Sociology: Health & Illness
Today, women outlive men by how many years?
5
In 2006, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ____ years.
78
The World Health Organization defines health as:
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
What causes the prevalence of STDs to soar around the globe?
All of the above
Which of the following demonstrates the sociological implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
All of the above
Which of the following trends is most likely to strain health care delivery systems and public health insurance in future years?
All of the above
Suicide is a major health concern for which minority group?
American Indians/Alaskan Natives
For all causes of death, ____ have the lowest death rates.
Asians/Pacific Islanders
In 2008, a nationwide study of mortality in the United States revealed that life expectancy for part of the nation's women had ____ significantly between 1983...
Decreased
In the United States, heart disease has ___ over the past 30 years.
Decreased
In developing his concept of the sick role, Parsons linked his ideas to which two classical theorists?
Durkheim and Weber
Which component of social class is consistently the strongest single predictor of good health?
Education
Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases?
Globalization of trade and travel, Global warming and climate change
The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:
Health problems of social aggregates
What is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths?
Heart disease
_____ is the leading cause of death for women after age 66.
Heart disease
What minority group is most likely to use hospital emergency rooms as their primary source of medical services?
Hispanics
Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the second half of the nineteenth century was mainly due to:
Improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation
New research is showing that the relationship between occupation, income, education, and health changes over the life course, with _______ becoming more important as a person moves toward older age.
Income
According to Richard Wilkinson, which is the most important variable influencing a country's overall level f health?
Income inequality within a country
In quantitative studies, what variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?
Income, occupational prestige, and education
Since AIDS results from a private act that has extreme social consequences, serious moral and legal questions also arise about the rights of ____ versus the welfare of ____.
Individuals, society
____ has special significance for a society because it is traditionally used as an approximate indicator of a society's standard of living and quality of health care delivery.
Infant Mortality Rate
Medical sociology is an important area of study because:
It recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health
Whose investigations into cholera outbreaks established the foundation of modern epidemiology?
John Snow
_______ has been found to make women particularly vulnerable to psychological distress.
Lack of control
As a nation shifts from primarily rural-agricultural to urban-industrial, what changes are seen in the health profile of the nation?
Leading causes of death change from mostly infectious diseases to chronic diseases
Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are ___ and ____.
Long term, incurable
What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?
Medicare
For all causes of death, _____ have the highest death rates.
Non-Hispanic blacks
Several studies in Britain, with its universal care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____ the disparity in health between social class.
Not reduced
There are two categories of bioterrorism:
Overt and covert
A major factor causing the infant mortality difference between blacks and whites is:
Poverty
Which circumstance(s) particularly affected the development of medical sociology in its early stages?
Pressure to produce work that could be applied to medical practice and health policy. Lack of attention on the role of medicine and health from classical theorists.
The Whitehall studies conducted in Britain demonstrated that regardless of cause of death, which group had the lowest rates of mortality?
Senior administrators
One of the greatest threats from infectious diseases worldwide comes from:
Sexually transmitted diseases
A social class is a category or group of people who:
Share similar levels of wealth, status, and power
Talcott Parsons' book The Social System contained which concept important for medical sociology?
Sick role
Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person's health and life expectancy is
Social class
The finding that even the upper middle class lives shorter than the uppermost class, and that every class lives longer than the one directly below it is evident of what?
Social gradient in mortality
Compared to women, men usually have substantial health inferiority in terms of life expectancy because of the combination of two major effects: biological and ___
Social-phychological
People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination, which can isolate them socially. This social outcome is:
Stigma
Which of the following is TRUE about incidence and prevalence?
The incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high
What is the "fertility rate"?
The number of births per women of childbearing age
The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is:
Through sex-safe education
A ratio, such as the crude mortality rate, is expressed as
Total number of cases divided by the total population
In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?
Tuskegee
Neighborhood disadvantage focuses on:
Unhealthy urban living conditions
Which is not a major bioethical issue?
Use of adult stem cells
What has been the general pattern in life expectancy during the 20th century with respect to men and women?
Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men have made greater gains and the gap is narrowing