Sociology: October 16th - December 1st, Sociology: October 16th - December 1st, Soc: Oct. 23-27, Soc: October 30- November 3, November 6-10, November 13 - 17, November 27 - December 1
biological determinism
a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world.
essentialism
a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones.
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records deter potential employers illustrates the consequences of
stigma
Devah Pagers research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of
stigma
INCLASS War on poverty
LBJ 1964 eliminate and prevent poverty in the US it was 19% at the time years proceeding it was 22% and for blacks it was 56% Involved expansions to social security benefits, funded by increase in payroll tax caps/rates food stamps act Economic opportunity act job corps Federal work study programs head start preschool program Elementary and secondary education act subsidizes low income school districts
Reasons why residential segregation is such a serious social problem:
Reasons: It fosters a culture of segregation. It is hard to change or prevent. It leads to other forms of segregation. NonReasons: There is no remedy for laws mandating residential segregation. Segregated neighborhoods encourage a sense that segregation is the normal state of things. Segregated communities lead to segregated schools and segregated workplaces
mechanical or segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on sameness
Goffman
applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions theorized about how institutions like prisons often become breeding grounds for secondary deviance because no barriers exist between the usual spheres of life.
status-attainment model
approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations
ritualist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
institutional racism
institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups.
one of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons
primary deviance
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you
punitive sanction
to enact vengeance on the wrongdoer discourage the wrongdoer from repeating his action and to discourage others from imitating him. administered through collective, public action.
INCLASS Sutherlands differential association theory
we learn deviance through our associations with others... -stresses the importance of associations with: PRIMARY GROUPS *Frequency *Intensity (intensity of tie to mom and dad is GREATER than tie to grandma) *Duration *Priority
What is the single largest ethnic group in the United States today?
German Americans: During the two wars with Germany, many German Americans changed their names to be less German sounding.
example of either income or wealth
Income: social security checks a retired workers pensions Wealth: stocks and bonds money in a 401k account equity in an owner-occupied home
Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the earths population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist?
Thomas Malthus
INCLASS Beckers lableing theory
We become deviant through a process that starts with a behavior being labeled deviant
Rehabilitative sanctions
described as therapeutic to transform the wrongdoer into a productive member of society
Sexuality
desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior.
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He under-performs in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that hes just not "book smart". this an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling theory
The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids, and dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this nuclear family model, we can clearly see the structure of
-"doing gender" -marxist theory -postmodern theory -sex role theory***
someone who is new to town and doesn't know anyone, and who is deeply religious and follows strict rules regarding morality
-Someone who is new to town and does not know other people in the area would not be well integrated into the community, but a strict religious code means they have high levels of social control -
someone who is new to town and doesn't know anyone, and who is deeply religious and follows strict rules regarding morality
-Someone who is new to town and does not know other people in the area would not be well integrated into the community, but a strict religious code means they have high levels of social control -high social regulation -low social integration
Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. But for man black feminists, Friedans book ignored thousands of working women by suggesting that
-all women experience oppression in the same way*** -men benefit from regulating women to the domestic sphere -gender influences daily life -gender is constructed
What is feminist Philosopher Elizabeth Grosz's model for the relationship between sex and gender?
-base and superstructure -Mobius strip**** -conductor and orchestra -character and performer
A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim American on Campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this?
-code switiching -collective resistance*** -straight-line assimilation -withdrawal
Between 1924 and 1979, the state of virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit". This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of
-eugenics***** -environmentalism -nativism -social darwinism
your good friend Emma comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the womens bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in "men need to use their own bathroom. Theres a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!"
-feminism -biological determinism*** -the nature versus nurture argument -the one-sex model
Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"
-in general, Asian Americans have not tried to hold on to their ethnic identities and have instead adopted white culture -Asian immigration has mostly brought highly educated and highly skilled people to the united states -compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States**** -Asian Americans have experienced very little discrimination because they have adapted so well to white norms
Feminists argue that gender matters because
-it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women -it structures social relations between people***** -there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited -it is the basis of sex role theory
According to sociologist Jennifer Pierces research on gender disparities in the legal field, trial lawyers perform masculine emotional labor, using aggression, intimidation, and manipulation, behavior which is often deemed inappropriate when enacted by female litigators. What social fact does this help is understand?
-lack of women judges -the tendency of female litigators to use a "motherly" approach to win cases -the discrepancy between women's representation among law school and their representation among partners at law firms***** -the wage gap between male and female trial lawyers
Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and childeren were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at
-linguistic purity -educational party -ethnic cleansing -forced assimilation***
in her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they do, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). In contrast, dating has a very different meaning than hooking up, with the expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is
-monogamous*** -a guarantee of marriage -only done after college -not done for pleasure
Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as Adam Ferguson and John Millar, believed that private property was a beneficial institution. What was their reasoning?
-people are more productive when they are able to keep what they produce Control over the food one grows, or the goods one manufactures, is a personal incentive to be more productive. When everyone is more productive, everyone benefits.
Which of the following was NOT discussed in this chapter as an arena in which the gender dichotomy is being destabilized on college campuses?
-personal pronouns -study abroad offices -residence halls*** -sports
Foucault's views on the history of social control methods. Contrasts between premodern and modern penal practices
-premodern practice targets the body VS. modern practice targets the soul -where premodern practice is punitive VS. modern practice is reformative -premodern practice is about spectacle VS. modern practice is about surveillance.
In some urban neighborhoods, buying food staples requires a lengthy journey to another (more white) part of the city. "Food Deserts" are a significant problem for people whose resources are limited. Based on the text, a food desert is a possible marker of
-segregation -apartheid -pluralism***** -racialization
INCLASS Hegels dialetic
-social relations are based on master-slave model -interdependent/exchange relationship
The brief review of Peggy Mcintoshs essay on white privilege lists just a few of the 50 privileges that Mcintosh identified in her original work, which included not being asked to represent your entire race and being able to match bandage colors to your skin tone. Which of the following could also be considered white privilege?
-socializing sons how to interact with police to avoid fatal confrontations -offers of scholarships based on affirmative -being able to choose any seat you wish on public transportation **** -Having to worry about how to pay for college
In her interview with Dalton Conley , Jen'nan read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim". Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab American were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since, then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively radicalized because
-the census has determined that all Arab Americans are Muslim -Of the interest in identifying members of the same ethnic group**** -Of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim" -right-wing nativists have enacted laws that identify Arab Americans as Muslim
The Nazi regimes belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from
-the concept of rationalization -concerns about racial passing -the science of phrenology -the notion of social Darwinsim****
The classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type by the American Psychiatric Association and the American Physiological Association, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex, both reflect Michel Foucaults assertion that
-the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. -homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical professions interests in asserting their power**** -society has a need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior -change in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance"
Social welfare programs and "perverse incentives"
-the idea that the welfare system has failed to promote self sufficiency -it discourages work -1996 welfare act added a work requirement -the welfare system encourages negative social patters -having children out if wedlock substance abuse long term unemployment
Numerous methods have been devised to ensure that peoples racial categorization was clear. The "one-drop" rule was a particular U.S. method, which arose from miscegenation laws forbidding interracial marriage. The fundamental flaw with the "one-drop" rule is that
-the one-drop rule required blood testing verification of race on birth certificates, which were later used to reinforce anti-miscegenation laws -the one-drop rule was not as accurate a determination as other tests -enforcement of the one-drop rule meant that, if found out, the individuals would need to get a divorce -the one-drop rule depended on a nonexistent ability or test to detect, biologically, the presence of African heritage*******
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance Place events of the Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo, 1971) in chronological order
1. Volunteers were assigned roles as guards or prisoners and given corresponding uniforms and duties 2. a day passed without incident 3. the prisoners staged a revolt that lasted several days 4. guards subjected prisoners to various forms of humiliation and abuse 5. the experiment was ended after less than half its planned duration
A sequence of events, starting around 1700, led to today's highly globalized economy and unequal global wealth distribution. Place the events in chronological order.
1. virtually the entire world lives at a subsistence (at the start, everyone is equally miserable) 2. in Europe, technological advances in farming lead to dramatically increased food production 3. factory production replaces European cottage industries 4. western colonialism at its peak transfers wealth from the colonies to Europe 5.Post-independence, former colonies of Europe struggle economically
AGNU theory of general strain cognitive behavioral emotional
>>Experience strain: -not achieving a goal -something good taken away -something negative present >>Negative Affective State: -Fear -Jealousy -Anxiety -Despair >>Antisocial Behavior argued we exercised rational choice
applications of the broken windows theory of social deviance
Application: graffiti-proofing walls with a wash-off coating a crackdown on petty crime, like drinking in public Not Application: long mandatory prison terms for violent felonies additional community centers with activities for at-risk youth
Identify the variables in a parent population that best predict children's educational outcomes.
Best variables: parents wealth parents level of education other variables: parents occupation parents income
The chapter concluded with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. a close look at current prison population in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are
Black
This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are
Black
Adding Erik Olin Wright's concept of contradictory class locations to the Marxist concept of capitalists VERSUS the proletariat, label the workers according to their positions in a class-based economy.
CAPITALIST: the owner of a large franchised restaurant CONTRADICTORY: A freelance graphic artist PROLETARIAT: a salaried paralegal assistant at a law firm CONTRADICTORY: the head of printing press operation at a major newspaper
primordialism
Clifford Geertz's term to explain the strength of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture.
Identify the factors that have contributed to the preservation of the Indian caste system.
Contributing Factors: --endogamy(When people from the same caste marry, there is no uncertainty about which caste the children will belong to.) --Social Closure (When caste membership is assigned at birth and not alterable, that preserves clarity about which caste each person belongs to.) Not Contributing Factors: --Exogamy (Marriage that crosses caste lines tends to erode the system. Exogamy is increasingly common in India.) --Individual Mobility (Until recently there was little to no individual mobility in the caste ranks; individual mobility erodes the caste system rather than preserves it.)
Identify the factors that contributed to the decline and near-disintegration of Native American cultures in North America, following the arrival of European explorers in the late fifteenth century
Contributing: Forced assimilation disease military technology forced relocation Not contributing: Slavery
Correct and incorrect statements about race
Correct: Racial is a social construct Race is about bloodniess Incorrect: Race is not real Race is by definition always about difference in physical appearence Race is like the sex/gender system: it is a scheme for attaching social meaning, often arbitrary, to physical facts about a person's birth origins.
what can be said about Durkheim's views on modern versus premodern punishment?
Death Penalty has more staying power than Durkheim would have expected. Furthermore, In the United States, at least, the death penalty shows no sign of disappearing. Although banned for a time, it was reinstituted in 1976. After a surge in the two-and-a-half decades that followed, the rate of executions has leveled off at roughly 40 to 50 per year.
Identify the examples of types of inequality that must be eliminated to achieve social equality, according to Rousseau.
Examples: Inequality based on wealth (Inequalities of wealth are closely related to the existence of private property.) Inequality based on social status (Differences in social status lead to different levels of privilege.) Not Examples: inequality based on physical health (Differences in people's levels of health are a source of natural, not social, inequality.) inequality based on character (Rousseau does not propose to eliminate absolutely all inequality. Differences in the "qualities of the mind or of the soul" are innate.)
according to Conley: examples of how the deviant member of a society ends up contributing to the strengthening of the social fabric
Examples: The other members of the group join together in order to punish and/or rehabilitate the offender. The deviant member publicly reminds everyone of the line between what is acceptable and what is not. Not Examples: By challenging the established order, the deviant member stimulates others to think creatively and to break out of settled routines. *(Creative thinking and routine-breaking may be good things in their way. But a strong social fabric depends mainly on predictability and adherence to conventions.)
Symbolic ethnicity today is a matter of choice for white middle-class Americans, but not for black middle-class Americans. Identify the factors behind this difference
Factors: For a black person, in the eyes of society, skin color is a defining characteristic. For a white person, in the eyes of society, skin color is not a defining characteristic. A black person cannot choose to be considered either white or black. A white person can choose to be considered (for instance) Irish or German. A black person cannot choose to be considered (for instance) Kenyan or Nigerian. Nonfactors: A white person can choose to be considered either white or black.
Factors that are sometimes included in the definition of class.
Factors: Occupation Education Income Wealth Not Factors: Region Race
Factors that make someone socially deviant, according to merton
Factors: not recognizing or not accepting socially approved goals failure to recognize and accept socially approved means of achieving one's goals Not Factors: having unusual or atypical beliefs about how society should operate being either much less or much more successful at achieving one's goals than the average person (Ex. Working at a steady job to earn money would be an example of a socially approved means.)
Most Native Americans in the United States live on reservations.
False: only about one in five live on reservations
distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance
Features: a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people a focus on individual psychology rather than the social dynamics of large populations Not Features: a search for the functional importance of a person's behavior in relation to the rest of the social group
INCLASS Conceptual Frameworks: Way of thinking about social inequality
Fergusen, millar, and malthus on inequality: how do that differ from rousseau? -private property is a good thing -so is inequality -it is the result of surplus-people can transform surplus into assets (wealth)...this signifies -this gives us incentives to work-and to work hard -cycle of misery
Identify each behavioral sanction as either formal or informal
Formal: -A police officer directs traffic near the venue of a major sporting event. -A parent explains to a child that the law requires kids to go to school. Informal: -A paramedic shouts at a patient to slow down in the hospital parking lot. -An adult scowls and shakes her head at a child, not hers, playing roughly in a store aisle with toys pulled off the shelves.
The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience?
Foucalt's panopticon
Given this event, identify the functions of social sanctions, according to Durkheim: 1944, a mob marches two French women accused of collaborating with the Nazis through the streets of Paris.
Functions: Social sanctions bring people together as they act to deal with offenders. Social sanctions reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Not Functions: The aim of social sanctions is to decide who is part of a society and who does not belong. Social sanctions are by nature informal, and unpredictable and dangerous in their consequences.
INCLASS how do the non-underserving poor benefit from the underserving poor?
Gans looks at the consequences of poverty. He suggest that the behaviors that lead to the label "underserving" are caused by poverty, result in stigma and are deeply entrenched in stereotypes -MICRO-SOCIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS -risk reduction -Scapegoating and displacement -ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS -economic banishment and the reserve army of labor -supplying illegal goods -job creation NORMATIVE FUNCTIONS -moral legitimation -norm reinforcement -supplying cutural villians -POLITICAL FUNCTIONS -institional scapegotaing -conservative power shiting -spatial purification -MACROSOCIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS -reporduction of stigma and the stigmatized -Extermination of the surplus
What is the observed effect of race-based affirmative action?
Increased stratification within racial groups: Within minority-race groups, race-based affirmative action has been most beneficial to those who already enjoyed advantages of wealth and opportunity.
Match each form of social stratification to the nature of its basis
Individual merit: elite-mass dichotomy social prestige: status hierarchy system law and politics: estate system economics: class system religion: caste system
What, according to Rios, is the effect of having police officers on duty in schools and community centers?
It increases the number of kids that become criminals Police in schools increase the opportunity for students to run afoul of law enforcement at a young age.
Identify the factors that are necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs.
Necessary Factor(s): -free contraception and other health services -girls education Unnecessary Factors: -improved methods of agriculture -elimination of the patriarchal elements in a culture
A psychology experiment (Rosenhan, 1973) applied labeling theory to the diagnosis of schizophrenia in a psychiatric setting. Identify the results of this experiment.
Normal behavior and personal history were often interpreted as confirming the original diagnosis.
social theorists to the ideas they espoused
Park and Gordon: posited four stages; Park expanded the list to seven, a model in which immigrant groups go through a multistep process that ends with full assimilation Glazer and Moynihan: was an unusual figure: a career politician and at the same time a productive scholar, an understanding of ethnicity as a fluid and circumstantial construct, used for social leverage as needed Isaacs and Geertz: This understanding of ethnicity is called primordialism.,the observation that ethnicity is fixed and remains part of the thinking of even well-assimilated groups
According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely in order to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior
INCLASS Culture of Poverty
Poor people adopt a way of life that differs from mainstream middleclass society in order to adapt/survive. These practices are self defeating and perpetuate poverty intergeneratinally -multi family /multi generational household -Fictive kin and community others mothers -serial relationship (as opposed to marriage) -underground economic activity (illegal work) -sharing of community resources (poolinge)
labeling theory: difference between primary and secondary deviance?
Primary deviance leads to labeling, and the labeling in turn prompts secondary deviant behavior Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins
INCLASS Types of poverty
Relative: living standards of the lowest strata as compared to others in society so here we are talking about quality of life -people are poor relative to others in society: lower standard of living: food clothing housing Lack ability to legitimately acquire luxury items ABSOLUTE: extreme poverty in which one is deprived of basic human needs food water shelter health care education information
Example of a social sanction as either punitive, rehabilitative, or restitutive.
Restitutive: a convicted graffti vandal is ordered to spend time removing his graffiti Rehabilitative: a person convicted of spousal abuse is ordered to undergo anger management training. Punitive: The U.S. Senate passes a formal censure (reprimand) of one of its members. The censured senator must stand while the censure is read aloud.
straight-line assimilation
Robert Park's 1920s universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country.
INCLASS RURAL POVERTY
Rural poverty is slightly higher than urban poverty for some groups -more are employed (working poor) -more have diablilities -more are married couple household -More are over 65
sex role theory
Talcott Parsons's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers.
In pre-1947 India, the Vaishya caste attempted sanskritization—an improvement of their position in the caste rankings—by converting to the Christian religion of the British Colonial Empire. What happened?
The Vaishya failed to change their status but gained other advantages (The Vaishya ended up being permitted under Pakistani law to hold jobs not open to Muslims, at places where alcohol is made or served.)
Soc. Victor Rios standard approach to keeping at risk youth of of trouble YOU CONTROL COMPLEX
The Youth Control Complex is a coming together of different institutions, such as schools, police, and social-service agencies, in a way that is contrary to everyone's best interests—both the young people's and those of society as a whole. Functions: to punish people to stigmatize young people to criminalize young people Not Functions: to indoctrinate young people to nurture young people
Culture of Poverty
The argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of the middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances.
An 1851 article in Harper's Weekly described a certain racial group as having a "small and somewhat upturned nose" and skin with a "black tint." Which racial group was the article referring to?
The article went on to liken the Irish to wild bison that could not be fenced in.
A proper, scientific study of the effects of sentencing on criminal behavior requires an unbiased comparison of criminals with light sentences to criminals with harsher sentences. What real-world arrangement makes this kind of comparison possible?
This is done simply in the course of things, without any experimental intent. Since some judges habitually hand down harsher sentences than others, the result is the same as if one set up a deliberately randomized experiment. Judges are assigned to cases randomly
Identify the major human population types, according to Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1788).
Types: Causcasian American Mongoloid Ethiopian Malay Not types: European African
INCLASS herrnstein and Murrays THE BELL CURVE
We are increasingly becoming stratified by cognitive abilities (cognitive elite at the top, cognitively deficient at the bottom) -Relationship between IQ and Social class (among other things) -smarter people go further in life
INCLASS
What is family? the social institution that unites individuals in cooperative groups that care for one another, including any children Nostalgia and traditional american family - 1950s boom for nuclear family living, divorce declined growth of middle class, fertility rates soared white women forced out of the workplace when GIs returned from WW2 suburbanization, TELEVISION Families that did not fit this mold were ostracized and excluded from the narrative. Structural-functional analysis: family as foundation: -family is the most important social unit in society (murdock, 1949) *regulate reproduction *secure setting for socialization *units of economic cooperation *provide emotional support to its members Social-conflict analysis: family and inequality -family is structured stratification (sibling hierarchy)-magnified for lower income families *intrafamily stratification (sibling hierarchy)-magnified for lower income familes *engels: as the rich pass their wealth across generations (and other families transmit poverty, a society's class system is reproduced in each new generation) *hochschild LOVE AND GOLD reading and "global care chains"
INCLASS urban poverty: deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination
William Julius Wilsons work the truly disadvantaged -Structural changes to the economy (shifts from agricultural to manufacturing to service) are more deeply felt by black men in urban areas. Some of its institutionalized racism.. but there are there factors at play -The predominate black inner city underclass cant be explained by racism alone
Based on his views about populations and inequality, identify the modern innovations Thomas Malthus would likely oppose.
Would oppose: -neonatal incubators -medicare -flu vaccines would not oppose: -birth control pills
documented results of "scared straight" programs to keep young people from ending up in jail as first offenders?
Young ppl who go through scared straight programs are more, not less, likely to break the law this is a case of correlation but not causation; possibly students who go through the programs have a greater predisposition toward crime than those who do not. But in any case no positive effect from this kind of program has been demonstrated.
Social Equality
a condition in which no difference in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on non-natural conventions exist
feminism
a consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect.
wealth
a familys or individuals net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)
Race
a group of people who share a set of characteristics-typically, but not always, physical ones-and are said to share a common bloodline
relative poverty
a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location
symbolic ethnicity
a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.
patriarchy
a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity.
Stigma
a negative social label that not only changes others behavior toward a person but also alters that person own self-concepts and social identity
parenting stress hypothesis
a paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels, the stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting, which are not conductive to healthy child development.
corporate crime
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (ceo and other executive) of a corporation
estate system
a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
caste system
a religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
anomie
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable, too little social regulation, normlessness
gender
a social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories.
bourgeois society
a society of commerce (modern society, for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
meritocracy
a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement
subaltern
a subordinate, oppressed group of people.
status hierarchy system
a system of stratification based on social prestige
elite-mass dichotomy system
a system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society.
middle class
a term commonly used to describe those individuals with non-manual jobs that pay significantly more that the poverty line-though this is highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the united states, where broad swathes of the population consider themselves middle class
upper class
a term for the economic elite
Dialectic
a two-directional relationship. following a pattern in which an original statement or thesis is countered with an antithesis leading to a conclusion that unties the strengths of the original position and the counterarguments.
Restitutive sanction
aim, where possible, at reversing or at least mitigating the effects of the misdeed. to restore the status quo that existed before the offense
class system
an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility
sexual harassment
an illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter"—all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job.
socioeconomic status
an individuals position in a stratified social order
total institutions
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics day to day life, no barriers exist between the usual sphere of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority.
glass ceiling
an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder.
collective resistance
an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society.
Building on Emile Durkheim classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describe a contemporary "American suicide belt". Wray findselevated suicide rates in the American west, particular among white men isolated from social contact by employment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to according to Durkheim typology
anomic
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own personal life experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended the daily lives of himself and his friends, and the ensuing sense of despair, chaos and being disconnected from society are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called
anomie
Social Deviance
any transgression of socially established norms
Howard S. Becker
applied labeling theory to the question how deviance begins Becker argued that social groups create deviance, first by setting rules for what is right and wrong and second by labeling rule breakers.
Deterrence theory
based on the idea that individuals make choices based on their calculation of the costs and benefits of that action. In other words, they make rational choices. Given this theory of how crime occurs, deterrence theory focuses on ways to make crime less appealing. These programs focus specifically on how to reduce recidivism, or the act of returning to criminal activity after having spent time in the criminal justice system.
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood that was maintained by a neighbor who lived next to it for years. That neighbor moved away and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Shortly after that, an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a couple of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an example of what theory?
broken windows theory
In this mobility table, why do the numbers across the bottom and down the right side add up to the same number, 19,912?
by design, the study looked at father-son pairs (Some of the fathers may have more than one son, but only one would have been included in the "sons" group.)
In india, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups, is an example of
caste system
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
change over time and vary from one context to another
In his interview with Dalton Cooley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries the way out of poverty, disease, economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, which of the following issues might be least likely to be embraced by African nations?
climate change-----
construct did Durkheim define as "the common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide"?
collective conscience (source of a sense or moral unity)
Identify the factors that are responsible for recent increases in income inequality, as reflected in an ever-larger ratio between CEO pay and worker pay.
contributing factors: -the changing mix of available jobs (Job growth has been concentrated in highly technical fields and in entry-level service jobs.) -the changing requirements for existing jobs (For jobs that used to require a high-school diploma, employers now often want to hire a college graduate.) non-contributing factors: -greater responsibilities for today's CEOs, especially those in the technology industry (While it may be true that today's CEOs carry more responsibility than ever, that does not really explain the huge pay gaps that have arisen.) -changes in the federal tax code(The tax code does not affect one's pre-tax salary.)
The tobacco industry has been closely scrutinized in regard to its advertising practices, which many claim are deceptive. The U.S. surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud - criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco. Despite this, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, 50 years after the initial report, the industry agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns lied. Taken all together, this could be understood as a protracted case of
corporate crime
street crime
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
The changing attitudes toward marijuana use can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In the majority of states, possession is a criminal offense. Penalties often include jail time. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor - similar to a traffic ticket - and in Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. Given the extent of the changing legal attitude, as well as the rise in incarceration rates, what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time?
definitions of crimes change over time
The changing attitudes towards marijuana can be difficult to fit into out understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug classified as a controlled substance and possession and distribution may carry sever penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. what does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring of measuring changes in crime rates over time?
definitions of crimes change over time
In the book, we are presented with a mobility table. As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons: the rate of occupational changes is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that
despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades
In order to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law-enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
deterence theory
to combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. the hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on
deterence theory
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
economic opportunities and crime rates
Corresponding to surveys asking them to rank various occupation by status, people place more emphasis on the _____ of the position that the positions____
educational requirements; income level
at the outset of US history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system?
estate
nuclear family
familial form consisting of a father, a mother, and their children
some enlightenment thinkers felt that individuals preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that this opportunity would encourage individuals to work to build up society. In the eyes of the enlightenment thinkers, this system
fosters inequality based on the emergence of private property
discrimination
harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit
INCLASS Stratification
helps society function more efficiently higher reward at the top of the social stratification system -is a social system of sorting people into hierarchial categories, ranks, or classes based on some characteristic -is universal- ALL societies are stratified, but HOW societies are stratified varies from place to place -persist over generations -involves inequality and BELIEFS -unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards based on your position in society
Identify each person as either earning a large income or possessing great wealth.
high-income person: -A pop star who earns millions every year but spends it all on family and friends and on lavish parties, and therefore is heavily in debt. -A doctor who earns several hundred thousand dollars a year but has to spend most of that money to pay off student loans and cover other obligations. Wealthy person: -A person who received a lump-sum lottery payout last month but continues to live modestly and to work as a barista because she likes to meet people. -A person who works as a supermarket cashier but through disciplined saving over four decades has accumulated a nest egg worth several hundred thousand dollars.
Social Integration
how well you are intergrated into your social group or community
why study deviance
in-numerous normative standards in any society with many norms, no explicit guidelines for proper and improper behavior one must infer that correct behavior from observing others in the society through interaction many unknowingly break laws we are all deviant at some point, and few receive more than minor negative sanctions
conformist
individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve that that are considered socially acceptable
rebel
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated
suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other uses. such a reprimand is a kind of
informal sanction
extended family
kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
A child struggles to learn how to read and is frequently teased about it by his siblings and referred to as "slow" by his parents and teachers. He underperforms in school and never thinks about going to college. Ultimately, he drops out before graduating from high school, telling the school counselor that he's just not "book smart." This is an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling theory
Eugenics
literally meaning "well born" a pseudoscience that postulate that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation
cohabitation
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.
exogamy
marriage to someone outside one's social group.
endogamy
marriage to someone within one's social group
formal social sanctions
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
Social Control
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
exchange mobility
mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out
structural mobility
mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
What, in broad terms, is the definition of social deviance?
modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of the group or society. (Ex. Crime) This includes not only rude and illegal behavior, but also behavior that is nonconformist and perhaps makes other people uncomfortable, such as dressing provocatively or very casually in a work environment with a formal dress code.
income
money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or government assistance), or from return on investments
scientific racism
nineteenth-century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race.
Restitutive
normally involves the guilty party making some form of compensation to the victim or victims.
sexism
occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination, and hatred against him or her.
white-collar crime
offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution
Durkheim, what hold society together
offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide mechanical solidarity (collective consiousness) and organic solidarity (modern, inder-dependent)
When, during World War II, Japanese American families were given notice of their mandatory relocation to internment camps, how much time were they given to dispose of their lands and other property?
one week: Dumping all the property on the market in a very short time caused values to plummet, with catastrophic consequences for the relocated families.
retreatists
one who rejects both socially acceptable mean and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society
ethnicity
one's ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her fieldwork in Milwaukee and New York in which job applicants, both having a fake prison record, differed in race. The white applicants were far more likely to be called back for an interview. Stepping past racism, Pager talks about unconscious stereotypes that are part of the mindset of the persons doing the hiring. The link between prison, race, and anticipated behavior formed in their mind is almost an expectation, part of how things are. This can be understood as a manifestation of
organic solidarity
deterrence theory
philosophy of crime justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits Ex. According to deterrence theory, crime occurs because people make a rational calculation regarding the costs and benefits of crime. Based on this theory, programs that monitor former criminals are meant to prevent recidivism. Specific Crime Deterrence: -A professional burglar is sentenced to eight years in prison after his second conviction. -A drunk driver is required to tell her parole officer where she will be on the weekend General Crime Deterrence : -Technology to remotely deactivate a stolen smartphone is made widely available. -A state legislature passes a law turning a certain crime that was a misdemeanor into a felony.
identify each principle as either premodern or modern schemes of social cohesion, according to durkheim
premodern: -everyones life conditions are pretty much the same -Similarity of parts -mechanical or segmental solidarity -Sameness of function: similar members of premodern society have largely similar roles Modern: -organic solidarity -interdependence of parts -specialization of function: different members of modern society perform different, complementary functions
Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?
recidivism
In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system
represents a transformation in social control
perverse incentives
reward structures that lead to sub optimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior, for example, welfare-to the extent that it discourages work efforts-is argued to have perverse incentives
Since the 1970s, both violent and total crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have
risen dramatically
INCLASS Merton's strain theory
robert mertons theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve acceptable goals -relationship between cultural goals (acquire wealth) of society and institutionalized means of achieving those goals 1. conformist: accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals 2. innovators: accept the goals of the society, but they look for new or innovative ways of achieving those goals 3. Ritualist aren't interested in the goals of the society but they do accept the means of achieving those goals 4. Retreatist: dont accept goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals 5. Rebels: dont accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means
In the United States, public nudity has generally been seen as socially unacceptable. Women, in particular, who have tried to change this by going topless have been arrested, summoned to court, and evaluated by psychiatrists for their mental stability. Having transgressed this boundary once, with consequences, those who continue to transgress might be seen as expressing
secondary deviance
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female.
social cohesion
social bonds, how well people relate to eachother and get along on a day to day basis
organic solidarity
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts
INCLASS theories used to understand deviance
social control: Social forces impact our individual forces
Innovator
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with the first class pass, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This is an example of
status hierarchy
one of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat". The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what?
status hierarchy FEEDBACK: Status hierarchy system is a system of stratification based on social prestige. In this case, despite your friend's high income, her job has low occupational prestige.
The chapter includes an example of a very poor, frugal man who wins the lottery, and is left with a deep feeling of anomie. His formerly successful patter for living is rendered moot, and he lacks a behavioral template with which to guide himself. The man is now a social deviant. According to Merton, this is an example of
strain theory
How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence?
street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, while white-collar crime has a greater financial impact ORRRR ***Street crime costs society*** more, while white collar crime is more prevalent
kinship networks
strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage)
secondary deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and act as a result of your new deviant label and peoples expectations of you
anomic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation Example Bernice became wealthy almost overnight as a result of extremely lucky financial investments. She quit her job, spent lavishly on gifts for friends, family, and associates, but finds it impossible to settle into a new, happy, routine. Instead, feeling increasingly disoriented and adrift, she deliberately overdoses on sedatives.
fatalistic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation Example: Carlotta, sentenced to life in prison for a crime she did not commit, and unable to stand the unvarying daily routine of prison life, hangs herself with a bed sheet. Example: In Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar, the character Esther sees "the days of the year stretching ahead like a series of bright white boxes...a white, broad, infinitely desolate avenue." What state of mind does this passage describe? -This is fatalistic because she sees her future as fixed, repetitive and tightly controlled, with no freedom for her ti as she would like
altruistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration Example: Dan, a lieutenant in the Marines, is disciplined and then discharged for leadership mistakes in battle that led to the death of two soldiers in his platoon. Despondent about the deaths of the soldiers and the loss of his military career, he kills himself a few months after his discharge.
egoistic suicide
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group Example: Albert has no friends and does not feel any emotional connection with his coworkers or even with his own family members. He kills himself because he does not see any point in continuing with his life.
Many states in the United States have special court diversion programs that are designed to help youth avoid the consequences of what society agrees are criminal acts: theft, robbery, drunken driving, and so forth. The application process involves a meeting between the offender and a case manager, who strives to get to know the offender, their strengths and weaknesses, and what led to the offense. This level of individual interest is an example of
symbolic interactionism
abundance gives rise to greater inequality: The process begins with a person producing more than he needs. What other factor, according to the animation, then leads to inequalities of wealth?
the ability to store goods for later consumption (Without the ability to store, people would barter and share. The ability to store leads to hoarding of assets.)
glass escalator
the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs
social Darwinism
the application of Darwinian ideas to society-namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"
one-drop rule
the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation.
labeling theory
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity Example: student, named Evan, might come to assume the role of social deviant 1. Evan is late for school twice in one week 2. the school principal publicly calls Evan a truant 3. Evans teachers and friends starts to treat him as a troublemaker 4. Evan comes to think of himself as a rule breaker 5. Evens behavior reflects his view of himself as a rule breaker
racism
the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits
ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of ones own
sex
the biological differences that distinguish males from females.
bourgeoisie
the capitalist class
hegemonic masculinity
the condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisivble.
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons
racialization
the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people
equality of outcome
the idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"
Equality of opportunity
the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone
equality of condition
the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
contradictory class locations
the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes
segregation
the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
genocide
the mass killing of a group of people based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits.
social mobility
the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society
nativism
the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants.
cult of domesticity
the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
free rider problem
the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight
Underclass
the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us
social regulation
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
ontological equality
the philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
absolute poverty
the point at which a households income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members
polygamy
the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time.
polyandry
the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously.
polygyny
the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
monogamy
the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time.
pluralism
the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society
homosexual
the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex.
miscegenation
the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; because the term is politically and historically charged, sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage.
miscegenation
the technical term for interracial marriage; literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged—sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage.
informal social sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership, the unspoken rules of social life
Crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
proletariat
the working class
structural functionalism
theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.).
broken windows theory of deviance
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act defiantly, specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts major crimes can be reduced by fighting minor ones.
prejudice
thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group.
In her interview with Dalton Cooley, Jennifer Lee observes that the black-white divide is now the black-nonblack divide. Her argument is based on the experiences of first and second generation Asians and Latinos, a group in which each successive generations outcomes improve. Among black American this not the case, however. Disparities are apparent between blacks and all other groups in
wealth and Income
recidivism
when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior
second shift
women's responsibility for housework and child care—everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.
Malthus had positive views of inequality
•An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, •rise number of people on planet rise all available resource mass starvation and conflict •inequality is good avoid mass overpopulation and starvation •overpopulation creates more misery
