Sociology Final

One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which groups was represented as "Public Enemy Number One?" A. Arabs B. Africans C. Indians D. Eastern Europeans

A. Arabs

According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of US voters during the mid-1960s? A. Civil rights B. Crime C. Gender discrimination D. Immigration

A. Civil rights

Reasons of high immigrant divorce rates

-Have to deal with constant change and adjustment -Family must ben to US law and custom -85% of youth are separated from one/both parents during immigration process -Spousal ties become frayed

Trends in prison population

-1970-2003: Number of prisons grew sevenfold -By 2003, over 7 million people were in criminal justice system -Today prison population is almost 2.3 million (Rate of 1 person per 135 behind bars)

Drug war

-1981-2001: national drug controlled spending grew from $2 billion to over $18 billion -Police officers were dispatched to poor, nonwhite communities to arrest street level dope slingers -Police surveillance and brutality has increased in nonwhite communities -Drive partly by racialization of drug use in US

Explain how blacks and whites may encounter interaction troubles through the concept of front stage and back stage.

-Cross-racial communication -Testing: feeling out members of other racial or ethnic groups to evaluate their level of racial tolerance -Misunderstandings are common (Whites may find blacks rude, ignorant, or prejudiced toward white people and may lead blacks to find whites nosy, invasive, and motivated by racial reasons) -Some whites find nonwhites, especially blacks and Hispanics, loud and confrontational Whites' front stage is the same as their back stage, while people of color need to act differently through their front stage with other people, especially of another race.

Reasons of high black divorce rates

-Disproportionately incarcerated -Disproportionately impoverished -Exhibit greater spousal dissimilarity -Psychological strain of racism

White nationalism

-Have fed off recent influx of Hispanic immigration -Advocate violence -Use internet to recruit and communicate -Believe race relations is "zero-sum game"

Detroit Area Survey

-Majority of blacks said that their ideal neighborhood is 50% black, 50% white -84% of whites said they would not enter a neighborhood 50% black and 50% white -1/4 of whites said that a single black neighbor would make them uncomfortable

Severe sentencing

-Mandatory minimum sentences including nonviolent crime were enforced -3 strikes laws: a life sentence for 3rd offense -Parole limited severely or abolished -Between 1965 and 2001, drug arrests increased fourfold, hitting blacks and Puerto Ricans hard, but between 1979 and 2000, drug use decreased among young adults 10%

Participants of hate groups

-Members from middle class homes -Have steady jobs and good salaries -Groups attempt to attract young men and women

Discuss the characteristics of the trend in prison population since 1980s and explain the reasons of it.

-Prison population grew from 275 per 100,000 citizens in 1983 to 686 per 100,000 in 2001. Reasons: -Law and order politicians -Severe sentencing -Drug war

Law and order politician

-The Republican Party, starting with Barry Goldwater's campaign in 1964, was focused on crime as central issue -"The solution to the crime problem is not the quadrupling of funds for any governmental war on poverty but more convictions." ~ Richard Nixon

Crime in US imagination

-Today, 85% of Americans think we are weak on crime, and 70% think we should spend more money on crime -Media: Between 1990 and 1998, the murder rate fell by 20% but murder stories on network news increased by 600% -Criminalizing darkness: Although young black men are more likely to be victims of murder, the media focuses on white women as victims -After 9/11 people viewed the face of a "terrorist" as an Arab -People (and politicians) assume that immigrants are somewhat or very likely to increase crime

Characteristics of online hate groups

-Use internet as recruiting tools -Attempt to attract young women and men -Numbers are relatively small, despite inflated Internet presence

Reasons for educational inequality

1. Economic inequality 2. Family dynamics 3. Cultural dynamics 4. School dynamics

Reasons of mass incarceration

1. Law and order politician 2. Severe sentencing 3. Drug war

Specify 3 examples of severe sentencing and describe how each can contribute to increase prison population.

1. Mandatory minimum sentences including nonviolent crime were enforced. 2. Three-strikes laws: a life sentence for the third offense 3. Parole limited severely or abolished

Interpret the tables of online dating responses by Lin and Lundquist and explain how race is related to romantic preferences.

??

According to the textbook, what is one political consequence of being imprisoned? A. In many states, felons lose the right to vote B. People with criminal records are eliminate from job applicant pools C. Incarcerated parents miss out on key events of their children's lives D. Felons are more likely to vote than nonfelons

A. In many states, felons lose the right to vote

What is an incorrect statement regarding recruitment by extremist group web sites in the article? A. Older generation is the main target because they are likely to agree with them B. College students are primed with values of freedom of speech, thus they view hate speech less harmful C. Their use of Internet is an effective tool to recur college students in that they tended to claim to support the groups if the students were exposed to the web sites D. People who feel lonely or upset are the target of hate groups

A. Older generation is the main target because they are likely to agree with them

What is one way that racism is embedded in the structure of schools, as described in the textbook? A. Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes B. White students are more likely than other students to be busy with after-school activities C. Schools spend the most money on the wealthiest students D. Some parents are more likely to volunteer in the school than others

A. Students are tracked such that whites and Asians have disproportionate access to the most intellectually stimulating classes

White of the following were findings of the Detroit Area Survey? A. The majority of black respondents said that their ideal neighborhood was 50% black and 50% white, while 84% of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood. B. The majority of black respondents said that their ideal neighborhood was 75% black and 25% white, and white respondents preferred a neighborhood that was 50% white and 50% black C. The majority of white respondents said that their ideal neighborhood was one with 50% black and 50% white residents, and a majority of black respondents said that they would not feel comfortable entering such a neighborhood. D. The majority of black respondents would move away from a neighborhood that was 50% white and 50% black, while whites would prefer to move to this type of neighborhood.

A. The majority of black respondents said that their ideal neighborhood was 50% black and 50% white, while 84% of white respondents said they would not enter such a neighborhood.

What does Massey's spatial assimilation thesis say about ethnic enclaves? A. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living B. They are sought out by new and old immigrants to create a self-segregated community in the US, celebrating the same holidays, eating the same food, and speaking their native language. C. Immigrants are forced into ethnic enclaves due to a lack of affordable housing opportunities, and these enclaves prevent new immigrants from ever getting ahead and moving out. D. Immigrants self-select into enclaves and exhibit no interest in leaving these underprivileged neighborhoods because the enclaves feel lie their native county.

A. They are used by new immigrants to get economically established and improve their English skills before moving to a place with a higher standard of living

When people examine the overlap of their own intersecting identities, they may be likely to overlook the impact of their privileged identities, as described in which of the following examples? A. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position B. a working class Russian Jewish immigrant who minimizes the role of his religion C. an upper middle class black executive who minimizes the role of his race D. a middle class white suburban housewife who minimizes the role gender plays in her day to day interactions with her spouse

A. an upper-middle-class black woman who minimizes the role of her economic position

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door". Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her__________self. A. front stage B. misrepresented C. back stage D. center stage

A. front stage

Research shows that students of color are about 10% more likely to experience what in college classrooms compared to their white peers? A. harassment and feelings of being unwelcome B. Differential treatment and inflated grades C. Anxiety about future employment D. Harassment but achievement of more positions of leadership

A. harassment and feelings of being unwelcome

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couple show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that: A. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility B. the pattern of behaviors among black men across society makes them less adaptable causing incompatibilities with most spouses, regardless of race C. the adage "opposites attract" creates a sense of adventure for some couples that disappears over time, and black couples are more likely to marry earlier, before that sense of adventure ends D. blacks have similar understandings of gender role expectations within the relationship but diverging understanding of how couples express love

A. the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility

Most people arrested in the US are of what racial-ethnic background? A. white B. black C. Asian D. Hispanic

A. white

Define the meaning of the model minority and explain the consequences of it in both positive and negative aspects.

Americans of Chinese, Indian, and Korean descent are advantaged in the educational realm. Americans of Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Pacific Island descent are disadvantaged in the educational realm. The stereotype of the model minority allows racial attributes to take precedence over personhood. The model minority stereotype is marshaled to oppress and humiliate other nonwhite groups.

Some conservative politicians reacted to the Boston Marathon bombings by calling for a freeze on immigration reform. Which belief does their behavior reinforce? A. Men are more likely to be terrorists than women B. Immigrants makes the country less safe C. Immigrants who come to America legally are not a threat D. Immigrants are a threat to American jobs

B. Immigrants makes the country less safe

Which one is not a correct description of the hate web sites? A. Some sites have kids' pages B. Many of them mentioned political issues C. They claimed to stand for equal opportunity for all D. Many sites contained language condemning violence

B. Many of them mentioned political issues

Which one is not an example of the source the author compiled? A. HateWatch B. The King Center C. Yahoo's categories of white Pride and Racialism D. The Simon Wiesenthal Center's guide

B. The King Center

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming into the US. For example, the US, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that: A. Social service agencies are typically receptive to the culture of immigrant families B. The definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families C. Immigrants to the US are mostly the same and can anticipate what changes to expect for their families, in advance of migrating D. The process of immigration, though stressful, does little to change the structure of families

B. The definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families

What is not a reason the authors used two independent raters? A. To see the changes of web sites B. To make consistent agreements to web sites C. To examine the complexity of web sites D. To supervise each rater's laziness

D. To supervise each rater's laziness

Which of the following did Edward Morris find in his ethnography of white students in a majority black school in Texas? A. The white students were adamant about distinguishing themselves from their black peers B. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy C. Though some white students tried to pass as nonwhite, it was still relatively easy for Morris to identify them as white D. When white students symbolically identified and attempted to pass as nonwhite, they also lost their white privilege in interactions with teachers

B. The white students used the term "white" to insult one another for personality traits such as being nerdy

Andi, a 23 yr old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating? A. African Americans are generally more accepting of interracial dating than whites are B. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are C. Women tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than men are D. People are less accepting of interracial dating now than they were in the 1990s

B. Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites--African Americans in particular? A. slavery and marriage B. the lynch mob and prison C. voting and indentured servitude D. Schooling and the military

B. the lynch mob and prison

Which of the following statements is true? A. In US cities, the typical white person lives in a neighborhood that is 45% white B. Hispanics are twice as likely as blacks and Asians to be isolated from other racial groups C. African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hyper segregation D. The segregation levels of Asian ethnic groups vary by skin tone

C. African Americans in many metropolitan areas live in a condition of hyper segregation

What was the primary objective of cultural reeducation of American Indians? A. education them on the cultural practices of their ancestors B. Expose them to a variety of social norms and values C. Force them to assimilate into Ange-American society and culture D. Provide them space to explore their own needs and desires

C. Force them to assimilate into Ange-American society and culture

Which one is a false statement? A. The most common category was "Other" B. the most common category included non-white supremacist groups C. Groups of the second most common category argues white nationalism and unity D. Skinhead sites were likely to contain external links

C. Groups of the second most common category argues white nationalism and unity

According to the figure, "Lifetime Likelihood of Imprisonment", which group has a higher chance of imprisonment than white men? A. Latina women B. black women C. Latino men D. white men

C. Latino men

Interaction Distinction

Distinction between stages tends to be much wider for people of color than for whites. Because white people belong to dominant racial category, they need not be reflexive to get ahead.

Child psychologists Hart and Risley examined speech patterns across families of different social class backgrounds. Which of the following best describes their findings? A. Poor children are more likely to be spoken to in high pitches B. Middle class children are more likely to receive explicit instructions C. Middle class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children D. Poor children hear more praise than middle class children but are less likely to have as many words spoken in their homes

C. Middle class children receive more praise and hear more utterances than poor children

According to the authors, extremist groups might use the Internet for a variety of purposes. Which one is not an example of them? A. To communicate with current members B. To recruit new members C. To prove their violence D. To sell merchandise such as clothing, jewelry, or patches

C. To prove their violence

When sociologist Heather Dalmage, a white woman married to a black man, writes that "I no longer take white privilege for granted" because of her experiences, she is specifically referencing: A. how her husband has been able to access "white privilege" since their marriage B. how her social network and friends stigmatize her relationship C. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism D. her own prejudices about social life

C. her experience of being victimized by interpersonal and institutional racism

In 2009, Bernie Madoff, a former Wall Street broker, committed an elaborate Ponzi scheme and was found guilt of making fraudulent investments totaling over $60 billion. What is this type of crime called? A. backdoor crime B. cyber crime C. white-collar crime D. Green eyeshade crime

C. white-collar crime

Education inequality

Compared to whites and Asians, blacks are more likely, and hispanics and Native Americans are much more likely to drop out of high school. College graduation rates are up across the board, but this has widened educational disparities. Between 1990 and 2013, white-black college graduation gap increased from 13% to 20%, and the white-Hispanic graduation gap increased from 18% to 25%.

Role of family in educational inequality

Cultural and social capital

Between 1925 and 1975, the prison population remained the same, fluctuating between 100,000 and 200,000 prisoners. By 2000, the prison population reached what number? A. 400,000 B. 770,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,400,000

D. 1,400,000

In many US classroom settings, students of color are often dubbed the "experts" on race through what practice? A. allowing students of color to speak for themselves B. Tracking students of color into ethnic studies majors C. Inflating grades of students of color D. Asking students of color to speak for an entire population

D. Asking students of color to speak for an entire population

Which one is not an example of "the unregulated nature of the Internet in the US"? A. Rare prosecutions of spreading hate on the Internet B. Al Queda's usage of web sites run from locations such as San Diego C. Canadian Holocaust denier's web site server in New York D. Communications Decency Act of 1996 struck down as constitutional

D. Communications Decency Act of 1996 struck down as constitutional

Which best summarized educational current competition rates by race? A. High school completion rates are down for all racial groups, but college completion rates have increased for all racial groups B. College completion rates are down for all racial groups, but high school completion rates have increased for all racial groups C. Completion rates for both high school and college have stagnated for all racial groups D. Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups

D. Completion rates for both high school and college have increased for all racial groups

Data from a study of contemporary Internet (online) dating showed that the group of women most likely to exclude men from their own racial category as potential mates was: A. Heterosexual black women B. Heterosexual white women C. Heterosexual Latina women D. Heterosexual Asian women

D. Heterosexual Asian women

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites? A. Black men and women marry at much younger ages than men and women of any other ethnic group B. Black women have greater participation in the workforce than women of other ethnic groups C. Divorce is stigmatized in the white community more than it is in the black community D. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time

D. High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time

Causes of residential segregation.

Economic factors -Class based inequalities -However, blacks make over $50,000 are just as segregated as those making minimum wage. Personal choice -In a survey, people claim that residents of different races choose to live in communities of their own race (However, this is not shown in Detroit Area Survey)

Immigrant enclave

Ethnic neighborhoods of newly arrived immigrants with less economic assets and less experience in new culture, transitional neighborhood

Ethnic community

Ethnic neighborhoods that are selected as living environments by those who have wider options based on their market resources

TRUE/FALSE: Extremists tend to focus on actual (offline) activities such as membership meetings, concerts, and other events, thus their use of Internet is not sizable

False

Reasons of high marriage rates of Hispanic men and low marriage rates of African American men

Hispanics: -14% more likely to marry than whites and 30% more likely to marry than blacks -Culture places heavy emphasis on marriage and children: familism -Hispanic men are employed at higher rates than black; stable employment makes them more desirable as partners Blacks: -In poor communities, black women outnumber black men -Marriage pool diminished by America's prison boom -Women don't want to marry men who have been in prison/unemployed -Black men prefer to marry nonblack, especially white, women

Design of immigrant enclave/ethnic community

Immigrant enclave: City--> Ethnic group neighborhood Suburb--> Nongroup neighborhood Ethnic community: City and suburb--> Ethnic group neighborhood

How can communication styles of blacks and whites cause misunderstandings, frustrations, and hostilities between groups? Use specific examples.

Many nonwhites have to think about their behavior and most whites do not, and this leads to misunderstanding. For example, when a white person greets someone else, they might as personal equations about where they are from or what they do, while blacks discuss the "here and now" when greeting others. They often don't ask for information directly, while whites do such as asking when someone graduated rather than asking how old they are. Whites usually find their greetings to be friendly while blacks find it intrusive and prodding. Oppositely, whites might find a black person's greeting as off putting and cold while blacks see it as respectful. This leads to generalizations such as "black people are rude". Another miscommunication is seen in the workplace, where blacks will just say no to a task, while a white would say yes but complain later. This leads blacks to find whites as fake and dishonest while whites view blacks as lazy and hard to handle.

Interracial marriage

Marriage between those of two different races. In 16 states, interracial marriage was illegal as recently as 1967. Laws against interracial marriage were ruled unconstitutional in Loving vs. Virginia.

Explain why mass incarceration happened after 1980s. Indicate 3 reasons and give detailed explanation for each reason.

Mass incaracaation happed as crime began to be punished more severely. Arrest rates climbed rapidly and sentences become more severe. The chances a suspect would be arrested for a violent crime doubled. Also, between, 1965 and 2001, drug arrests quadrupled. Another reason was that parole was limited or abolished and mandatory minimum sentences were enforces. Another reason was the creation fo the 3 strikes laws, which intensifies punishment for repeated offenses, which a life sentence for those on their 3rd strike.

Residential segregation

Most US neighborhoods, especially in midwest and eastern cities are segregated along color line.

How nonwhite students experience whiteness

Nonwhite students often feel isolated and unwelcome on campus and in dorms. They sometimes receive differential treatment and may be given lower marks by instructors. They are also confronted by racist jokes, remarks, Halloween costumes, and school mascots.

Explain how the immigrant enclave model and the ethnic community model can be applied in the tables of the article by Logan, Zhang, and Alba.

Table 1a shows that ethnic neighborhoods hold group concentrations that are much higher than that group's average representation in the area. This consequently shows apparent groups of people based on ethnicity. The immigrant enclave model and ethnic community model are based on the idea that ethnic enclaves are transitional neighborhoods in which immigrants live in as they become established. Table 1a summarizes location, number, and ethnic composition and categorize census tracts within the ethnic neighborhoods. For example, 62.9% of Dominicans live in ethnic neighborhoods and 48.4% of Chinese do as well, illustrating ethnic enclaves.

Social capital

The sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people

Cultural capital

The sum total of one's knowledge of established cultural activities and practices. An abundance of cultural capital encourages academic success. Leads to understanding hidden curriculum: unspoken values, dispositions, social and behavioral expectations.

Describe whiteness on college campuses through specific examples that nonwhite students may experience.

They may feel isolated and unwelcome on campus or in their dorm room. They may receive differential treatment and may receive lower marks by instructors. They may also be confronted by racist jokes, remarks, Halloween costumes, and school mascots.

TRUE/FALSE: There is ample literature on hate crimes an hate groups, but relatively little scholarly work has focused on the contents and uses of extremist web sites

True

What are the stereotypes about people who join hate groups? What did sociologist Kathleen Blee, who studies hate group joiners, find in her work about the members of these groups?

Typically, when one envisions a member of a hate group they envision a poor, uneducated white individual from rural America. In a study of women involved in hate groups, Blee discovered that most people were neither poor nor uneducated. Most possessed college degrees, came from middle class homes and held steady jobs working as nurses, teachers, and engineers. Oftentimes educated and affluent individuals are a part of these hate groups.

Back Stage

Where we can relax and not have to impress others

Front Stage

Where we try to impress an impression on others