Sociology of Culture final review compilation

T/F 9/11 united ALL Americans and ONLY served to show our similarities.

False

T/F According to the text, because anyone can hold stereotypes of others, all prejudice has the same effect.

False

T/F According tot he text, women are anatomically and hormonally predisposed to be better parents than men.

False

T/F Assimilation into American culture has been equally easy for all groups.

False

T/F the US flag is always seen by everyone as a symbol of freedom

false

T/F We all possess multiple identities.

True

T/F Determining an individual's sex is always a strictly natural and straightforward process.

Falkse

T/F according to the text, whether racial identity is all-encompassing or minimal depends on a group's historical position in the racial stratification system.

True

T/F heterosexism is highest among individuals who know no gays and lesbians personally.

True

In the early 1980s, corporate executives earned $42 for every $1 earned by the average production worker. By 2014, that figure had increased to $______. a. 373 b. 250 c. 200 d. 500

a. $373

What is the name of the 2015 Supreme Court case that legalized gay marriage across the US? a. Loving v Virginia b. Bakke v Connecticut c. Obergefell v Hodges d. Thurmond v Ohio

c. Obergefell v Hodges

According to the text, among the institutional causes of homelessness in the US are stagnating wages, changes in government assistance programs, and lack of a. good public education b. good budgeting skills c. attractive raltors d. affordable housing

d. lack of affordable housing

T/F no country allows same-sex marriage

false

T/F since 1980, more US women than men have earned Bachelor degrees.

true

T/F the "one drop rule" meant that a white woman could give birth to a black child, but a black woman could not give birth to a white child

true

T/F the income gap between the richest and poorest segments of the US population has been growing steadily over the past few decades

true

T/F wealth accumulates over generations

true

T/F Stereotypes are usually quite easy to change.

False

T/F The meanings of race, ethnicity, class, gender, and sexuality have remained the same over the past couple of centuries.

False

T/F according to the constructionist perspective, race, class, gender, and sexuality are simply individual traits, not affected by society's perception.

False

T/F according to the text, slurs are arbitrary and meaningless, primarily reflecting the ill-manners of those who use them.

False

T/F all parents hav eequal time to give their children so no differences in direct socialization by parents should be seen.

False

T/F anti-gay prejudice is uniform throughout society.

False

T/F as a direct result of the positive "strong black woman" stereotype, black women find themselves near the top of the US payscale.

False

T/F only young children and adolescents engage in rigid differentiation and categorization

False

T/F since members of a particular group are alike or at least similar, one individual can be a spokesperson for an entire race or gender.

False

T/F symbols bear a necessary connection to the nature of whatever they symbolize

False

T/F the official U.S. poverty line is based on income after tax and includes food stamps, Medicaid, and public housing.

False

T/F we only begin social interactions with preconceived ideas about others when those others are visibly different from us.

False

T/F when President Obama was elected in 2008, racial prejudice ended.

False

T/F According to the text, prejudice reflects relative group positions in society.

True

T/F According to the text, when obvious distinguishing characteristics aren't available, people will often invent them.

True

T/F according to the text, the ability to ignore race always reflects power and privilege

True

T/F according to the text, the privilege of not having to think about race provides advantages to whites whether or not they approve of receiving such privileges

True

According to the federal government, housing is considered "affordable" if it costs a. 30% or less of a family's income b. less than 10% of a family's food expenses c. half the annual federal minimum wage earnings d. less than the per capita income

a. 30% or less of a family's income

What 1967 supreme court case ended miscegenation laws in the US? a. Loving v Virginia b. Thurmond v Ohio c. Bakke v Connecticut d. Obergefell v Hodges

a. Loving v Virginia

What is colorism? a. a form of discrimination within groups of people with varying shades of colored skin b. a form of discrimination based on eye color c. a form of discrimination based on hair color d. a form discrimination based on visual acuity and color perception

a. a form of discrimination within groups of people with varying shades of colored skin

An example of assimilation would be a. a Mexican immigrant enrolling in english classes b. a mexican immigrant teaching her children spanish c. an irish immigrant joining the local St. Patrick's Day parade d. an irish immigrant opening a themed restaraunt like bennigan's

a. a mexican immigrant enrolling in english classes

According to the text, *access* to education is often derived from one's a. ascribed status b. achieved status c. nail color d. observed behavior in a classrom

a. ascribed status

What is doing gender? a. behaving in ways that conform to society's expectations of a gender b. behaving in ways that go against society's expectations of a gender c. experimenting with whether being more masculine or more feminine is more fun d. deciding which gender to be considered apart of

a. behaving in ways that conform to society's expectations of a gender

According to the text, the statement made by a white worker "But a black guy? It would mean you lost a job to someone that everybody knows is lower than you" is an example of a. consciousness of relative social position b. gender neutrality c. psychological instability d. economic rationality

a. consciousness of relative social position

In Newman's narrative of his friends' twin 4-year-olds, he reaches the conclusion that the parents' efforts at gender neutrality were a failure due to: a. contradicting outside information that eclipsed the parents' messages b. the fact that the twins enjoyed their gifts c. the children's inability to process complex information d. everyone likes the color blue

a. contradicting outside information that eclipsed the parents' messages

According to the text, which is true of white-collar crime in the US? a. corporations rarely receive heavy criminal punishment when their dangerous actions violate the law b. deferred prosecution increases the inconvenience of prosecution for corporate wrongdoers c. white-collar misbehavior poses lesser economic threat to Americans than street crimes do d. white-collar crimes rarely affect people

a. corporations rarely receive heavy criminal punishment when their dangerous actions violate the law

According to the text, the work of anthropologist Margaret Mead suggests that a. definitions of natural gender tendencies are not universal b. gender difference is rooted in evolutionary biology c. gender differences are rooted in biological predispositions d. culture makes no difference with regard to biological influences on gender

a. definitions of natural gender tendencies are not universal

From a sociological perspective, discrepancies exist between punishments for the use of crack cocaine versus powdered cocaine because of the a. discrepancies in who uses which form of the drug b. discrepancies in the dangers of addiction to crack versus powder cocaine c. fact that crack users are more dangerous to themselves and society d. fact that crack is more dangerous to unborn children

a. discrepancies in who uses which form of the drug

The continuing influx of Latino/a immigrants will virtually ensure that the a. elements of Latino/a culture will occupy an ever more prominent place in US culture b. spanish language will soon fade into nonexistence c. panethnic labeling of Americans becomes legal d. less visible positions in the government will have no room for Latino/a people

a. elements of Latino/a culture will occupy an ever more prominent place in US culture

According to the text, the fact that many health forms follow up a question about whether or not a patient is sexually active with a question about the use of regular birth control is an example of a. heteronormativity b. feminism c. institutional sexism d. gender expectations

a. heteronormativity

According to the text, what common article of clothing actually alters women's bodies? a. high heels b. bras c. scrunchies d. shirts

a. high heels

According to the text, the fact that a girl can be a tomboy and not have her entire sexual identity called into question, but a boy cannot likewise be a sissy and keep his sexual identity intact, reflects that a. in a society structured around and for the interests of men, stereotypically masculine traits are likely to be valued culturally and interpersonally b. feminine characteristics are less useful in society c. tomboys wear blue, a color everyone likes d. masculine characteristics are less useful in society

a. in a society structured around and for the interests of men, stereotypically masculine traits are likely to be valued culturally and interpersonally

Which of the following is a criticism of the "pro-ana" or "pro-mia" movement? a. it glorifies dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions b. it shames thin women and encourages them to binge on food c. it encourages women to take up work in hazardous countries d. it shames working mothers and encourages them to stay at home to take care of their children

a. it glorifies dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions

Some universities reserve a certain number of positions for applicants whose parents are alumni of that particular institution, called a. legacies b. legendaries c. inheritors d. prealumni

a. legacies

20 years of schooling followed by 40 years of employment then retirement is called the a. male career model b. single mother model c. logical family model d. logical business model

a. male career model

According to the World Health Organization, nearly 6M people around the world die each year from tobacco-related causes. Aside from toxic poisons, tobacco is probably the single most lethal substance we can consume, yet it remains legal with only age restrictions on its purchase and usage. The text says this is because a. politically powerful economic elites work against its criminalization b. depriving smokers from gaining access to tobacco could be fatal c. legislative action in this case is constitutionally limited d. tobacco use does not threaten or offend a majority of people in US society

a. politically powerful economic elites work against its criminalization

Which statement is true about the relationship between neighborhoods and food distribution in the past as described in the text? a. poorer neighborhoods of the past could be identified by the remains of fish and vegetables b. in the past, poor people did not physically exert themselves as much as wealthy people c. poorer neighborhoods of the past could be identified by the remains of heavy meat bones, fish and vegetables d. wealthy neighborhoods of the past could be identified by the remains of fish and vegetables

a. poorer neighborhoods of the past could be identified by the remains of fish and vegetables

Which of the following statements is true of societies that stratify people on the basis of a caste system? a. socioeconomic status is determined at birth and considered unchangeable b. there are no barriers to social mobility c. societal groups are easily changeable d. between-group differences and within-group differences are given equal importance

a. socioeconomic status is determined at birth and considered unchangeable

________ is defined as the overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group. a. stereotype b. libel c. colonialism d. transparency

a. stereotype

Based on the discussion in the text, the most likely reason for students of color to restrict themselves to groups made up of other students of color is a. the desire to avoid experiencing the prejudice of whites b. the desire to replicate the racist separatism of whites c. the desire to keep whites from the privileges of group membership d. the obsession with race and color

a. the desire to avoid experiencing the prejudice of whites

According to structural-functionalism, a Starbucks barista would not need to be heavily rewarded, because even though there seems to be a high demand for take-out coffee, a. the position of barista is easily filled b. Starbucks workers are not unionized c. no one really needs coffee d. Starbucks coffee tastes bad

a. the position of barista is easily filled

Which of the following statements is true of the burakumin? a. they are biologically indistinguishable from other Japanese b. they are ethnically distinguishable from other Japanese people c. they follow a unique religion that is different from other Japanese d. they occupy the highest position in the Japanese social hierarchy

a. they are biologically indistinguishable from other Japanese

According to the text, lynching was most of all a. the response of vigilantes to actual violence against white women by black men b. a tool of psychological intimidation and terrorism c. a reasonable response of communities living in fear d. a way to punish criminals in rural communities with few law enforcement officers

b. a tool of psychological intimidation and terrorism

Educational attainment is *usually* described as a(n) a. ascribed status b. achieved status c. ideal status d. socioeconomic status

b. achieved status

According to the text, movements for social change that tend to be most effective must successfully frame the unfairness of particular social phenomena to gain support from various segments of the population and a. stage highly visible-sit in campaigns b. bring together different groups in different structural positions c. make sure that people know they represent the majority d. make sure they are never controversial

b. bring together different groups in different structural positions

Upon getting up in the morning after using a plethora of scented products in the shower and checking to make sure no body hair is evident, Christina routinely spends the next 20 minutes putting on make-up. Afterwards, this person attends to an elaborate hairstyle that includes using a curling iron, hairdryer, and special styling products. This person is most likely a. expressing her heterosexuality b. doing gender c. disregarding her traditional gender roles d. displaying her sex

b. doing gender

Referring to new-born daughters as tiny and soft, while referring to new-born sons as strong and hardy, is an example of a. parental negligence b. gender guidance c. gender neutralization d. dissociative disorder

b. gender guidance

Women's wages don't measure up to men's in traditionally male occupations, and women are more likely than men to face subtle obstacles to promotion to a management position, a phenomenon sometimes called the a. glass escalator b. glass ceiling c. leftover effect d. gender neutralization

b. glass ceiling

The median net worth of a congress member is about $1,008,767, which is 14x more than that of a typical American household. The average per capita net worth of the 10 wealthiest members of Congress is about $192M. These facts show that a. anyone can become president b. lawmakers tend to come from lives of privilege c. we pay our politicians highly because their services are so valuable d. democracy is corrupt

b. lawmakers tend to come from lives of privilege

The "normal" american family consisting of two heterosexual parents, a breadwinner father and a stay-at-home mother, and their children currently makes up ______ of families in the US. a. 51% b. less than 25% c. 85% d. 2%

b. less than 25%

The common usage of terms like "female engineer" and "male nurse" demonstrate that a. assimilation ensures that men and women can share power equally b. occupations take on the symbolic identity of those we expect to be in them c. most occupations use panethnic labeling d. it is important to differentiate between men and women

b. occupations take on the symbolic identity of those we expect to be in them

Next to your family, what does the text describe as the most powerful socialization tool? a. TV b. school c. fashion d. food

b. school

IN the US, the official poverty line is determined by a. the cost of food, housing, clothing, and health care multiplied by 3 b. the cost of a subsistence diet multiplied by 3 c. the cost of food, housing, and clothing multiplied by 3 d. the cost of a subsistence diet multiplied by 6

b. the cost of a subsistence diet multiplied by 3

The fact that red means danger in many cultures most likely demonstrates that a. because red is the color of fire, it is automatically associated with danger b. those cultures have all learned and understood that red means danger c. because red is the color of blood, it is automatically associated with danger d. there is some natural property of the color red that signals danger

b. those cultures have all learned and understood that red means danger

When asked to list the traits that characterize Whites, Newman's students: a. fell asleep b. thought about their race in terms of individuality and not in terms of common traits c. easily made broad generalizations about Whites d. concluded that people of all races have the ability to voluntarily choose their ascribed status

b. thought about their race in terms of individuality and not in terms of common traits

Which of the following statements is true according to constructionism? a. categorical distinctions based on race, gender, class, and sexuality exist independently of human ideas about them b. what humans know to be real and essential is always a product of the culture and historical period in which humans live c. people's definitions and labels can change, but an individual's essence is permanent d. social identifiers are independent of context

b. what humans know to be real and essential is always a product of the culture and historical period in which humans live

Those most likely to be treated preferentially in terms of college admissions are a. poor, unqualified black women b. white, affluent children of alumni c. overqualified blacks d. extremely bright Asian Americans

b. white, affluent children of alumni

According to the text, about ____% of African American children under 18 live in poverty. a. 54 b. 18 c. 38 d. 85

c. 38%

What country ended official Apartheid in 1994? a. Sudan b. Kenya c. South Africa d. Uganda

c. South Africa

According to the text, ________ of Americans will continue to marry. a. fewer than half b. fewer than 3/4 c. about 90% d. exactly 51%

c. about 90%

The influence of powerful economic elites on how seriously we take different types of crime is suggested by the fact that although minority street criminals are what we tend to fear the most, _______________________________. a. there is actually not much serious street crime b. most people would not like to see corporate criminals punished c. burglary and robbery cost the US $3.8B a year, while white-collar crimes cost over $680B a year d. corporate crime is not personally motivated by criminal intent

c. burglary and robbery cost the US $3.8B a year, while white-collar crimes cost over $680B a year

From an essentialist perspective, people's a. idea of what is real and essential is always a product of the culture and historic period in which they live b. race and gender can change, but an individual's essence is permanent c. definitions and labels can change, but an individual's essence is permanent d. racial ambivalence is independent of within-group and between-group differences

c. definitions and labels can change, but an individual's essence is permanent

__________ refers to the unfair treatment of people based on some identifiable social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, or class. a. personification b. libel c. discrimination d. proliferation

c. discrimination

Which of the following was one of the factors that was focused on by psychological and sociological theories in relation to homosexuality in the 1950s and 60s? a. unrestricted diet b. aggressive fathers c. domineering mothers d. biological inheritance

c. domineering mothers

Newman argues that ______ may replace gender as the most potent polarizing characteristic among workers in the future. a. sexuality b. race c. family status d. ethnicity

c. family status

Which of the following statements is true of assimilation? a. it is the notion that all ethnoracial qualities are valued equally b. it is characterized by people being obnoxious about their own unique identities c. it is the process by which members of minority groups alter their ways to conform to those of the dominant culture d. it is the process by which members of minority groups emphasize the importance of the cultural elements that give them identity and make the different from others

c. it is the process by which members of minority groups alter their ways to conform to those of the dominant culture

The process that creates members whose values, attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions correspond to those deemed by that society as appropriate is called a. proliferation b. canonization c. socialization d. individualization

c. socialization

According to the text, the tendency of African-American families to emphasize the importance of hard work, independence, and self-reliance equally among sons and daughters is partly due to a. the presence of male-centered households in American culture b. great divergence from mainstream understandings of biological predisposition c. the historically high proportion of African-American women in the paid labor force d. the strength of African-American men

c. the historically high proportion of African-American women in the paid labor force

Examining social life and emphasizing the interplay between societal forces and personal characteristics in influencing people's thoughts, actions, feelings, judgments, and interactions is known as a. sociobiology b. social psychology c. the sociological perspective d. socioeconomic investigations

c. the sociological persepective

Which of the following is true of panethnic labels? a. They are used to distinguish between the diverse groups of Africans b. they are the labels used by government bodies to distinguish between the different indian tribes c. they are broad terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common d. they have historically been used exclusively by those who enjoy pan-fried cooking

c. they are broad terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common

In a stratified society, human difference is arranged a. horizontally b. by merit c. vertically d. by need

c. vertically

According to the text, when parents share household and child care responsibilities, a. children tend to be gender-confused b. it has no effect on children's gender sterotypes because peers matter more in this area c. children tend to be confused about their sexuality d. children thrive intellectually and emotionally and hold less-rigid gender stereotypes

d. children thrive intellectually and emotionally and hold less-rigid gender stereotypes

Which is a common misconception about hunger? a. social institutions and human policies determine who eats and who doesn't b. even in the most destitute countries, nourishment is always available to those who can afford it c. shortages of food are human, not natural d. food supplies are inadequate to feed every human being because of natural factors such as droughts

d. food supplies are inadequate to feed every human being because of natural factors such as droughts

Researches do not tend to devote time to ask why people become heterosexual because a. homosexuality is more interesting b. homosexuality does not exist in nature c. talking about sexuality makes people uncomfortable d. heterosexuality is normative

d. heterosexuality is normative

Which of the following is true of symbols? a. symbols are by definition incapable of evoking emotional responses b. humans create all symbols using reason and logic c. symbols bear a necessary connection to nature d. humans concoct them and learn to agree on what they should stand for

d. humans concoct them and learn to agree on what they should stand for

_____________ discrimination refers to established laws, customs, policies, and practices that systematically reflect and produce inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have discriminatory intentions. a. psychological b. antiquated c. personal d. institutional

d. institutional

Paolo is a rich white bisexual man who is divorced with three children. If we analyze his identity based on Newman's prescritpion, we would highlight his a. confusion b. moral/immoral behavior c. denial of the normative ideal d. intersections

d. intersections

Which of the following statements is true of personal discrimination? a. it affects people of all races equally b. it is a direct result of gender neutrality laws c. it is always more harmful than institutional discrimination d. it can be practiced by anyone against any group

d. it can be practiced by anyone against any group

Which of the following is the disadvantage of dichotomous thinking? a. it promotes the neutralization of gender b. it discourages panethnic labeling c. it discourages the ranking of differences and inequalities d. it corners us into thinking about groups as opposing forces

d. it corners us into thinking about groups as opposing forces

Which of the following is true of multiculturalism? a. it is the process by which members of minority groups alter their ways to conform to those of the dominant culture b. it emphasizes the use of panethnic labels to highlight within-group diversity c. it encourages cultural assimilation by moving away from the use of hyphenated ethnoracial identities d. it emphasizes the importance of maintaining the cultural elements that make us different from one another

d. it emphasizes the importance of maintaining the cultural elements that make us different from one another

Which of the following statements is true of the gendered earnings gap? a. it affects men more negatively than it affects women b. it is solely determined by differences in educational qualifications c. it is likely to be nonexistent in the next couple of years d. it widens with age

d. it widens with age

_________ refers to the sexual contact between people of different races. a. heterosexism b. colorism c. proprioception d. miscegenation

d. miscegenation

Sarah is a black, working class lesbian. Her experiences can be represented if she is understood primarily as representing: a. blacks b. women c. poor lesbians d. none of the above

d. none of the above

According to the author, which of the following social identities is the most innate? a. gender b. ethnicity c. class d. none of these

d. none of these

Symbols are powerful social constructions because a. they bear deep connections to nature b. our everyday interactions rely sparsely on the use of words as symbols c. they are entertaining and always make us laugh d. our lives and reality depend upon our knowledge of and agreement on them

d. our lives and reality depend upon our knowledge of and agreement on them

During the 1970s and 80s in South Africa, the government created a category of honorary white for a. people who earned an achieved status through interracial marriage b. certain random groups which were allowed to claim whiteness on some governmental forms c. whites who granted exceptional status to their non-white slaves d. rich, powerful Asians who invested in South Africa

d. rich, powerful Asians who invested in South Africa

IN the US, although we acknowledge the influence of social surroundings on gender, we only recognize two sexes. This is known as a. sexism b. heteronormativity c. the sexual dichotomy d. sexual constructionism

d. sexual constructionism

The fact that the Navajo recognize nadle as a third sex, the Tahitians the mahu, and the Lakota the wintke, supports the perspective that sex is a. an innate biological characteristic b. unimportant to all cultures c. always connected to gender d. socially constructed

d. socially constructed

T/F According to the text, we will soon head toward an androgynous society in which gender is a meaningless social identifier.

false

T/F Historically, the US military has accurately reflected the population at large

false

T/F Slurs have static meanings that do not change over time or social context

false

T/F The fact that race-based statistics are so skewed simply means that blacks are more criminally inclined

false

T/F a man diagnosed with a sudden, intense anxiety that his death will be caused by the recession of his sexual organs into his body is merely a delusional primitive

false

T/F according to the text, a post-ethnic/post-racial society in which race and ethnicity no longer matters is very likely in the near future.

false

T/F according to the text, all groups assign the same degree of importance to the role of race in the lives of their members.

false

T/F according to the text, dissatisfaction with body size is higher among both the poor and ethnoracial minorities

false

T/F according to the text, ending world hunger is utterly unaffordable

false

T/F according to the text, political correctness always reflects a shallow and meaningless attempt to sanitize language

false

T/F according to the text, straightforward, direct sexual socialization is very common in the US.

false

T/F according to the text, studies have conclusively proven that crack cocaine is more dangerous than powdered cocaine

false

T/F due to government restrictions, lobbying groups are not allowed to influence legislators

false

T/F everyone was given equal help and care during and after Hurricane Katrina

false

T/F illegal immigrants do not actually play a vital role in the US economy

false

T/F institutional social problems are far too complex for an individual to have any effect on them whatsoever.

false

T/F most women have moved out of traditionally female occupations

false

T/F parents are more likely to talk about with daughters than with sons.

false

T/F performing in a sick role means that one's illness is not real

false

T/F plumpness has always had negative connotations in all cultures

false

T/F schools play an important role in class socialization

false

T/F since marriage is a legal contract, consenting adults are free to enter into any form of marriage they like

false

T/F the justice system punishes all perpetrators of violence equally

false

T/F we will soon live in a society with a perfectly equal income and wealth distribution

false

T/F a symbol can be a physical object or a word

true

T/F according to the text, blacks are nearly four times more likely than whites to be arrested on charges of marijuana possession, even though the two groups use the drug at comparable rates

true

T/F according to the text, in general working-class and poor people receive less preventative health care than wealthy people

true

T/F according to the text, more than 2/3 of low-income people work

true

T/F according to the text, nowhere in the US does a full-time, minimum wage job provide enough income to afford adequate housing

true

T/F according to the text, the higher a group's political and economic position in society, the greater the likelihood that its values and interests will be reflected in and protected by the law

true

T/F almost half the world's wealth is owned by just 1% of the global population

true

T/F both malnutrition and obesity are hightly correlated with poverty

true

T/F in developed nations, poor people die 5-10 years sooner on average than wealthy people

true

T/F millions of people die prematurely each year from diseases that, in more prosperous countries, are preventable, curable, or nonexistent

true

T/F shortages of food are usually human, not natural, phenomena

true