Sociology Final Exam

A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How wouldlabeling theory explain this? a.The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. b.The offender has returned to his old neighborhood and so reestablished his former habits. c.The offender has lost the social bonds he made in prison and feels disconnected from society. d.The offender is poor and responding to the different cultural values that exist in his community.

A

A nation's flag is: a.A symbol b.A value c.A culture d.A folkway

A

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: a.interact b.work in the same industry c.speak different languages d.practice a recognized religion

A

A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops his lecture and asks her torespect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ tomaintain social control. a.Informal negative sanctions b.Informal positive sanctions c.Formal negative sanctions d.Formal positive sanctions

A

A student wakes up late and realizes her sociology exam starts in five minutes. She jumps into her car and speeds downthe road, where she is pulled over by a police officer. The student explains that she is running late, and the officer lets heroff with a warning. The student's actions are an example of _________. a.primary deviance b.positive deviance c.secondary deviance d.master deviance

A

According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? a.A community where neighbors don't know each other very well b.A neighborhood with mostly elderly citizens c.A city with a large minority population d.A college campus with students who are very competitive

A

An example of high culture is ___________, whereas an example of popular culture would be ____________. a.Dostoevsky style in film; "American Idol" winners b.medical marijuana; film noir c.country music; pop music d.political theory; sociological theory

A

How did nearly complete isolation as a child affect Danielle's verbal abilities? a.She could not communicate at all. b.She never learned words, but she did learn signs. c.She could not understand much, but she could use gestures. d.She could understand and use basic language like "yes" and "no."

A

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, thefamilies kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks,Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. Thisis an example of: a.culture shock b.imperialism c.ethnocentrism d.xenocentism

A

The Ku Klux Klan is an example of what part of culture? a.Counterculture b.Subculture c.Multiculturalism d.Afrocentricity

A

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that theeconomic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at anexponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members atOccupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach? a.Symbolic interactionism b.Functionalism c.Conflict theory d.Ethnocentrism

A

The biggest difference between mores and folkways is that a.mores are primarily linked to morality, whereas folkways are primarily linked to being commonplace within aculture b.mores are absolute, whereas folkways are temporary c.mores refer to material culture, whereas folkways refer to nonmaterial culture d.mores refer to nonmaterial culture, whereas folkways refer to material culture

A

The main difference between ethnography and other types of participant observation is: a.ethnography isn't based on hypothesis testing b.ethnography subjects are unaware they're being studied c.ethnographic studies always involve minority ethnic groups d.ethnography focuses on how subjects view themselves in relationship to the community

A

To study the effects of fast food on lifestyle, health, and culture, from which group would a researcher ethically beunable to accept funding? a.A fast-food restaurant b.A nonprofit health organization c.A private hospital d.A governmental agency like Health and Social Services

A

Using secondary data is considered an unobtrusive or ________ research method. a.nonreactive b.nonparticipatory c.nonrestrictive d.nonconfrontive

A

What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldization of society? a.There is less variety of goods. b.There is an increased need for employees with postgraduate degrees. c.There is less competition so prices are higher. d.There are fewer jobs so unemployment increases.

A

What role do secondary groups play in society? a.They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. b.They provide a social network that allows people to compare themselves to others. c.The members give and receive emotional support. d.They allow individuals to challenge their beliefs and prejudices.

A

Which of the following is not an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a.A fire station b.A college classroom c.A high school prom committee d.A homeless shelter

A

Which of the following isnota characteristic of bureaucracies? a.Coercion to join b.Hierarchy of authority c.Explicit rules d.Division of labor

A

Which of the following isnotan age-related transition point when Americans must be socialized to new roles? a.Infancy b.School age c.Adulthood d.Senior citizen

A

Which of these is an example of a total institution? a.Jail b.High school c.Political party d.A gym

A

Which research approach is best suited to the scientific method? a.Questionnaire b.Case study c.Ethnography d.Experiment

A

Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a.Authoritarian b.Democratic c.Laissez-faire d.Expressive

A

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? a.A large survey b.A literature search c.An in-depth interview d.A review of television programs

A

Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? a.Herbert Blumer b.Max Weber c.Lester F. Ward d.W. I. Thomas

A

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward creativity and problem solving? a.Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. b.Wealthy parents are not concerned about their children rebelling against their rules. c.Wealthy parents never engage in repetitive tasks. d.Wealthy parents are more concerned with money than with a good education.

A

Your eighty-three-year-old grandmother has been using a computer for some time now. As a way to keep in touch, youfrequently send emails of a few lines to let her know about your day. She calls after every email to respond point by point,but she has never emailed a response back. This can be viewed as an example of: a.cultural lag b.innovation c.ethnocentricity d.xenophobia

A

According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? a.A war veteran b.A senator c.A professor d.A mechanic

B

According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? a.Because his parents committed similar crimes b.Because his fame protects him from retribution c.Because his fame disconnects him from society d.Because he is challenging socially accepted norms

B

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. a.culture b.imagination c.method d.tool

B

During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sitat the back of the bus. This is an example of ________. a.An act of social control b.An act of deviance c.A social norm d.Criminal mores

B

Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: a.beneficial b.harmful c.illegal d.of no importance

B

Socialization, as a sociological term, describes: a.how people interact during social situations b.how people learn societal norms, beliefs, and values c.a person's internal mental state when in a group setting d.the difference between introverts and extroverts

B

Societies practice social control to maintain ________. a.formal sanctions b.social order c.cultural deviance d.sanction labeling

B

That McDonald's is found in almost every country around the world is an example of: a.globalization b.diffusion c.culture lag d.xenocentrism

B

The major difference between invention and discovery is: a.Invention is based on technology, whereas discovery is usually based on culture b.Discovery involves finding something that already exists, but invention puts things together in a new way c.Invention refers to material culture, whereas discovery can be material or theoretic, like laws of physics d.Invention is typically used to refer to international objects, whereas discovery refers to that which is local toone's culture

B

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by: a.linguistics b.Sapir-Whorf c.Ethnographic imagery d.bilingualism

B

The terms _________________ and ______________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances thatdifferentiate them. a.imperialism and relativism b.culture and society c.society and ethnocentrism d.ethnocentrism and xenocentrism

B

Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. a.primary group; secondary group b.dyad; triad c.couple; family d.de facto group; nuclear family

B

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: a.drugs b.their culture c.their genetic makeup d.the researcher

B

What theoretical perspective views society as having a system of interdependent inherently connected parts? a.Sociobiology b.Functionalism c.Conflict theory d.Ethnocentrism

B

Which best describes the results of a case study? a.It produces more reliable results than other methods because of its depth b.Its results are not generally applicable c.It relies solely on secondary data analysis d. all of the above

B

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? a.Emile Comte b.Karl Marx c.Plato d.Herbert Spencer

B

Which materials are considered secondary data? a.Photos and letters given to you by another person b.Books and articles written by other authors about their studies c.Information that you have gathered and now have included in your results d.Responses from participants whom you both surveyed and interviewed

B

Which of the following is a manifest function of schools? a.Understanding when to speak up and when to be silent b.Learning to read and write c.Following a schedule d.Knowing locker room etiquette

B

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization? a.School b.Family c.Mass media d.Workplace

B

Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? a.Astrology b.Economics c.Physics d.History

B

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? a.Surveys b.Participant observation c.Quantitative data analysis d.None of the above

B

Which statement illustrates value neutrality? a.Obesity in children is obviously a result of parental neglect and, therefore, schools should take a greater role to prevent it b.In 2003, states like Arkansas adopted laws requiring elementary schools to remove soft drink vending machines from schools c.Merely restricting children's access to junk food at school is not enough to prevent obesity d.Physical activity and healthy eating are a fundamental part of a child's education

B

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? a.Emile Durkheim b.Karl Marx c.Erving Goffmann d.George Herbert Mead

B

Why do people join utilitarian organizations? a.Because they feel an affinity with others there b.Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining c.Because they have no choice d.Because they feel pressured to do so

B

.When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing withcompeting ______________. a.primary groups b.out-groups c.reference groups d.secondary groups

C

A measurement is considered ______ if it actually measures what it is intended to measure, according to the topic of the study .a.reliable b.sociological c.valid d.quantitative

C

A sociologist conducts research into the ways that Hispanic American students are historically underprivileged in theU.S. education system. What theoretical approach is the sociologist using? a.Symbolic interactionism b.Functionalism c.Conflict theory d.Ethnocentrism

C

Berger describes sociologists as concerned with :a.monumental moments in people's lives b.common everyday life events c.both a and b d.none of the above

C

Chris Langan's story illustrates that: a.children raised in one-parent households tend to have higher IQs. b.intelligence is more important than socialization. c.socialization can be more important than intelligence. d.neither socialization nor intelligence affects college admissions.

C

Cultural sanctions can also be viewed as ways that society: a.Establishes leaders b.Determines language c.Regulates behavior d.Determines laws

C

Modern-day hipsters are an example of: a.ethnocentricity b.counterculture c.subculture d.high culture

C

One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looksand whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. a.deviance b.formal sanctions c.informal sanctions d.positive sanctions

C

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: a.compare the behavior of individuals from different societies b.compare one society to another c.identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure d.compare individuals to groups

C

Sociological studies test relationships in which change in one ______ causes change in another. a.test subject b.behavior c.variable d.operational definition

C

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is mostcommonly associated with which sociological theory? a.Sociobiology b.Functionalism c.Conflict theory d.Ethnocentrism

C

The belief that one's culture is inferior to another culture is called: a.ethnocentrism b.nationalism c.xenocentrism d.imperialism

C

The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: a.whether individuals like or dislike their society b.whether research methods use statistical data or person-to-person research c.whether sociological studies can predict or improve society d.all of the above

C

The existence of social norms, both formal and informal, is one of the main things that inform ___________, otherwiseknown as a way to encourage social conformity. a.values b.sanctions c.social control d.mores

C

What did Carol Gilligan believe earlier researchers into morality had overlooked? a.The justice perspective b.Sympathetic reactions to moral situations c.The perspective of females d.How social environment affects how morality develops

C

What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? a.The minute functions that every person at the protests plays in the whole b.The internal conflicts that play out within such a diverse and leaderless group c.How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension d.The factions and divisions that form within the movement

C

What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? a.Secondary group b.Formal organization c.Reference group d.Primary group

C

What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? a.There is more variety of goods. b.There is less theft. c.There is more worldwide availability of goods. d.There is more opportunity for businesses.

C

What method did researchers John Mihelich and John Papineau use to study Parrotheads? a.Survey b.Experiment c.Web Ethnography d.Case study

C

What occurs in Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level? a.Children develop the ability to have abstract thoughts. b.Morality is developed by pain and pleasure. c.Children begin to consider what society considers moral and immoral. d.Parental beliefs have no influence on children's morality.

C

What research method did John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly use in theirMiddletownstudy? a.Secondary data b.Survey c.Participant observation d.Experiment

C

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? a.The study of individual behavior b.The study of cultures c.The study of society and social interaction d.The study of economics

C

Which of the following is true regarding U.S. socialization of recent high school graduates? a.They are expected to take a year "off" before college. b.They are required to serve in the military for one year. c.They are expected to enter college, trade school, or the workforce shortly after graduation. d.They are required to move away from their parents.

C

Which one of the following isnota way people are socialized by religion? a.People learn the material culture of their religion. b.Life stages and roles are connected to religious celebration. c.An individual's personal internal experience of a divine being leads to their faith. d.Places of worship provide a space for shared group experiences.

C

Which statement provides the best operational definition of "childhood obesity"? a.Children who eat unhealthy foods and spend too much time watching television and playing video games b.A distressing trend that can lead to health issues including type 2 diabetes and heart disease c.Body weight at least 20 percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height d.The tendency of children today to weigh more than children of earlier generations

C

Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a.The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b.A high school teacher at a reform school c.The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d.A manager at a fast-food restaurant

C

______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant. a.Secondary; does not b.Negative; does c.Primary; does not d.Primary; may or may not

C

.The American flag is a material object that denotes the United States of America; however, there are certainconnotations that many associate with the flag, like bravery and freedom. In this example, what are bravery and freedom? a.Symbols b.Language c.Material culture d.Nonmaterial culture

D

A parent who is worrying over her teenager's dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low self-esteem may wish tolook at her child's: a.reference group b.in-group c.out-group d. all of the above

D

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: a.behaviors b.conflicts c.human organs d.theatrical roles

D

How do schools prepare children to one day enter the workforce? a.With a standardized curriculum b.Through the hidden curriculum c.By socializing them in teamwork d.All of the above

D

In Asch's study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a.A very small group of witnesses b.The presence of an ally c.The ability to keep one's answer private d.All of the above

D

In a study, a group of ten-year-old boys are fed doughnuts every morning for a week and then weighed to see how muchweight they gained. Which factor is the dependent variable? a.The doughnuts b.The boys c.The duration of a week d.The weight gained

D

Most cultures have been found to identify laughter as a sign of humor, joy, or pleasure. Likewise, most culturesrecognize music in some form. Music and laughter are examples of: a.relativism b.ethnocentrism c.xenocentrism d.universalism

D

Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. a.power b.master status c.family values d.wealth

D

Some jobs today advertise in multinational markets and permit telecommuting in lieu of working from a primarylocation. This broadening of the job market and the way that jobs are performed can be attributed to: a.cultural lag b.innovation c.discovery d.globalization

D

Studying sociology helps people analyze data because they learn: a.interview techniques b.to apply statistics c.to generate theories d.all of the above

D

The Harlows' study on rhesus monkeys showed that: a.rhesus monkeys raised by other primate species are poorly socialized b.monkeys can be adequately socialized by imitating humans c.food is more important than social comfort d.social comfort is more important than food

D

What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a.Increased productivity b.Increased efficiency c.Equal treatment for all d.All of the above

D

What is one way to distinguish between psychology and sociology? a.Psychology focuses on the mind, while sociology focuses on society. b.Psychologists are interested in mental health, while sociologists are interested in societal functions. c.Psychologists look inward to understand behavior while sociologists look outward. d.All of the above

D

What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? a.The former two consider long-term repercussions of the group or situation, while the latter focuses on the present. b.The first two are the more common sociological perspective, while the latter is a newer sociological model. c.The first two focus on hierarchical roles within an organization, while the last takes a more holistic view. d.The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects.

D

Which isnotan example of a normative organization? a.A book club b.A church youth group c.A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d.A study hall

D

Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a.Deviance is defined by federal, state, and local laws. b.Deviance's definition is determined by one's religion. c.Deviance occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d.Deviance is socially defined.

D

Which of the following isnotan example of an in-group? a.The Ku Klux Klan b.A fraternity c.A synagogue d.A high school

D

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? a.Structural functionalism b.Conflict theory c.Positivism d.Symbolic interactionism

D

Which person or organization defined the concept of value neutrality? a.Institutional Review Board (IRB) b.Peter Rossi c.American Sociological Association (ASA) d.Max Weber

D

Why do sociologists need to be careful when drawing conclusions from twin studies? a.The results do not apply to singletons. b.The twins were often raised in different ways. c.The twins may turn out to actually be fraternal. d.The sample sizes are often small.

D

Why is choosing a random sample an effective way to select participants? a.Participants do not know they are part of a study b.The researcher has no control over who is in the study c.It is larger than an ordinary sample d.Everyone has the same chance of being part of the study

D

From a sociological perspective, which factor does not greatly influence a person's socialization? a.Gender b.Class c.Blood type d.Race

c