Sociology Test 2 Ch. 3&4

a(n)_______ is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort,

achieved status

occupation is an example of an

achieved status

the significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that

adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization

According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is

characterized by interdependence and practical considerations

Daisy, a 15 year old girl, is dared by her friends to break into the house of a stranger and draw an obscene graffiti on the wall. Despite knowing that this is unethical and illegal, Daisy goes ahead and completes the dare because she wants her peers to perceive her as a daring and cool person. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Daisy is most likely in the

conventional level

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as

dramaturgical analysis

Aimee is pursuing her graduation and also works a day job. She finds it difficult to simultaneously handle the requirements of being a student and being an employee. This incompatibility between the two roles is an example of role strain

false

a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic in preindustrial societies, whereas his or her kinship ties are most important in industrial societies

false

Noor, a 16 year old girl, frequently engages in highly abstract thoughts and can understand events that she has never seen. She also thinks about her future and compares the consequences of pursuing a college degree with the consequences of getting a job directly after high school. In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Noor is most likely in the

formal operation stage

Alex, was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies

involuntary socialization

which of the following statements about social structure is false?

it is not essential for individual well-being

the case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that

it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

which of the following statements is true of socialization

it only occurs through formal processes such as schooling

according to psychologist Jean Piaget, towards the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the

preoperational stage

_____________ include our family, close friends, and school-or-work-related peer group

primary group

a _____ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status

role

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

role conflict

For any particular status, ___________ refers to how a person actually behaves within his or her role

role performance

______ is the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationship and groups in society

social interaction

___________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups

social marginality

which of the following statements about socialization is false

socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age

sociologists Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in ______, a face-serving technique in which on role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

studied nonobservance

the "I" is the _______ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person

subjective

in the context of Freud's theory of personality, the statement "It's wrong to steal" is an expression of the

superego

Hamid, a 65 year old retired man, was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. As he didn't have any family or kin, he decided to move into a nursing home. After moving into the nursing home, Hamid had to internalize the social norms and values that were appropriate to the new setting. This scenario exemplifies

tertiary socialization

one of the primary agents of gender socialization is

the family

according to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies

true

Ferdinand Tonnies used the term ________ to refer to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability

Gemeinschaft

which of the following statements about personal space is false?

Space is less important that other forms of communication, and violations, of personal space are usually ignored

which of the following is a gender difference in nonverbal communication?

Women are more likely to sustain eye contact during conversation to show involvement with others.

which of the following is not an example of total institution

a university residence hall

Samantha, a teenager, has a 69 year old grandmother who lives with her. Despite the fact that Samantha's grandmother is very active and flexible in her thoughts and ideas, Samantha always assumes that she is slow and rigid. As a result, Samantha refuses to go for walks with her and does not share any personal information with her because she thinks that her grandmother would not understand her life. This scenario exemplifies the concept of

ageism

since her birth, Amanda's parents have been teaching her the values and principles that they believe will help her differentiate between ethical and unethical activities and behaviors. They have also taught her the manners that are considered polite in society. In this context, Amanda's parents can be called

agents of socialization

a young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This scenario is most likely an example of

anticipatory socialization

a(n) __________ is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed status

which if the following is not generally considered a component of social structure?

value and beliefs

according to Ebaugh, an individual who decides that he or she must take some action to end a significant social role is in the first stage of role exit

false

applying the framework for cognitive development created by Jean Piaget, it is possible for a child to be in several stags at the same time, depending on the child's individual personalities.

false

biological inheritance is more important than social interaction in establishing an individual's characteristics.

false

intimate zone is the distance between two persons who know each other with a relative intimacy, such as friends, brothers, sisters, or other relatives

false

resocialization is always involuntary

false

the most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse.

false

the need for impression management is least intense for individuals with devalued statuses

false

the socialization process yields the same outcomes in all societies.

false

unlike secondary groups, primary groups are large groups in which members engage in goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time

false

throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges.

gender socialization

in the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to

heredity

according to socialogists Langhout and Mitchell, the ________ results in African American and Latino boys being disproportionately punished for violating rules when compared to their white and female counterparts in schools. This discrimination supports the argument of conflict theorists who assert that students have different experiences in the school system depending on their social class, their racial-ethnic background, the neighborhood in which they live, their gender and other factors.

hidden curriculum

which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

husband

when Steve, a 3 year old, visits a department store with his parents, he sees a toy car that he likes. However, when his parents refuse to buy it for him, Steve starts crying and does not stop until his parents are forced to purchase the car, Steve's behavior is an illustration of the

id

at the ____, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms,

macrolevel

the term_______ refers to large-scale organizations that use print or electric means to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues

mass media

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________

master status

Durkheim use the term ________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing

role strain

sociologists define a(n) _______ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time

secondary group

children desire the care, affection, and approval of their parents, who help them develop a self-identity through socialization. In this context, parents would most likely fit sociologist George Herbert Mead's definition of

significant theory

Some symbolic interactions theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the ________, which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

social construction of reality

in the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to

social influence

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of

social institutions

______ or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time

social solidarity

___ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

socialization

_______ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior

sociobiology

a _______ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exits independently of the specific people occupying the position

status

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

status symbols

the sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person form full social acceptance is

stigma

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

the front stage

according to psychologists Sigmund Freud, there are three different levels of human personality. which of the following is not one of these levels?

the libido

according to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, _______ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

the looking-glass self

A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated form the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

total institution

Denver is a lawyer, a son, a husband, a part time writer, and a citizen of the United States. All these positions make up his status set.

true

functionalists emphasize the importance of families in providing emotional support and social experience to children whereas conflict theorists emphasize how socialization through families contributes to and reproduces inequalities in the class structure.

true

most human behavior is influenced by social interaction

true

social structure creates stability and order in society, and it also creates boundaries and establishes unequal relations between groups of people

true

the increasing number of body-shaming incidents on social media sites such as Facebook illustrates how social media reinforce existing stereotypes of women as skinny.

true

the media function as socializing agents because they provide an array of viewpoints on current issues and entertain individuals by providing them with the opportunity to live vicariously.

true

the symbolic interactionist perspectives of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead help us understand that we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without social contact with others.

true

touching as a form of communication has a different meaning to women than to men, with women being more likely to use touch to indicate emotional support

true

what is that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization

unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom form authority

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience

voluntary socialization