabilitation
__________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.
Respondents
Sociologists __________ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures—circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
Recent research indicates that female student -athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.
Role conflict
__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
Role distancing
The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual.
Sigmund Freud
__________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.
Social epidemiology
__________ is the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
Validity
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.
What holds societies together?
Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?
Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?
Adoption is a legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a child's biological parents and/or legal parents to new legal parents. According to the text's discussion of adoption, __________.
a new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions
Which is an example of child neglect?
a parent fails to provide three meals per day for his child
Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that___________________________.
a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family
To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is __________________________.
a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group
Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________.
a self-fufilling prophecy
A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age.
a significant decline
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.
a social script
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
a sociology class
Which of these is not an example of a rite of passage?
a weekley religious service
__________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force.
about 60 percent
__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.
affirmative action
Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems.
affluent students
After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is the __________.
affordable care act
Which of the following would best be described as an ethnic subculture?
african americans
__________ is reinforced by negative images regarding older persons.
ageism
__________ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
agent of socialization
A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.
aggregate
Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.
alienation
Marx argued that when workers are paid less than the value of their labor, this exploitation results in __________, a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself.
alienation
__________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.
animism
__________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society.
animism
What is a drug?
any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way
Durkheim believed that the limits of social behavior __________.
are socially based, not biologically based
Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________.
as a safe and comfortable place
A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
ascribed
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.
ascribed
__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
assimilation
Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes__________________________.
attachment to other people
A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.
authoritarian
In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, __________ leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.
authoritarian
Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases.
chronic
Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power and then have what sociologists call __________.
authority
When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered __________.
behavioral
A central component of nonmaterial culture is __________, which are the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real.
beliefs
__________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.
capitalism
According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Bill Gates (cofounder of Microsoft Corporation) and Amancio Ortega (founder of the Zara clothing line). In Wright's Marxian model, these men would be members of the __________ class.
capitalist
A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
category
The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) __________.
category
Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________.
category
Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________.
change and innovation
Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.
charismatic authority
The ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber include ___________.
charismatic authority
During which life stage is socialization the most important?
childhood
The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________.
chlamydia
The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed __________.
class
Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.
class
Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.
class
Marx believed that the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class would ultimately lead to __________, or the struggle between the capitalist and working classes.
class conflict
A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.
coalition
People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations.
coercive
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations.
coercive
Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.
cognitive development
The Census Bureau defines the term __________ as two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.
cohabitation
Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to _________.
collect and analyze the data simultaneously
Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself.
collective representations
According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex.
conflict
Analyzing the coal industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between coal companies and public health?
conflict
The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system.
conflict
Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students.
conflict
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that social life is a continuous struggle in which members of powerful groups seek to control scarce resources and to protect their position while excluding others.
conflict
__________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health.
conflict
__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others.
conflict
__________ theorists emphasize that the family is the source of our specific social position in society.
conflict
__________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for perpetuating social inequality because parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources.
conflict
According to the __________ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.
conflict
Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society.
conflict
From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
conflict
Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective.
conflict
__________ theorists assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial—ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, and their sex/gender.
conflict
__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
conflict
__________ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.
conflict
Conflict and feminist perspectives on the family differ significantly from functionalist perspectives on the family in that___________________.
conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family
The basis for Marx's theory of society is the belief that _______________.
conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change
In a study of homelessness in American society, __________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness.
conflict theories
When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work.
conflict theorists
__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.
conflict theorists
__________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal.
conflict theorists
__________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.
conflict theorists
From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change.
conflict theory
A young woman graduates from high school with honors and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she marries and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of __________.
conformity
Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________.
conglomerates
Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
conglomerates
Members of a country club, sorority or fraternity, or even a group of friends share values and beliefs and are aware of those whom they believe are like them. Sociologists term this awareness __________.
consciousness of kind
The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________.
constitutional monarchies
The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.
contact hypothesis
__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.
content analysis
According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the __________ level of moral development.
conventional
George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?
conventional
Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________.
corporations
Criminologists use the term __________ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
corrections
"The Order," a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a __________.
counterculture
A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle.
counterculture
Groups such as the beatniks of the 1950s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. These groups are called __________.
countercultures
Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________.
creation of a generation gap
A __________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.
crime
Theft, assault, and drug dealing are all violations of __________.
criminal law
The text uses the term __________ for men or women who do not alter their genitalia but who live as members of the opposite sex.
cross-dresser
Members of the upper classes must be trained to appreciate and participate in high culture. This knowledge, called __________, is symbolic of being upper class, and excludes members of lower classes.
cultural capital
_________ reflects a "proper" attitude toward education, socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture.
cultural capital
The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of __________.
cultural diffusion
__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural or social circumstances.
cultural diversity
Although some people see a globalized culture emerging, others fear that Western culture is dominating everywhere. This Westernization is a form of __________.
cultural imperialism
All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.
cultural lag
A potential danger of applying __________ is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights.
cultural relativism
The term __________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.
cultural relativism
Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.
cultural universals
Cooking, games, and clothing are examples of __________.
cultural universals
__________ refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.
culture
When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamӧ tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of ___________.
culture shock
Sociologists use the term __________ for the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own that challenge their own taken-for -granted assumptions about life.
culture shock
Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.
de jure segregation
When __________ behavior occurs between nonequals, it confirms the inequality of the relationship.
deference
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
definition of the situation
The first step in the resocialization process is often a __________, in which individuals are stripped of their former selves by being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing.
degradation ceremony
Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America.
deindustrialization
Homosexuality has been removed from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association. This is an example of __________.
demedicalization
__________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.
democracy
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.
democratic
Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________.
democratic socialism
Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________.
deskilling
Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________.
deskilling
Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes.
detracking
Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.
developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies
__________ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
deviance
A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance?
deviance clarifies rules
According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?
deviance promotes social change
Which of these is an example of a chronic disease?
diabetes
Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
differential association
__________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.
differential association
Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.
differential reinforcement
In a six-square-block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of __________.
diffusion
In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination.
direct institutionalized
When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.
direct institutionalized discrimination
__________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.
discrimination
Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease.
disease agents
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
dramaturgical analysis
A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.
division of labor
__________ refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.
domestic partnership
The term __________ refers to any intentional act or actions by one or both partners in an intimate relationship that causes injury to either person.
domestic violence
Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the __________.
dominant group
Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society.
dominant group
The corporate rich influence the political system by______________.
dominating the federal government
Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________.
double-consciousness
A __________ of education in the United States is the perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities, which contributes to a waste of potential talent and benefit for society.
dysfunction
Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be __________.
dysfunctions
A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed a(n) __________.
ecclesia
Karl Marx and Max Weber were in agreement that __________ was at least one source of inequality in society.
economic inequality
Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system.
economic production
According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives.
ego
Some analysts refer to today's middle-aged women as the sandwich generation because they are caught between the needs of their young children and their __________.
elderly relatives
Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless.
elite
During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.
emancipation
Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.
emile durkheim
__________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions.
emile durkheim
According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens.
emile durkheim
In a caste system, marriage is __________, meaning that people are allowed to marry only within their own group.
endogamous
In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group.
endogamy
The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called __________.
endogamy
According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of "woman" and "athlete," women__________________________.
engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior
Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government?
ensuring positive family relationships
Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________.
entrepreneurs
The identifiers Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, and Italian Americans refer to a person's __________.
ethnic group
__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.
ethnic pluralism
The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________.
exogamy
A(n) __________ is a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior.
experiment
In an experiment, the __________ contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them.
experimental group
Joaquin is a member of a group working on a project for his biology class. Whenever the group meets, there is conflict among several group members, and this is upsetting to the others. Joaquin is continuously trying to improve group harmony and reduce the conflict in the group. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group.
expressive
__________ leadership provides emotional support for members.
expressive
__________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.
expressive
A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most are short-lived novelties.
fad
According to the text, the __________ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.
family
The __________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
family of orientation
The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own.
family of procreation
A __________ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.
fashion
In recent years, some parents have begun carrying their infant children on their backs or chests in special slings rather than in strollers or in their arms. This is an example of a(n) __________ in child-rearing.
fashion
__________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses.
fee-for-service
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XX chromosome pairing is associated with a __________.
female embryo
__________is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.
field research
According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of __________.
flexibility
The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education.
flexner report
When you meet your new supervisor for the first time, you neglect to extend your hand to her for a handshake. Which of these cultural components has your behavior violated?
folkway
Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________.
forced migration
The "Trail of Tears" was an intentional act of __________.
forced migration
A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.
formal
Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.
formal norms
A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.
front stage
Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?
frustration aggression hypothesis
One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.
frustration-aggression
The __________ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of assertiveness toward others.
frustration-aggression hypothesis
From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable, but it is also an essential part of any healthy society.
functionalism
__________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society.
functionalism
According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.
functionalist
From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.
functionalist
Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.
functionalist
Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society.
functionalist
The __________ perspective places important emphasis on the role of parents and other relatives of teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society.
functionalist
__________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility.
functionalist
__________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.
functionalist
__________ theorists have conducted most of the research on "core" values in the United States.
functionalist
__________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They see education as providing all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender in determining success.
functionalist
The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ perspective, which assumes that people in a nation share a consensus on central concerns and that the government provides services that no other institution can fulfill.
functionalist
Theorists using a __________ perspective emphasize that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children.
functionalist
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.
functionalist
"Women's roles as nurturers and caregivers are even more pronounced in contemporary industrialized societies. This division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled. It also provides for family members." This statement is consistent with the __________.
functionalist perspective
A strength of the __________ on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. A shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation.
functionalist perspective
According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person's productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices.
functionalists
In a study of education in the United States, __________ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the young with skills they need later in life; and how education transmits cultural values from one generation to the next.
functionalists
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.
gender socialization
The text points out that a macrolevel analysis of gender examines structural features, external to the individual, that perpetuate gender inequality. These structures have been referred to as __________, meaning that gender is one of the major ways by which social life is organized in all sectors of society.
gendered institutions
__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.
gendered racism
__________ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public.
general deterrence
Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.
generalized
The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
genocide
The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in______________________.
girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters
__________ refers to the fact that the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems are part of a much larger global context.
global interdependence
__________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders.
government
In contemporary societies, women's child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions.
great impact
In 2010, concern about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________.
groupthink
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced __________.
groupthink
Most cross-dressers are __________.
heterosexual men
In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural values; routines and regulations also shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________.
hidden curriculum
A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of __________.
hierarchy of authority
Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization?
high school
Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, a great deal of poverty in the United States is due to __________.
high unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs
__________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur.
holistic medicine
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
homeless
Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.
homogamy
Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.
homogeneous societies
Various organizations of gays, lesbians, and transgendered persons have been unified in their desire to reduce hate crimes and other forms of __________—the extreme prejudice directed at gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who are perceived as not being heterosexual.
homophobia
A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She receives a small increase in pay. This person has experienced __________ mobility.
horizontal
__________ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure.
horizontal mobility
According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.
horticultural
In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.
horticultural
Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out_____________________________.
how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems
Differential association explains________________________________.
how one may be socialized into deviance
AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today.
human immunodeficiency virus
Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?
humans choose their behaviors and ideas from a cultural "tool kit"
In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?
hunting and gathering
The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies.
hunting and gathering
Which of these is an example of an achieved status?
husband
Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) __________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables.
hypothesis
"American society stands for equal opportunity for all." This statement exemplifies __________ culture, which refers to the values and standards that people in a society profess to hold.
ideal
A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).
ideal type
The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes all of the following except the ___________ theory.
illegitimate opportunity
Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health.
illness
Both religion and education___________________________.
impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered essential to the social reproduction of society and the individual
__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
industrial societies
Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to __________.
industrialization and urbanization
The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
infant mortality rate
__________ are norms considered to be less important, are unwritten, and are commonly understood standards of behavior among people who share an identity.
informal norms
The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________.
informal structure
A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.
ingroup
Most women who made the Forbes magazine wealthiest list __________.
inherited their wealth or acquired it through marriage
A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of __________.
innovation
According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.
innovation
Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through ___________.
innovation
Organized crime is generally not associated with __________.
insider trading
Latisha is a member of a group working on a research project for a class assignment. Whenever the group meets, other members are easily sidetracked and Latisha is always trying to keep the group focused on the assignment. Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group.
instrumental
__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.
instrumental
__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.
instrumental
__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.
instrumental
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.
interaction order
Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?
interactions are emotion-based
When Carlos's grandfather migrated to the United States, he had completed six years of schooling and was an agricultural worker in California. Carlos's father completed high school and worked for twenty years as a clerk in a large state agency. Through the efforts of his father and grandfather, Carlos was able to graduate from college and medical school, and he now has a thriving medical practice in southern California. Carlos's family exemplifies __________ mobility.
intergenerational
__________ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next.
intergenerational
A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of a(n) __________.
interlocking corporate directorate
__________ social control takes place through the socialization process.
internal
In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.
internal colonialism
__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.
internal colonialism
__________ crime refers to illegal acts committed online, such as FBI-related scams, nonauction of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.
internet
Breanna believes that Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states that he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.
interpretation
Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility.
intragenerational
The __________ is also referred to as the military -industrial complex, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.
iron triangle
A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.
isolate
Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.
isolate discrimination
The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ________________.
it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential
A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that ______________ .
it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society
Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
labeling
Sherona is really good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________.
labeling
__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).
labeling
Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________.
labeling individual students
__________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.
labor market segmentation
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
laissez-faire
According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________.
latent functions
Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She argued that men are more concerned with __________, whereas women are likely to consider the __________ involved in the situation.
law and order; social relationships
When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed __________.
laws
Gender-appropriate behavior is __________.
learned through the socialization process
In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
liberal feminism
Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.
means of production
Which of these would not be considered corporate crime?
loan sharking
Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment
local property taxes
Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment.
local property taxes
According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
looking-glass self
__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.
lynching
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.
macro view
A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.
macrolevel
At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
macrolevel
Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________.
macrolevel
Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________.
maintaining social control and support for the government
At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XY chromosome generally means a __________.
male embryo
A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ .
managed care
__________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.
managed care
A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.
manifest
Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.
manifest functions
Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx predicted because __________.
many workers have experienced a rising standard of living
__________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.
marijuana
__________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.
marriage
Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.
master
Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________.
matchmaking and the production of social networks
__________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.
material culture
A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).
matriarchal
Although there has been a great deal of discussion about __________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed.
matriarchal families
The term __________ refers to a hierarchical system of social organization in which cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by women. Few, if any, societies have been organized in this way.
matriarchy
In __________ systems, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle (mother's brother) to his nephew (mother's son). In some cases, mothers may pass on their property to daughters.
matrilineal
Even with the less common pattern of __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property.
matrilineal descent
Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.
matrilocal
The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change.
max weber
Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.
max weber
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
The term that may be used inclusively to refer to television, radio, movies, Internet, Twitter, Facebook, and video games is __________.
media
__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.
medicaid
All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________.
medical colleges should provide the best medical care
Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.
medical-industrial complex
There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________.
medicalization
__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.
medicare
The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders.
medicialization
__________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.
medicine
According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle and upper classes.
meritocracy
The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.
meritocracy
A __________ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.
microlevel
Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the __________.
middle class
The Iron Triangle is also called the __________.
military-industrial complex
The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by __________.
millennials
A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.
misdemeanor
__________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.
monarchy
Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________.
monogamous
__________ refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man.
monogamy
Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry.
monopoly; oligopoly
Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.
moral entrepreneurs
__________ are strongly held norms that have moral and ethical connotations within a particular culture, and that may not be violated without serious consequences.
mores
Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a __________.
mores; taboo
A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which a citizenry shares language and culture, as well as rights and obligations.
nation-state
A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
nation-state
In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States?
native Americans
Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment.
nature; nurture
During a classical music performance, a concert-goer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a __________.
negative informal sanction
Luis has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his poor grade in algebra. His mother's lecture is an example of a __________.
negative sanction
In industrialized nations such as the United States, most couples hope to live in a(n) __________, which is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents.
neolocal residence
The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in the __________.
nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery
Democracy, belief in a Supreme Being, and understanding English are all examples of __________.
nonmaterial culture
Rotating a finger to indicate that someone is "crazy" is an example of a gesture. Gestures are a component of __________.
nonmaterial culture
The purchase of "pet rocks" in the 1970s was an example of a(n) __________.
object fad
The term __________ refers to the process of treating people as if they were things, not human beings. Typically, this occurs when we judge people on the basis of their physical appearance rather than on the basis of their individual qualities or actions.
objectification
The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.
objective
What do most men consider to be their master status?
occupation
In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________.
office
The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.
oligarchy
An example of a(n) __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers.
oligopoly
Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________.
on a fee-for-service basis
The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
organic solidarity
__________ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.
organized
Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.
outer containments
A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
outgroup
Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered __________.
outgroups
In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.
overt
The term __________ refers to blatant behavior and may take the form of public statements about the "inferiority" of members of a racial or ethnic group.
overt racism
From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system?
patients
A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).
patriarchal
In a(n) __________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males.
patriarchal family
Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
patriarchy
The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is __________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.
patriarchy
According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."
patriarchy
Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________.
patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families
In preindustrial societies, kinship is usually traced through one parent (unilineally). The most common pattern of unilineal descent is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family.
patrilineal descent
A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.
peer group
You are scheduled to work at the pizza parlor Sunday afternoon. Several of your friends convince you to call in sick so you can watch football with them all day, even though you really need the money. The sociological term for what you have experienced is __________.
peer pressure
Which of the following is used to treat syphilis?
penicillin
The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that _____________.
people are the products of their social environments
Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of __________.
peoples relationships with others in the production process
The postmodern family has been described as __________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed.
permeable
a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
permeable
Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues.
platform
Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.
play
In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________.
pluralism
In a(n) __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups.
pluralist
__________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share (or oppose) their stances on specific issues.
political action committees
The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power.
political crime
A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status.
political party
__________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals.
politics
__________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.
polyandry
__________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide.
polyandry
__________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.
polygamy
The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________.
polygyny
The term for the belief in more than one god is __________.
polytheism
__________ consists of activities, products, and services, such as rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television soap operas and situation comedies, that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.
popular culture
During the Olympics, competition and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This is an example of __________.
positive ethnocentrism
After having successfully negotiated an important business contract with a major client, Jocelyn's boss congratulated her and promised her a significant pay raise. In this situation, Jocelyn is receiving what sociologists term a(n) __________.
positive sanction
French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________,
positivism
French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________,
positivism
In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.
postindustrial societies
__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
postindustrial societies
__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
postindustrial socities
According to the __________ perspective, the classical theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.
postmodern
Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?
postmodern theorists
__________ are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.
postmodern theorists
To many __________, groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships.
postmodernists
According to sociologist Max Weber's system of stratification, __________ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
power
Weber defined social class using ___________ as a major contributor.
power
Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, Max Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and __________.
power
__________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands.
power
An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a (n) __________.
prejudiced discriminator
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.
prejudiced non discriminators
A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.
prejudiced nondiscriminator
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self- development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.
preparatory
__________ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.
prescriptive
The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others and is called __________.
prestige
Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) __________.
primary group
__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
primary groups
At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
primary sex characteristics
The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership.
privatization
Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________.
procedures and rote memorization
The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.
profane
Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.
proletariat
In the Marxian framework, the __________ consist of those who sell their labor because they have no other way to earn a living.
proletariat class
__________ crimes include offenses such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and pornography.
public order
With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships.
qualitative
Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.
qualitative research
With __________ research, the goal is scientific objectivity, and the focus is on data that can be measured numerically.
quantitative
The use of ethnic or racial background as a means of identifying criminal suspects is called __________.
racial profiling
__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
racism
The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.
radical feminist approach
The ________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.
rational choice
Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office.
rational-legal
In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.
rational-legal
Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law.
rational-legal
__________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office.
rational-legal
A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________.
rebellion
According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.
rebellion
The process by which individuals' feelings, thoughts, appearance, and behavior have a direct influence on agents of socialization that are attempting to influence them is called __________.
reciprocal socialization
Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use.
recreational
__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.
recreational
A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.
reference group
Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to attend graduate school to study sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.
reference group
In most hunting and gathering societies,___________________________.
relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian
__________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
relative
Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality?
relative number of traffic accidents
Soledad develops a scale to assess job satisfaction among temporary workers. She is afraid that workers in her study will each interpret the scale items in a different way. Soledad is concerned about the __________ of her scale.
reliability
Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.
religion
Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work.
rentiers
In the United States, the political system is a(n) __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government.
representative democracy
All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.
require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind
Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through __________, which is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.
research
Anything valued in a society, such as money, property, and education, is called __________.
resource
Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________.
restricting some activities
Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of __________.
retreatism
According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.
retreatism
Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this __________.
ritualism
A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
role
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.
role
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.
role ambiguity
__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
role ambiguity
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.
role conflict
When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
role conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.
role distancing
__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
role exit
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
role performance
Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________.
role strain
Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.
role strain
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.
role-taking
In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that __________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship.
romantic love
The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority.
routinization
William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism.
ruling class
Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.
sacred
Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that is beyond the ordinary.
sacred
The term __________ is used for people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control.
scapegoat
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild coined the term __________ to refer to the work that many employed women perform after they complete their workday on the job.
second shift
Sociology is defined as the __________.
systematic study of human society and social interaction
In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.
secondary analysis
A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________.
secondary deviance
Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________.
secondary group
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
segregation
Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
serial monogamy
Barbara was born female, which refers to her __________; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.
sex; gender
__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
sexism
Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.
significant
Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's __________.
significant others
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________.
significant others
In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces that affect people's lives either positively or negatively.
simple supernaturalism
__________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects.
simple supernaturalism
French sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the term __________ to refer to the patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over every person in society.
social facts
A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.
social group
In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________.
social influence
A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
social institution
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.
social institutions
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.
social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________.
social interaction
Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________.
social learning theory
A kindergartner, nervous because he is about to attend his first day of school, receives advice from his older sister (who is in the sixth grade) about how to act. This is an example of __________.
socialization
Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
socialization
The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________________________.
socialization is essential for normal human development
__________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.
socialized medicine
In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a __________.
socialized medicine system
A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
society
__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
sociobiology
Sociologists often use the term __________ to refer to a classification that reflects a combination of factors such as income, occupation, and education.
socioeconomic status
Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and the Population Connection are examples of __________.
special interest groups
__________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system.
special interest groups
In contemporary societies the government is called the __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory.
state
At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________.
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.
status set
Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.
status symbols
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________.
statuses
Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
stereotypes
Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.
stereotyping
The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________.
stigma
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.
stigmas
According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
strain
__________ occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.
structural assimilation (integration)
__________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.
structural assimilation (integration)
The text argues that __________ are better able to address the problem of juvenile offenders than are military-style boot camps.
structural solutions
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
studied nonobservance
The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.
subjective
In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.
subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time
Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
subordinate group
__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.
subsistence
__________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.
subtle racism
According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and later of the demands of society.
superego
According to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions.
superstructure
A(n) __________ is the method most commonly used to study people's behavior and beliefs.
survey
A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.
symbol
A __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else and includes signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.
symbol
Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the__________ perspective on the family.
symbolic interactionist
From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities.
symbolic interactionist
The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations.
symbolic interactionist
__________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated.
symbolic interactionist
According to the __________ perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.
symbolic interactionist
From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.
symbolic interactionist
Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.
symbolic interactionists
Which type of theorist is most concerned with the influence of group size on the interaction among members?
symbolic interactionists
__________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics.
symbolic interactionists
__________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling.
symbolic interactionists
__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.
symbolic interactionists
__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept.
symbolic interactionists
__________ are the most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept.
symbolic interactions
The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that_________________________.
symbols may have different meanings among different groups of people
During the nineteenth century in the United States, which of the following was not one of the ways a person could become a medical doctor?
taking. medical licensure exams
Which of these is an example of a coalition?
teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages
Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.
technology
__________ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective."
terrorism
According to Lemert, some people engage in __________ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.
tertiary
__________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
the economy
In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________.
the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
One of the primary agents of gender socialization is __________.
the family
In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
the feminization of poverty
The best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________.
the gender pay gap
Social epidemiologists investigate_______________.
the human host
One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is_________________________.
the need for legitimate heirs for private property
Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men except:
the penis
Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
the people working together in the same department
When sexual harassment is reported to teachers, _____________________.
the problem is often ignored
Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.
the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation
The text cites a comprehensive study of gender bias in schools; the study suggests that girls' self-esteem is undermined in school through a number of experiences, including_____________________.
the stereotyping and invisibility of females in science and math texts
According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.
the symbolic interactionist approach
Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women except:
the vagina
A category of religion, __________, refers to a belief in a god or gods.
theism
A __________ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.
theory
Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use.
therapeutic
When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial effect, this is termed __________ use.
therapeutic
One of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification __________.
there is little or no social mobility
Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sick at the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________.
trained incapacity
The term __________ refers to individuals whose appearance, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to their assigned sex and identification by others as male or female.
transgender
Some people may be genetically of one sex but have a gender identity of the other. These people are termed __________, in which the sex-related structure of the brain that defines gender identity is opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.
transgendered
Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________.
transmission of culture
Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?
travel
Almost __________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
two-thirds
In 2014, approximately __________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full time.
two-thirds
According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including the ________________________.
type of subsistence base
The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation.
underclass
In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.
underemployment
Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the _______________.
underground economy
Canada has a(n) __________ system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens.
universal health care
Which of these is not an example of a total institution?
university residence hall
A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.
unprejudiced discriminator
Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.
unprejudiced discriminators
Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
A combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income.
upper-middle
In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations.
upper-upper
In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed __________.
urbanity
We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.
utilitarian
Brenda gives generously to a number of local charities; however, she also strongly believes in the value of hard work and "earning your own keep." Sociologists would characterize Brenda's thinking as a __________.
value contradiction
__________ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.
value contradictions
__________ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.
values
Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?
values and beliefs
__________ provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave; __________ are established rules of behavior or standards for conduct.
values: norms
Lijuan's mother is an architect, and her father is a college professor. Lijuan left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Lijuan no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast-food restaurant, Lijuan resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Lijuan's story illustrates the concept of __________.
vertical mobility
__________ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure.
vertical mobility
__________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and involves force or the threat of force against others.
violent
__________ in the social world is/are gendered.
virtually everything
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization.
voluntary
The term __________ includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies.
wealth
__________ is the value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property.
wealth
Almost 70 years ago, Sutherland coined the term __________ for what is now called occupational crime.
white-collar crime
The median age of an individual committing __________ is typically older than that of those committing other types of crimes.
white-collar crime
The idea of the home as a place of love and emotional support, separate from the stresses of work, emerged __________.
with industrialization
From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate_______________.
with the people who witness or judge the behavior
According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________.
women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities
The term pink-collar refers to_____________________________.
women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation
Marx described workers as alienated for a variety of reasons, including that __________.
workers are alienated from the goods they produce because they use their creativity and labor to produce them but do not own them
Weber called the class consisting of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers the __________.
working class
Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive.
working poor
Working single mothers and their children and African Americans are overrepresented among the __________.
working poor
Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.
young, single, urban males
According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?
Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.
What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes?
They ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype.
Which of these is the best example of the concept of cultural lag?
a lack of clear law governing the rights of all parties involved in artificial insemination and other forms of reproductive technology
The term ethnicity refers to __________.
a person's cultural background or national origin
A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________.
affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace
With regard to African American families,______________________________.
both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self‑confidence, and nurturance of children
Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender?
how gender is embedded in language
In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations.
interlocking corporate directorates
Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________.
is a socially constructed reality
All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________.
it is not essential for individual well-being
A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a(n) _________ leadership style.
laissez-faire
According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States.
licensed medical doctors
In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that_____________________.
male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.
may be more common than most people would like to believe
Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.
more common for women than for men
According to functionalists, religion_____________________.
promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging
Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.
social Darwinism
Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,______________.
tend to express their love through nonverbal actions
A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________.
the capitalist economic system
According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________.
the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources
The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to __________.
the informal activities within a bureaucracy
Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.
the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families
Organized crime thrives primarily because________________________.
there is a great demand for illegal goods and services
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.
unprejudiced nondiscriminatory
In regard to housework, some reports show that_____________________.
when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives