Sociology Review Chapter 11

34. Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society? a. Work is highly segregated according to sex. b. Women have access to education. c. Women's work is central to the economy. d. Men make a contribution to household responsibilities.

a

5. Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of: a. the expectations of others. b. the strong role of biology. c. the changing nature of gender. d. socialization.

a

51. From a sociological perspective, what is the relationship between sex and gender? a. Physical differences determine one's gender. b. Biology alone does not determine a person's gender. c. Gender is completely socially created. d. There is no relationship between gender and biology.

b

56. The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _______ . a. sexual differentiation b. gender socialization c. gender polarization d. sexual norm internalization

b

1. If Beth decides to become a man she would most likely see which of the following happen? a. A gain in income, power, and social standing. b. A loss in income, power, and social standing. c. Little change in social standing d. A gain of income by 50 percent.

a

21. Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes a. the different gender roles found in different countries. b. the lack of gender variability generally. c. studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits. d. the common gender expectations across all social classes.

a

25. When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as _______ . a. intersexed b. fetal sex differentiation c. transgenderation d. bisexual variation

a

28. When an individuals look back on their lives, _______ is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender socialization. a. parents b. peers c. teachers d. religion

a

29. Research on socialization during childhood has found that a. boys and men are featured in children's books more often than girls and women. b. toys for both boys and girls today tend to promote cooperation rather than aggression or competition. c. girls are encouraged to play outdoors as much as boys are. d. gender is likely not formed until adolescence.

a

32. In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike? a. both are encouraged to be nurturing and other-oriented b. both are equally likely to view work as an expected part of a woman's role c. socialization for both places a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency and independence d. gender conformity is strongly encouraged for both.

a

67. How is homophobia related to gender socialization? a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations. b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism. c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated. d. Research on homophobia indicates that the "social construction of gender" is a myth.

a

70. Which of the following is not considered one of the central aspects of a gendered institution? a. the personal opinions and attitudes of the individual members of the institution b. stereotypical role expectations for men and women c. stratified of the positions within the institution based on sex d. organizational structure that gives advantages to men

a

8. Gender stratification is supported by: a. a belief that treats gender inequality as nature. b. individual sexism, not institutional sexism. c. the matriarchal structure of our society. d. norms and values encouraging gender equality.

a

82. In practice, sexual harassment in the workplace a. is an example of overt discrimination. b. has no real impact on women's employment. c. happens to men as often as it does to women. d. is an inevitable product of men and women working together.

a

84. Relatively few men work in jobs that are traditionally considered women's work. When they do a. they tend to be more upwardly mobile than women in historically male-dominated jobs. b. they are subject to the same types and amounts of sexual harassment as women in male-dominated professions. c. wages for those jobs start to fall. d. they are accused of taking jobs away from women.

a

11. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 a. requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men. b. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work. c. requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company. d. requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay.

b

16. The United Nations estimates that the value of women's unpaid work amounts to at least _______ _______ . a. $800 billion b. $11 trillion c. $50 billion d. $140 trillion

b

17. _______ is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities than in most other nations. a. Japan b. China c. Britain d. the United States

b

30. When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about: a. gender equality. b. gender differences. c. female dominance. d. conservative sex differences.

b

37. Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the labor market. Her lower pay can be explained by _______ . a. differences in human capital b. a dual labor market c. differential association d. the existence of a power elite

b

38. In the primary labor market a. there is a high turnover rate and low wages. b. jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement. c. women and racial-ethnic minorities are more likely to be employed than in the secondary labor market. d. jobs are short-lived and workers suffer poor work conditions.

b

41. Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women's employment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false? a. Sociologists see sexual harassment as a means that men use to protect their power in the workplace. b. Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women. c. Women in traditionally male-dominated jobs experience the most harassment. d. Men's preserving of their advantage in the workplace is evidence that women are viewed as sex objects.

b

46. Attitudes toward gender roles have changed so that today a. only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working. b. both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household. c. women no longer believe they will be discriminated against in employment. d. men and women both agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.

b

72. According to the text, individual people do not need to be sexist in order for there to be sexism. How do sociologists explain this? a. Sexism is a natural part of life and of being human, so it doesn't matter what the individual does. b. Sexism has become embedded in the structure and ideology of social institutions. c. Even when people are not consciously being sexist, it is part of their subconscious so it still comes out in different ways. d. Sociologists do not agree that it is possible for there to be sexism without individuals being sexist.

b

87. Which of these statements regarding the second shift is false? a. A large number of men and women report that they find emotional gratification and social support at work. b. The gender gap in the amount of domestic work done by men and women has virtually disappeared. c. Women are more likely than men to be caring for aging parents. d. Women report stress as one of their greatest concerns.

b

101. The current generation has grown up taking many of the accomplishments of the women's movement for granted. Which of the following is not one of these accomplishments? a. laws against sexual harassment b. access to birth control c. equal pay between men and women d. more participation in politics

c

14. Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as: a. gender socialization. b. overt gendering. c. doing gender. d. matriarchy.

c

20. When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, s/he is engaging in the process of addressing: a. sexuality b. role playing c. gender d. sex

c

23. Research on biological determinism has found that a. a strong correlation exists between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels. b. changes in testosterone levels predict changes in levels of men's aggression. c. there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood. d. children born with mixed biological sex characteristics are more aggressive than other children.

c

33. What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender? a. gender apartheid b. gender roles c. gender stratification d. gender assignation

c

39. Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job? a. seasonal work b. retail sales c. a corporate management position d. a waiter or waitress

c

4. The example of the Navajo berdaches serves to illustrate what concept? a. biological determinism b. hermaphroditism c. social construction of gender d. gender stratification

c

40. Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation? a. Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal numbers of male and female employees. b. Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women are. c. The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay. d. Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.

c

42. Gender segregation in occupations a. is not very prevalent, although it does exist. b. tends to disadvantage men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations. c. reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women. d. advantages the most experienced women over men.

c

54. Which of these statements regarding social and physical differences between men and women is true? a. Gender differences are the same in every culture. b. All perceived differences between men and women are natural and biological. c. For any given trait there is as much or more difference within a given gender group as between groups. d. Biological makeup is more important than social influences in creating differences between men and women.

c

58. Gender socialization a. only affects men and women in their relationships with others. b. is consistent and uniform for all men and women. c. influences all aspects of society and daily life. d. may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.

c

63. According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negative consequence for men the results from conformity to gender roles? a. Gender norms discourage intimacy with other men, affecting friendships. b. Conformity to gender norms increases risk-taking behavior that may result in death or injury. c. Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being as diagnosed with eating orders as often as women. d. Traditional norms of aggressiveness can lead some men to act violently against women.

c

12. Today, women make up 97% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of: a. overt discrimination. b. sex stratification. c. patriarchy. d. occupational segregation.

d

18. The Equal Rights Amendment: a. was passed in 1918. b. was passed in 1963. c. will be passed in 2012. d. has not been passed.

d

19. Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, as discussed in the introduction to the chapter, is false? a. Men earn 23 percent more than women. b. Men are more likely than women to die a violent death. c. Men interrupt others in conversation more often than women. d. Men live longer than women.

d

22. Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following, except: a. across social classes. b. between subcultures within a single society. c. among different racial and ethnic groups. d. within a single individual.

d

3. Which of the following statements is false? a. Sex refers to biological identity, male or female. b. Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex. c. Gender is a more important concept to sociologists than sex. d. The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.

d

35. When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing: a. religious sexism b. theological patriarchy c. economic segregation d. gender apartheid

d

59. Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that a. for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations. b. gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls. c. homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms. d. All of these choices are true

d

6. When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except: a. any religion interpreted in a fundamentalist way may be oppressive to women. b. the most devout believers of any faith tend to have the most traditional beliefs about the proper roles for men and women. c. both Christian and Islamic women have organized to resist sexist practices. d. Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.

d