Sociology Test 3

sexual harassment statistics

-75% targeted by male coworkers -49% say they were harassed by male clients or customers -38% say they were harassed by male managers -10% say they were harassed by female coworkers -81% of women experience harassment in verbal form -44%% say they encountered unwanted touching and sexual advances -25% say they received lewd texts or phone calls

sexualizing women

-The ways in which women's bodies are exploited to lend "sex appeal" to products supports patriarchal ideology, leading viewers to think of the woman as a kind of decoration or prop for the commodity being sold -The incredible proliferation of pornography contributes to women being seen as sexual objects to be used by men, made to do increasingly degrading acts for male pleasure

Wealth Inequality in America

-What Americans think wealth distribution is, is way different from what it actually is -top 1% has more than what 9/10 believe the top 20% should have -1% of Americans have 40% of all the nations wealth -80% only has 7% of the wealth -top 1% owns 50% of stocks and bonds -CEO makes 380x the average worker

stuck belt

-line going through middle of U.S. of people who are still in the state they were born in -people in the south tend to stay stuck and north are shedding less educated people

Poverty is most common in which location? 1- Central City 2- Rural Areas 3- Suburbs

1- Central City

Which age group is most likely to be poor? 1- Children 2- Young Adults 3- Middle Aged Adults 4- Elderly

1- Children

The myth individuals can go from "rags to riches" is commonly referred to as the: 1- Horatio Alger Myth 2- American Myth 3- White Picket Fence Myth 4- Tony Montana Myth

1- Horatio Alger Myth

Which of the following is NOT a reason for women's increased presence in the workforce? 1- Increased Need for Female Dominated Occupations 2- Changing Attitudes 3- Higher Divorce Rate 4- Decrease in Family Size

1- Increased Need for Female Dominated Occupations

True or False: Irish immigrants from the late-1800s and early-1900s were not initially considered to be white. 1- True 2- False

1- True

On average, how much more housework do women do as compared with men? 1- 1.5 times more 2- 2 times more 3- 2.5 times more 4- 3 times more

2 times

What is the most common way of measuring wealth? 1- Income 2- Net Worth 3- Assets 4- Bank Accounts

2- Net Worth

True or False: Hispanic and Latinx basically mean the same thing. • 1.True 2.False

2.False

Gender and Politics statistics

2019: 102 women in the house (23.4%) (89 dem, 13 rep) 25 women in the senate (25%) (17 dem, 8 rep) 127 total 23.7% total 2019: 102 women in the house (23.4%) (89 dem, 13 rep) 25 women in the senate (25%) (17 dem, 8 rep) 127 total 23.7% total chapter 9 slide 79 and 80

According to the structural functionalist view of gender, what accounts for the primary differences between men and women? 1- Socialization 2- Economic necessity 3- Biology 4- Social Exchanges

3- Biology

People who share a common ethnicity are primarily similar because of their_____. 1- Skin Color 2- Political Views 3- Culture 4- Spoken Language

3- Culture

Which of the following is NOT part of world systems theory? 1- Core Countries 2- Peripheral Countries 3- Semi-Core Countries 4- Semi-Peripheral Countries

3- Semi-Core Countries

Which geographic region of the United States has the highest proportion of African Americans? 1- Southwest 2- Midwest 3- Southeast 4- Northeast

3- Southeast

In the United States the salaries of CEOs is approximately how many times more than the average worker? (as of 2014) 1- 12X 2- 40x 3- 70x 4- 373x

373x

Which of the following major ethnic groups has the highest median income? 1- Whites 2- Blacks 3- Hispanics 4- Asian and Pacific Islander

4- Asian and Pacific Islander

When calculating the poverty line the government assumes that poor families spend one-third of their income on what? 1- Rent/Housing 2- Drugs 3- Education Costs 4- Food

4- Food

Pretend that before you came to college you worked as cashier for a number of years. Upon graduating college you receive an entry level job and get promoted to an executive position, earning more money than you ever have. This would best be an example of what? 1- Horizontal Social Mobility 2- Vertical Social Mobility 3- Intergenerational Social Mobility 4- Intragenerational Social Mobility

4- Intragenerational Social Mobility

What is the average amount each taxpayer would have to pay to pay off the national debt? (as of fall 2019) 1.$36,000 2.$69,000 3.$120,000 4.$186,000

4. $186,000

Poverty Rates by age 1959-2017 (slide 87)

A generation ago, the elderly were more likely to be poor than other adults or children. But today, children are far more likely to be poor than adults, and the elderly are actually slightly less poor than the population as a whole. Infants and children are the age group most likely to be poor today. They constitute 32.3% of the poor in the United States. 17.5% (12.8 million) of children under the age of 18 are poor.

•How Much do you Need to Earn to Afford a Modest Apartment in Your State?

According to Video: Texas=20th -$20.29/hr for 2 bed rental home -112/week: hours worked at minimum wage Current: Texas=21st -$21.98/hr for 2 bed rental home -121/week: hours worked at minimum wage

Radical Feminism

Agree with socialist feminism that reforming existing social institutions is inadequate to eliminate gender inequality. In fact, radical feminists believe that patriarchy is embedded so deeply within the social structure that a socialist revolution will not provide gender equality. Neither capitalist nor socialist economies provide for more gender equality, hence the concept of gender must be eliminated altogether. The aim is for an egalitarian society free from the constraints of gender.

U.S. Real Annual Wages, 1979-2014

Between 1979 and 2007, paycheck income of the top 1 percent of U.S. earners exploded by over 256 percent. Meanwhile, the bottom 90 percent of earners have seen little change in their average income, with just a 16.7 percent increase from 1979 to 2014. Wages are stagnant for the bottom 90%.

Types of race

Biological, Social, Racialization

Asian American Geography

Chapter 8 Slide 80 -Asians are in more urban areas

2010 rural poverty rates

Chapter 8 Slide 84

Importance of race data

Chapter 8 slide 4

Hispanic concentration, population, poverty

Chapter 8 slide 76 & 77

Income by Education and sex

Chapter 9 slide 77 At all levels of educational attainment, women make significantly less money than men.

types of masculinities

Connell (1987, 1995) directs us to other forms of masculinity, such as hegemonic, subordinate, complicit, and marginalized masculinities.

Detroit 8-mile

Detroit - 8 mile US Census, 2010. This is the most comprehensive population map ever created. Chapter 8 slide 41

Dividing circles- The Social Construction of Race

Divide the circles into two categories Completely filled area (1, 3, 4) Completely unfilled area (1, 2, 6) Divided in half (1, 3, 6) Striped area (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Which categorization strategies did you use? Why? Which strategy is the right one? Chapter 8 slide 11

White Ethnic Americans

European ethnic groups immigrated to the U.S. in two waves. "Old" immigration--people from northern and western Europe who immigrated to the U.S. primarily between 1820 and 1895. "New" immigration--people from southern and eastern Europe who immigrated to the U.S. primarily between 1890 and 1920, including (Greeks, Croatians, Italians, Russians (primarily Jewish), Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, and Lithuanians. At the time of their immigration there were beliefs in the inferiority of the new immigrants. Each successive wave of immigrants began with the low-paying low-skill jobs open to them, and only after considerable work and time did they become integrated into the broader society.

Socialist Feminism

Evolved from the work of Marx and Engels. Socialist feminists view the reforms advocated by liberal feminists as not going far enough. Supporters believe capitalism is at the heart of gender inequality and to have an equitable society we need a socialist society. Socialist feminists believe childcare should be socialized and housework made a collective endeavor. They suggest that replacing the traditional roles in the family can occur only through a socialist revolution.

college degrees for women statistics

From 1999-2000 to 2009-10, the percentage of degrees earned by females remained between approximately 60 and 62 percent for associate's degrees and between 57 and 58 percent for bachelor's degrees.

genetic research and race

Genetic researchers point out that people in Northeast China are genetically closer to Europeans, Inuit, and Native Americans than they are from people in South China. But, as you are now learning, biological studies have shown that there are no clear boundaries between entrenched racial categories. In fact, the genetic variation, the biological differences within what we think of as racial groups, are actually greater than the differences between those groups (about 85%of all human genetic variation is within local populations).In fact, the overall degree of human genetic variation is quite small when compared with genetic variation among other large mammals - DUE PRIMARILY TO THE FACT THAT COMMUNITIES OF HUMAN BEINGS HAVE ALWAYS INTERACTED AND REPRODUCED, EVEN ACROSS GREAT DISTANCES. Scientists working on the Human Genome Project have mapped all the genes of human beings, providing us with the most detailed description of our biological makeup available. These same researchers conclude that race as we understand it does not exist. The researchers found that all humans share the same basic genetic material and physical manifestations such as skin color represent different combinations of the same genes.

U.S. Debt Clock

Given the economic conditions, economists say that the current national debt growth is unprecedented. Tax revenues have fallen $430 billion and will add $1.9 trillion over 10 years. Grew 17% last year Source: CBO Debt per taxpayer: $226,794

Native Americans: Income Comparison

Graph Chapter 8 slide 83

Social or Economic Indicators by Race, U.S. , 2012

Graph chapter 8 slide 65 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2012. Tables 229, 622, 691, 712, 713 For example, in 1980, white nuclear families in California had 1.6 workers per family, compared to 2.1 for Japanese, 1.8 for Korean, 2.2 for Filipino, and 2.0 for Chinese families. When incomes of individuals are examined, Japanese men have slightly higher incomes than whites but only by acquiring more education (17.7 years compared to 16.8 years for white men twenty-five to forty-four years old) and by working more hours (2,160 compared to 2120 for white men). For other Asian men, average incomes are substantially less than averages for white men, 82% for Korean men, 68% for Chinese men, 62% for Filipino men (Takaki, 1989).

hegemonic masculinity

Hegemonic masculinity is the dominant form of masculinity, one which, given time, allows for the complete domination of women

Better for man to work and woman to stay home responses

Here is the total for selected years. 1977 - 65% agree, about 35% disagree 1988 - 40.3% agree, about 58% disagree 1993 - 34.3% agree, about 65% disagree 2000 - 39% agree, about 58% disagree 2008 - 34.7% agree, almost 64% disagree 2018 - 24.7% agree, almost 75% disagree

Social Mobility and Hard work

If upward social mobility within a person's lifetime is increased with hard work, then we should expect to see greater mobility for people who work hard, as measured by factors such as employment status or education. -Here is displayed the average income for men of various ages as a function of their education. Clearly, men having a bachelor's degree or more experience greater upward social mobility during their lifetimes as measured by their average income at different ages. So, in this sense, at least, America as a land of opportunity is supported. However, we should keep in mind that some people have much greater access to higher education than others, so educational attainment is affected by other factors in addition to hard work. Next, we consider how social characteristics of the individual can influence this natural trajectory of social position over a lifetime.

stealing American jobs

In many cases, minorities are members of a pool of cheap labor which functionalists argue is necessary to keep business as usual moving forward in America. Minority and immigrant populations often make up the majority of positions associated with "dirty work," such as busboys, custodians, hotel housekeeping, fruit and vegetable pickers, and day laborers, and perform the low-paying, low-prestige jobs others will not. Not only do these individuals perform tasks necessary for the function of society, but they also make possible other occupations that serve the poor, such as social work, public health, and justice and legal systems. Similarly, poorer individuals provide a secondary economy for secondhand clothes, as well as day-old bread, fruits, and vegetables (Gans 1971)

How have Americans coped with lifestyles centered around buying stuff?

In the 1970s women went to work. Then all people began working more (multiple jobs and longer hours), (3) people began acquiring more and more debt (credit cards, second mortgages, et cetera).

languages other than English in the U.S.

Languages other than English While about 82% of the United States population above age five speaks only English at home, many people speak a foreign language in their homes, whether it is Spanish or Spanish Creole (11%), Chinese (0.8%), or German (0.4%) (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2006, Table 47).

Understanding Social Mobility

Money distribution bottom 5th-5% 4th-10% 3rd-14% 2nd-20% top 5th-52% Unmarried parents and blacks-less chance of making it from bottom to top

Irish immigrant monkey pictures

NOTE THE PORTRAYALS OF THE MONKEY CARICATURES DEPICTING THE IRISHMEN IN THESE 19TH CENTURY SKETCHES. WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE DEPICTED IN LIKE MANNER, FURTHERMORE, WOMEN WERE PORTRAYED AS WITCHES, THIS WAS COMMON PRACTICE AND ACCEPTABLE IN THE MEDIA. IT WAS FURTHERMORE ACCEPTABLE TO CHARACTERIZE THE IRISH AS VIOLENT AND GIVEN TO STRONG DRINK AS IN THE SMALLER PHOTO. Americans disdained coal mining, fit only for servants, the common sentiment was: "Let Negroes be servants, and if not the Negroes, let Irishmen fill their place..." Many Irish men labored in coalmines, built the railroads and canals. Railroad construction was so dangerous that it was said that there was an Irishman buried under every tie. Under normal events, good jobs were not available to the Irish.

Race and Ethnicity, life expectancy

One of the reasons race and ethnicity matters is because it relates to life expectancy - how long a person is expected to live from birth. -Hispanics live longer -White second -Black last -Females live longer

What term refers to occupations that have been traditionally dominated by women? • 1- Pink-Tie Jobs 2- Pink Collar Jobs 3- Pant Suit Jobs 4- None of the above

Pink Collar Jobs

Growth in U.S. before and after tax income 1979-2011 (slide 54 and 55)

Since 1979, the before-tax incomes of the top 1 percent of America's households have increased more than four times faster than bottom 20 percent incomes. The Congressional Budget Office defines after-tax income as "before-tax income minus federal taxes." After taxes, top 1 percent incomes are increasing even faster than before taxes. Before-tax income growth for the top 1 percent has averaged 174.5 percent since 1979. The after-tax increase: 200.2 percent. A progressive tax system should function to narrow income gaps between the affluent and everyone else. Over recent decades, America's tax system has done no narrowing.

Support for authoritarian personality theory

Some people appear able to hate people without ever meeting them. In fact, some people manage to hate people who don't even exist! This rather incredible social fact was first discovered by sociologist Eugene Hartley in 1946 when he conducted a survey of people asking how they felt about various racial and ethnic groups. Among common categories of people such as blacks and Jews, Hartley made up a few new categories of people who did not exist, people he called the Wallonians, Danireans, and Pireneans. Hartley was startled to find that most people who disliked blacks and Jews also disliked the Wallonians, Danireans, and Pireneans.

Liberal Feminism

Stems from the thinking that individuals should be able to develop and pursue their own talents and interests. Liberal feminists accept the basic structure of society, but argue that traditional values regarding feminism are oppressive and are in need of reform. However, because it emphasizes individual effort, this perspective is somewhat meritocratic. Liberal feminists support the Equal Rights Amendment, reproductive rights, and electing women and supporters of women to political office.

First wave of feminism

The first feminist wave was formally launched in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott held a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, to mobilize to address women's issues. The primary objective of this first wave was to secure for women the right to vote, a goal which they achieved in 1920.

American Indian and Alaska Native

The history of the United States is riddled with systematic mistreatment of indigenous populations. As you have already learned, Natives have been the victims of genocide (disease, mass murder, decimating the buffalo population) as well as population displacement (Trail of Tears) and segregation (reservations). Graph chapter 8 slide 81

Share of total assets by category, U.S. 2013 slide 47

The rich don't just have more wealth than everyone else. The bulk of their wealth comes from different — and more lucrative — asset sources. America's top 1 percent, for instance, holds nearly half the national wealth invested in stocks and mutual funds. Most of the wealth of Americans in the bottom 90 percent comes from their principal residences, the asset category that took the biggest hit during the Great Recession. These Americans also hold almost three-quarters of America's debt.

second wave of feminism

The second wave of feminism took shape in the 1960s and involved the continued unequal treatment of women relative to men. Although the second wave of feminism was not driven by a single matter, such as the right to vote, issues such as workplace equality and violence against women were prominent. Many of the second wave of feminism's struggles continue today, such as raising the pay for women.

third wave of feminism

The third wave of feminism emerged during the 1990s and has lasted up to the present. This period of feminism also saw an expansion of possibilities as diversity became an important touchstone advocating for women from different races, ethnicities, religions, classes, sexualities, religions, and cultures. Some of the issues on which it focuses include infanticide, human trafficking, child brides, and rape warfare. In a real sense, the third wave of feminism takes up the matter of global equality for all people.

Distribution of income by quintiles and top 5 percent (2001)

There are stark differences in income in the United States Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2001 lowest fifth-3.5% second fifth-8.7% third fifth-14.6% fourth fifth-23.0% highest fifth-50.1% top 5 percent-22.4%

Unemployment based on sex, race and age 2012

This graph illustrates the point that the "Great Recession" disproportionately affected Black men. African Americans make up about 12.5% of the U.S. population. slide 93

History of race

To understand race, we must move beyond biology to make sense of the ways in which we socially construct racial categories. If we look cross-culturally, we see that different groups define racial categories in different ways at different times. Each society defines what is important while ignoring other characteristics that could serve as basis for social differentiation. Skin color, hair texture, etc. Black, White, Asian, etc. We develop our understanding of racial categories through a process of racial formation (Omi and Winant). Although not biological, we cannot ignore it. Race is real and powerful, as a social, economic, and political force. We must pay careful attention to the social, economic, and political forces that have established racial categories as a basic distinction among human beings. Historically, those in positions of power have categorized entire groups of people as fundamentally distinct form each other (e.g. the one-drop rule) and then these dominant groups have used their resources differently based on those distinctions. The result is a social structure that reinforces presumed racial differences and justifies unequal treatment on the basis of race. The creation of a reservation system of Native Americans is one example of racial formation. Hispanics makes no sense as a category for a biological race, as it brings together descendants of Mayan and Incan Amerindians, "white" Cubans of Spanish heritage, and black Dominicans descended from African slaves. Nonetheless, "Hispanic" is often treated as a racial category U.S. society. What matters is not biology, but perception (some "whites" have African heritage, while some "blacks" have European heritage). Our understanding of race has changed over time. The massive immigration to the US in the 19th century complicated the Black/White color-line. These new immigrants were even considered biologically inferior to the White US citizens. For example, the Irish were regarded as a separate race inferior to Whites.

•True or False: The pay gap between men and women is as small as it has ever been. •1- True •2- False

True

Brown / Blue Eyes Race Experiment

Unexplained privilege: more time, food, playground equipment, etc. Body language of minority group. Brown eyes = stupid (the same way people use "gay") Performance. Stereotype threat and stereotype promise? Skin color, eye color, it could be anything. Race is socially constructed.

William J. Wilson discrimination

William J. Wilson argues institutional discrimination is more important now than attitudinal discrimination. As a result, Wilson argues race plays less of a role today in the unequal economic condition of Blacks. Wilson argues in the past attitudinal discrimination was the major factor responsible for the unequal economic, political, and social status of Blacks. Attitudinal discrimination is still pervasive in many areas, such as housing, education, and municipal politics.

Gender pay gap

Women on the average are paid less than men in comparable jobs. •1960 thru 1980 58 cents to 61 cents per dollar. •1985 - 65 cents per dollar •1990 - 71 cents •1995 - 74 cents •Today - roughly 80.5 cents •Differences in the average wages for men and women are called the gender pay gap. •Again, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), women earn $0.81 to every dollar men earn. This means that the current gender pay gap for women is $0.19. •To put it in more tangible terms, if a man makes $50,000 for being a manager, a woman holding the same position would make $40,500.

types of assimilation

anglo-conformity, melting pot, multiculturalism

Multicultural Americans

chapter 8 slide 85-87

reasons of not reporting rape

chapter 9 slide 30

Importance of gender responses

chapter 9 slide 34 While folks are divided on the importance of race, they are not divided in terms of gender. One of the things you are now learning is that U.S. society (and many around the world) has a huge blind spot when it comes to gender inequality. In this section, you will learn about gender inequality, especially gender stratification, as it relates to working.

Better for man to work and woman to stay home responses by race

chapter 9 slide 39 -latin agree more than black and white

Better for man to work and woman to stay home responses by sex

chapter 9 slide 40 male agree more but relatively similar responses

Better for man to work and woman to stay home responses by self-reported working class

chapter 9 slide 41 lower classes agree more

pay gap graph

chapter 9 slide 53

Gender dominated occupation list

chapter 9 slide 58

pink-collar jobs and prestige

chapter 9 slide 59

time spent on childcare gap

chapter 9 slide 69

what's a key characteristic about any stratification

how much inequality there is

cultural assimilation

involves minority groups internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the dominant culture

Racialization

is the process in which people are placed into racial categories

Stratification

is the ranking of entire groups of people into categories that perpetuate inequality.

Distribution of income by quintiles and top 5 percent (2010)

lowest fifth-3.2% second fifth-8.4% third fifth-14.3% fourth fifth-23.0% highest fifth-51.5% top 5 percent-22.3% 2001 Lowest 3.5; second fifth - 8.7; third fifth - 14.6 (all decrease in 2010) Fourth fifth - 23 (same) Highest fifth - 50.1 (increase in 2010) Top 5 % - 22.4 (decrease in 2010)

melting-pot

refers to is the view of assimilation in which minority groups contribute to a new society and culture different from what any single group brought with them

Percent of Population living below national poverty line (different countries)

slide 100

External debt (2013 rich and poor nations)

slide 101

Percent share or consumption by selected high and low income countries

slide 102 One thing we can say about these graphs is they illustrate the fact that there is extreme global inequality.

Median household income by age of householder

slide 74

Mean Income by Sex, Age, Race U.S. 2011

slide 76

Geography of Upward mobility in America

slide 77

U.S. in poverty and poverty rates from 1959 to 2017

slide 84

Poverty Rates by Age and Sex: 2017

slide 90

Poverty All Ages (2014 U.S.)

slide 96

GDP per capita 2012 graph (rich and poor nations)

slide 99

How do you think the trends in income distribution fared for the bottom two quintiles in the 2010 Census compared to the 2001? 1- Much Better 2- Slightly Better 3- About the Same 4- Slightly Worse 5- Much Worse

slightly worse

Racial formation

•"In this country, I am looked at as being black. When I go to Thailand, I am considered Thai. It is very interesting. And when I go to Japan, I'm considered Asian. I don't know why it is, but it just is" (Tiger Woods). •Racial formation is a "sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed" (Omi and Winant 1994).

Race as a social construct

•"the concept of race has no genetic or scientific basis" (Venter 2000). •"race is a social concept, not a scientific one" (Venter, quoted in Angier 2000). •A number of Southern states once had laws with restrictive definitions of "white" declaring that someone having as little as 1/32 "Negro blood" was legally classified as black. •South Africa under apartheid had similar laws classifying people by race Historically in the US, it was presumed that racial categorization was simple: Race was biologically determined and the division was clear. Of course, interracial marriages and relationships present an ambiguity to a seemingly simple system. This potential racial ambiguity was resolved in some states with the "one-drop rule". In that case, if a person had any ancestors who were Black, no matter how many generations back, the person was labeled Black, even if they appeared to be White. However, in some states, like Virginia you had to be 1/8 black to considered Black, whereas in Florida it was enough to be 1/16 black to be considered Black. What does this say about the validity of the concept of race as biological/genetic fact? You can, literally, switch races by crossing state lines.

dominant group

•A dominant group is a group with more power, prestige, and privilege than a minority group

Minority group

•A minority group is a group society separates and subordinates in some way because of its physical or cultural traits -The dominant group has little value for the physical/cultural traits of a minority group -The dominant group treats the minority group unfairly -Minority groups tend to be endogamous (within group marriage)

The upper-middle class

•About 14 percent of the population belong to this class. •It, more than any other social class, is shaped by education, since its members hold managerial or professional jobs that are made possible only by their professional or graduate education. •Their annual income is typically $100,000 or more. •This social class is within reasonable reach of the middle class, so becoming upper-middle class is often a goal of their socialization.

Working Poor Class

•About 22 percent of the population belongs to this class. •Most have less than a high school education, many are functionally illiterate, and they typically hold seasonal, part-time, temporary, jobs such as house cleaning, day laborer, or migrant farm worker. •They have little or no job security, live from paycheck to paycheck, are constantly in debt and must rely on social service programs such as food stamps. •Their average income is less than $20,000 per year. •Their sole retirement income is likely to be Social Security since they cannot save money with their low wages and they typically have no retirement benefits.

The Underclass

•About 3 percent of the population fall in the underclass (Myrdal, 1962; Wilson, 1987). •This class includes people typically having less than a high school education. •They are often unemployed, or occasionally employed with part-time or seasonal work at best. •Many of them survive only through social services such as welfare, •Their average annual income is less than $13,000 often far less.

The working class

•About 30 percent of the population belongs to this class. •They have an average annual income of about $30,000. •These people are the blue-collar workers and white-collar workers having routine, closely supervised jobs. •They have little occupational prestige and often have no more than a high school education. •They feel more threatened by layoffs, cheap labor in other countries, and recessions. •With no more than a high school education, they have little hope of achieving a higher social class.

The lower-middle class

•About 30 percent of the population falls into this class. •Their average incomes are around $40-$50,000 per year. •They typically have at least a high school education, perhaps some college or post-high school training. •These people occupy the semiprofessional and technical positions in corporations, such as craftspeople and foremen. •They make a good living and enjoy a comfortable lifestyle, but feel threatened by inflation and taxes

Absolute and relative poverty

•Absolute poverty is a condition of deprivation in which people have too little money or other resources to obtain all they need for basic survival. •Relative poverty is deprivation experienced by some people in contrast to others who have more. • •Absolute and relative poverty do not always coexist. For example, the poorest students in an affluent school district may experience relative poverty when compared to the other students, but may have far more than is required for survival

frustration-aggression theory

•According to frustration-aggression theory, poorly adjusted people focus their frustration on others through aggressive attacks •It manifests in "jokes," threats, and excuses for personal shortcomings that target racial, ethnic, and gendered minorities, to name a few

Redlining

•African Americans, Latinx, and others fall victim to redlining, or the pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods. •Service redlining covers everything from parcel deliveries to repair people as well as food deliveries. The red pencil continues to exist in cities throughout the United States.

Jim Crow Laws

•After the end of the Reconstruction era, a new set of laws came into existence in the South with the intention of continuing to oppress Black Americans. •"Jim Crow" laws were a set of laws enforcing educational, economic, and sociocultural discrimination and oppression. -These laws restricted access to education, land, and suffrage (the right to vote). Bias was, and still is, the motivation for a great deal of unfair treatment and harmful actions in the form of destruction of property, murder, and other illegal acts referred to as hate crimes. -The history of lynching in the Jim Crow South is an example of a hate crime. Sadly, hate crimes still occur today with the perpetrators often targeting people with devalued social statuses.

intersexed

•Although males tend to be more muscular than females, some females are more muscular than males. A person exhibiting both male and female primary and secondary sex characteristics is intersexed.

Gender and Politics

•Although women in the U.S. have the same political rights as men, they still do not earn as much as men and are subject to considerably more scrutiny when in positions of power. •During the 2008 & 2016 United States presidential election, for example, it was common for news pundits and commentators to discuss the political platforms of male candidates, while female candidates were much more likely to be criticized for their clothing, appearance, and demeanor during debates (Friedman 2008).

Rape and Sexual Assault Statistics for persons in federal and state prison

•Among state and federal prison inmates, 2.0% (oran estimated 29,300 prisoners) reported an incident involving another inmate, 2.4% (34,100) reported an incident involving facility staff, and 0.4% (5,500) reported both an incident by another inmate and staff. •Among non-heterosexual inmates, 12.2% of prisoners and 8.5% of jail inmates reported being sexually victimized by another inmate; 5.4% of prisoners and 4.3% of jail inmates reported being victimized by staff. •In 2011-12, transpersons experienced sexual victimization at a rate of 39.9% in state and federal prisons and 26.8% in local jails.

structural functional view of gender continued

•Because the tasks performed by the male often resulted in life or death for the males and their families and produced valued goods in the form of food or valuables traded with other people, men's work was often seen as more valuable than the routine, mundane, but essential tasks of women. Thus men became dominant in most cultures and, over many generations, that dominance became taken-for-granted and an institutionalized part of the culture.

How much do women participate in the workforce?

•Between 1966 and 2013, women's participation rates in the workforce increased from 31.5 percent to 48.7 percent (2013 EEO-1 Indicators report). •In 2013, the United States' 161 million women made up roughly 51 percent of the population. Despite the gains in employment made by women in the last 50 years, the annual median earnings of women working full time in 2013 was $39,157, compared with men at $50,033. Graph: chapter 9 slide 47

Rape and Sexual Assault Statistics among college age women, 18-24

•Between 1995-2013 the rate of rape and sexual assault was 1.2 times higher for nonstudents (7.6 per 1,000) than for students (6.1 per 1,000). •80% of the time the offender is known to the victim. •1 in 10 offenders had a weapon. Rape and sexual assault victimizations of students (80%) were more likely than nonstudent victimizations (67%) to go unreported to police. 90% of all victims are women

Racial and Ethic Minorities (poverty)

•Both Blacks and Latinx are almost three times as likely to be poor as are whites. •Yet, because of the much larger number of whites in the U.S. (60.5%), 48.2% of the poor are white. •In 2017, the poverty rates for Blacks was 21.2%, for Hispanic the rate was 18.3%, for Asian and Pacific Islanders it was 10.0%, and for (non-Hispanic) whites the rate was 8.7%. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 60.5 percent of the total population and 42.8 percent of the people in poverty in 2017. Black 21.2% = 9 million Hispanic 18.8% = 10.8 million Asian and Pacific Islanders 10.0% = 2 million White 8.7% = 17 million

CEO salaries

•CEO salaries have risen far faster than other salaries in the United States and far faster than those in other countries. • •1960 average CEO salary 12X average worker •Mid 70s 40X average worker •Early 1990s 70X average worker - Graef, 1991; Kelly, 1995 •2014 373X average worker The median compensation for CEOs at America's largest 350 corporations was $12.3 million in 2012.

Why do more women work today?

•Changing attitudes and the rise of feminism •Reductions (not elimination) in sexual discrimination in the workplace •Decreased family sizes •Urbanization •"Out-sourcing" child care and food preparation •A higher divorce rate and a sometimes stagnant economy •Debt

Social mobility and equal opportunity in U.S.

•Clearly, the upward social mobility experienced between early adulthood and middle age is much more favorable for men and for whites than for other segments of the population. •Of course, other factors may come into play here, including participation in the labor force and educational attainment. But clearly these findings suggest that opportunity for these categories of people is decidedly unequal.

Complicit masculinities and patriarchal dividend

•Complicit masculinities are those "constructed in ways that realize the patriarchal dividend, without the tensions or risks of being the frontline troops of patriarchy." •A patriarchal dividend is an unintended benefit of being a man. It results in men receiving benefits of hegemony through the subordination of women without using a strong version of masculine dominance.

Conflict theory

•Conflict theorists argue that those in positions of power use prejudice as a resource to oppress and marginalize others. •Prejudice is a product of class conflict -They argue that members of the dominant social classes manipulate racial and ethnic prejudice to distract workers from their more fundamental conflict with capitalists. -So long as the working masses are fighting among themselves and blaming one another for lower wages and poor working conditions, they are unlikely to recognize their common interests and band together to confront the capitalists who are paying those low wages and forcing them to work in poor work environments (Geschwender, 1978).

conflict view of gender

•Conflict theory views traditional gender roles as instruments of oppression by society, preserving advantages of males over females (Basow, 1986; Collins, 1971, 1975). It argues that cultural ideologies evolved to support male dominance over females stressing the "natural" physical and intellectual superiority of males and nurturing instincts of females. •Although Karl Marx was generally silent on issues of gender, his colleague, Frederich Engels (1942, orig. 1884) was among the first conflict theorists to address issues of gender. Engels argued that, while men and women performed different activities in early hunting and gathering societies, it was only when surplus production became available that men began to truly dominate women. •He argued that men wished to control property through inheritance and that required knowledge of paternity, hence requiring the faithfulness of wives to their husbands and the monogamous marriage. •In Engels' view, capitalism exacerbated male dominance by creating more wealth, giving men greater power as the primary producers, heirs, and owners of wealth. The role of women was to take care of the home so that men could work in factories, and to become consumers to purchase the products produced by men. The tragedy of capitalism, in Engels' view, was the exploitation of males through low wages for their labor and the exploitation of women through no wages for "female" work (Eisenstein, 1979).

structural functional view of gender -roles

•Consistent with this functional view, Parsons and Bales (1955) argued there are positive consequences in the traditional division of labor in which women were "better suited" to perform expressive roles providing for supportive emotional relationships in the family unit, while men were better for instrumental roles performing task-oriented and goal-directed behavior. They argued using the functionalist perspective that these two roles were different and complementary, best performed by different individuals. •Men and women learn their different roles in gender-differentiated socialization experiences as growing boys learn that they should "be a man" while growing girls learn what it means to be female. When either sex steps outside the realm of accepted behaviors for their gender, they are quickly reminded of the inappropriateness of boys who are "sissies" or girls who are "tomboys."

core countries

•Core Countries are the dominant countries in world-system theory, having -high levels of industrialization, -strong secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy, -high levels of political autonomy to pursue their own interests, and -heavy investments in other countries. -E.g., the United States, Germany, and Japan

Data on the highest paid senior executives'

•Data on the highest paid senior executives' actual take-home pay, which is published, as required by law, in companies' annual filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), show that in 2014, senior executives made 949 times as much money as the average worker, far higher than the AFL-CIO's ratio of 373:1.

De facto segregation

•De facto segregation refers to segregation existing as a matter of practice. An example of de facto segregation existing in the U.S. is residential segregation occurring in most metropolitan areas.

Ethnicity

•Derived from the Greek term ethnos, meaning people, ethnicity refers to the shared cultural heritage and practices distinguishing one group of people from another

occupational segrgegation

•Despite overall increases in participation rates for women in Officials and Managers and Professionals occupations barriers to entry may still exist. In 2013, women represented 53.2 percent of Professionals, while they made up only 38.6 percent of Officials and Managers. •Data also suggests that women continue to experience occupational segregation in nontraditional jobs. In 2013, women composed 7.3 percent of all Craft Workers, while the participation rate for women in the Office and Clerical Worker category was considerably higher at 75.6 percent.

Exclusion

•Exclusion - policies that refuse admission or citizenship to certain categories of people

Feminism

•Feminism argues men and women are equal, and should be treated as equal in all aspects of life, and asserts that biology does not determine human destiny. •Importantly, feminism does not support the domination of women over men. •Feminism is about equality, and stands in opposition to patriarchy and sexism. Feminism has had three distinct "waves" beginning in the 1840s, then the 1960s, and then the 1990s.

Four characteristics of stratification

•First, stratification influences how many people will be affluent or poor, as well as the types of opportunities available to them. •Second, stratification is part of the social structure, rather than being an individual characteristic -If something you have (beauty, charisma, et cetera) something valued by society, then those possessing it will likely benefit •Third, inequality is something that is passed down from generation to generation -Social class is something that is passed from one generation to the next •Fourth, inequality is part of our belief system. -We believe some form and amount of inequality is actually good for society because it gives people incentive and motivation to improve their lives •Believing in the goodness of inequality is an ideology, cultural beliefs and practices justifying social arrangements relating to social, economic, and political interests Ideology example: During feudalism, the poor were often given charity, but today they are often thought of as undeserving or lazy because they will not work for a living.

structural functional view of stratification

•Functional theory argues inequality is nearly universal in all societies, and it exists because it has positive functions for society •Inequality... -assures that the most important positions in society are filled by the most competent people. -assures that people perform important positions competently. -persuades people to undergo the years of training and hard work required to perform important jobs

Structural Functionalism

•Functionalism attempts to provide an answer as to why a person would hold prejudicial beliefs about another group of people. A person in the "in-group" pits themselves and their group against an "out-group." Having prejudicial beliefs strengthens bonds and identity, and also serves to unite its members by viewing the out-group as adversaries and threats •Prejudice and discrimination also unifies, bonds, strengthens, and clarifies the identity and boundaries of members of the out-group. •The functionalist perspective views members of groups as being able to produce belonging through the construction of difference

The functions of poverty (Gans 1971) (functional view)

•Gans (1971) argues that poverty persists in our society because it serves several important social functions. Poverty... -assures that society's "dirty work" (dangerous, dead-end jobs) will be done. -subsidizes economic activities that benefit the affluent by the poor serving as underpaid domestics, freeing affluent folks for other activities. -creates jobs for people in professions that serve the poor such as social workers or protect society from them such as prison guards, police, and parole officers. -prolongs the life of goods others no longer want, such as day-old bread, secondhand clothes, and used cars -provides people (the poor) who can be punished as real or alleged deviants to uphold the legitimacy of conventional norms. -offers upward social mobility to those just above the poor who can exploit them with slum housing, narcotics, gambling, and other goods and services sold at inflated prices to the poor who don't have the means to shop elsewhere

nonverbal interaction gender

•Gender differences pervade social interaction, including even patterns of nonverbal interaction where the dominance of men over women is subtly reinforced. More powerful people tend to touch less powerful people more than vice versa. Men tend to touch women more, conveying their claim to power. Men also tend to take up more space in the way they stand and sit, indicating greater freedom and control over space (Henley, 1977).

Gender

•Gender refers to masculinity and femininity, as well as the social status associated with biological sex, and accordingly, its behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes •While biological sex is decipherable in terms of reproductive capabilities, and physical characteristics, gender refers to what it means to be a "man" or a "woman." -social-masculinity or femininity -socially constructed -varies from one society to another -learned through socialization

Patterns of Treatment of Minorities

•Genocide •Population displacement •Systematic exploitation •Segregation •Assimilation •Multiculturalism (or pluralism)

Genocide

•Genocide is the systematic killing of people within a territory, often with the intent of completely eliminating that category of people In the United States during the American Indian wars before 1900, white settlers systematically destroyed the American Indians' food supply and killed those Indians who resisted the territorial advance of whites. Even more American Indians died from the introduction of diseases brought by whites for which American Indians had no immunity (Thornton, 1987). Together, these factors led to the death of more than 90% of the American Indian population (Thornton, 1987).

Gender and Education

•Historically and internationally •women are more likely to be illiterate than men •In developing countries, two-thirds of the women over 25 have never been to school, compared to one-half of the men. •62 million girls do not have access to education globally •In the United States today •more women graduate from college than men. •In academic positions in colleges and universities •Women are less likely to be full professors •When women are full professors they have lower average salaries than male full professors, and women are more likely to be professors in less prestigious colleges (DePalma, 1993). College Enrollment graph chapter 9 slide 75

Types of social mobility

•Horizontal social mobility is mobility in which one generation of a family is no better or worse than the previous generation. • •Vertical social mobility occurs when there is a significant increase (upward mobility) or decrease (downward mobility) in the social hierarchy (as measured by social status, class, or power). • •Intergenerational social mobility is the change in social standing of children in relation to their parents. • •Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in social standing for one person over the course of their lifetime.

doing gender

•How well we align ourselves with gender expectations and others' evaluations of those alignments is what Candace West and Don Zimmerman (1987) called doing gender. •West and Zimmerman argued that gender is not innate. Instead, it is a performance others judge in terms of how well it meets social expectations. Gender performance is important because it is a way people evaluate, categorize, and classify others. In brief, most of the time, gender has consequences relating to wealth, power, and prestige

gender stereotypes

•Images of ideal men and women are often the basis of gender stereotypes, ideas or assumptions about how men and women are or should be. • •Stereotypically, men are expected to be strong, independent, competitive, rational, assertive, insensitive, and dominant. These stereotypical characterizations of masculinity tend to align with hegemonic masculinity.

Plessy v. Ferguson

•In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessey v. Ferguson that the concept of "separate but equal" was constitutional, allowing for the perpetuation in segregation as long as the two separate facilities were "equitable." Separate but equal facilities continued to exist through the Jim Crow era until Jim Crow laws were overturned by the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

Poverty line statistics in 2017

•In 2017, the poverty line for a family of four was $24,858. • •In 2017, there were 39.7 million people in poverty - this is 12.3 % of the total U.S. population (the richest country in the world)

patriarchy

•In the United States, patriarchy is more common among working class families •Scandinavian countries tend to be more egalitarian •Muslim and Christian countries often display extreme patriarchy

the second shift

•Increased participation of women in the workforce has led to dramatic changes in family life. •Yet traditional gender roles in which women perform most of the household work have persisted even in families where wives are employed outside the home. •The result often is women who must bear all of the responsibilities of the workplace during the day, then return home to a "second shift" in which they spend many more additional hours performing child-care duties, cooking, and cleaning (Hochschild, 1989). •The second shift is the domestic tasks married women have to take on in addition to their employment

Goals of Feminism

•Increasing equality through action •Challenging the status quo is imperative to bring about equality •Expanding human choice •An expansion of what it means to be human is necessary for all individuals to develop into healthy people (abandoning binary terms, for example) •Eliminating gender stratification •Feminists argue against the limitations of the rights of women •Ending sexual violence •Sexual violence - rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment, pornography - are part of the patriarchal gender order and must end •Promoting sexual freedom •Feminists believe that women should be able to control their sexuality and reproductive rights

Wealth inequality data

•Inequality is more pronounced in wealth than in income, with wealth much more concentrated in the upper extremes of the population •In 1989 the wealthiest 1% of the population owned 37% of the total wealth in the U.S., the richest 20% of the population owned 78.7% of the wealth in the U.S., while the poorest 20% were in debt by .4% (Federal Reserve and Internal Revenue Service Survey, 1989.) Getting your piece of the pie: -economy would grow more if their was less inequality(need more even slices) -U.S. has less social mobility than thought

institutional sexism

•Institutional sexism occurs when the day-to-day operations, rules, and policies of organizations and institutions discriminate against one sex. •Examples •female jobs leading only to other female job •preference for jobs granted to military veterans •machines and tools designed for average men •employer policies limiting child care •organizations that limit activities of women •armed forces •religions

Interruptions & gender

•Interruptions may reflect power differences between males and females. Males are more likely to interrupt females than vice versa. In one study of male-female couples 74% of the males interrupted, while only 26% of the females interrupted. In same-sex couples, interruptions were about even. In other studies, parents were found to be more likely to interrupt daughters than sons. Females are more tentative in speech, qualifying with "I think," "I suppose" and so on. Women also tend to speak more softly and use softer words. (West and Zimmerman, 1983).

Involuntary population displacement

•Involuntary population displacement occurs when the dominant group forcibly removes the minority population from an area -The U.S. government forcibly removed Native Americans from their land and relocated them on reservation in the 1800s -Japanese Americans moved to internment camps during WWII

Racial formation for Irish people

•Irish race: "inferior," "lacking intelligence," "drunks," "irrational," "easily manipulated," etc. •"Laborers two dollars per day, Irish one dollar." •Later became white as they reached working class and middle class status. •Sicilians, Italians, Greeks, etc. Over time, the Irish came to be seen as White. This was accomplished, in part, with the Irish positioning themselves as distinct from African Americans in order to identify more with the White majority. You should realize by now that racial categorization is about privilege - socially constructed privilege. When do you know that you have arrived? Accepted into the mainstream. Immigrants - becoming white. Might sound strange, especially as those who think of race as strictly biological and, therefore, that one is born into a race. The first immigrants to the U.S. where not considered "white," but where instead viewed as being of "the British races," "the Irish race," "the German races," etc. "White" was first used in colonial times to distinguish between those of European and African ancestry. This would matter a great deal. Those defined as white would become citizens and they and their children would inherit the rights and privileges that go along with citizenship. Those defined "Black" were subject to 200 years of intergenerational slavery. Hence, being considered white mattered a great deal!

scapegoat theory

•John Dollard and colleagues (1939) argue that when people are frustrated and unable to identify the real source of their problems, they may look for a scapegoat on which to blame their problems. •Scapegoats are groups, usually minority groups lacking power, who are blamed for problems in society that are not their fault -Rather than looking to political and structural explanations like NAFTA or CAFTA, Hispanics working without citizenship in the U.S. are scapegoated as taking all of the good American jobs It is an irrational way of making sense of failure and displacing blame.

Karl Marx: Class conflict

•Karl Marx argued the proletariat (workers who sell their productive labor for wages) were exploited by the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) •Workers tend to accept the dominant ideology of the functional view of stratification as a form of false consciousness. -False consciousness is a lack of awareness of the severity of class differences by members of the proletariat (and even identifies with the ideology of the bourgeoisie) •However, he predicted workers would eventually realize their exploitation (class consciousness) and overthrow the capitalists in a worker's revolt, creating a socialist society •This socialist society would be a transitional one leading eventually to a classless society (one with little or no inequality), communism •Marx argued a single economic dimension is the basis of social stratification. He has been criticized as an economic determinist, arguing that economics lies at the root of all the important processes in a society -Marx has been criticized on many grounds. Perhaps the most important criticism with regard to stratification is he separated performance from rewards. Would the best people still be performing the most important jobs?

Conflict Views of Stratification

•Karl Marx: Class Conflict •Wright's modification of Marx •Max Weber: Class, Status and Power

Stratification and Technology: A global perspective

•Lenski and Lenski (1982) argued that social stratification systems vary depending on the stage of development of a society. •The Nobel prize-winning economist, Simon Kuznets (1955, 1966) found in his "Kuznets curve" that inequality first increases and then later declines with increasing technology. •Why do you think inequality would increase and then decline? One reason for this decline in inequality may be because industrial economies produce so much surplus that the living standards of all are raised significantly. In addition, the specialized work in industrial societies requires technical training and schooling with literacy rising for all. That, in turn, leads to greater participation in politics by the masses, and eventually reduces the inequality in the society.

marginalized masculinity

•Marginalized masculinities refer to the intersection of gender with race, ethnicity, and class, and are categorized in relation to the dominant group •White-collar masculinity and black masculinity

Max Weber: Class, Status and Power

•Max Weber argued there are three important dimensions to stratification: class, status, and power. -Social class - Weber saw this as a continuum instead of a dichotomy between proletariat and bourgeoisie. For Weber, social class could be measured by a combination of wealth — the property or economic resources owned by someone, such as buildings, factories, cars, stocks, bank accounts — and income — the money they receive a rents, royalties, wages, or profits. -Status or social prestige is the respect and admiration accorded a social position or occupation and people in those positions by others. Status can result from respected acts (such as acts of bravery or compassion). -Power is the capacity to influence or control behavior of others. Power is the hardest of the three dimensions to measure and there is some controversy over how power is distributed in the U.S. -Where Marx saw power and prestige as minor factors largely determined by social class, Weber saw each of the dimensions as important, with their relative importance varying in different historical time periods. Where Marx believed a revolution would end inequality, Weber believed it would more likely simply shift the base from one dimension such as social class to another such as power.

Medicalization of Racism

•Medical authority was once used to dehumanize blacks and justify slavery • •1851 article in a then-prestigious medical journal -claimed Negroes are biologically inferior -their continued enslavement was a medical responsibility • •The article identified a new disease peculiar to Negroes, "drapetomania." -Symptoms: attempts to run away from their master. -Treatment: "whipping the devil out of them" -The cure: required total submission to their white masters. •Szasz (1971)

individual discrimination

•Micro level discrimination, or individual discrimination, refers to the unfair and harmful treatment of one individual over another. -Japanese Americans were unfairly targeted during World War II because of their Japanese descent. Often, individual discrimination emerges from broader patterns of discrimination within society.

Pariah Femininities

•Mimi Schippers identifies a set of stigmatized practices and characteristics she calls "pariah femininities" (being aggressive, sexually unavailable, or promiscuous) that contaminate the hegemonic relationship between masculinity and femininity (Schippers 2007:95). •Both pariah femininities and male femininities are stigmatized because each threatens gender hegemony.

What does social mobility look like in the U.S.

•Most upward social mobility in the United States is due to structural mobility— mobility resulting from changes in a society's occupational structure or stratification system rather than from individual achievement—that has been made possible by the industrialization of the economy and the expansion of new white collar jobs. • •This expansion of well-paying jobs at the top along with low birth rates among the upper classes have made upward mobility possible. • •The threat is that this upward mobility may be reduced when the economy experiences a downturn or as the economy evolves into a post-industrial economy with rapid increases in low-paying service jobs and the potential for a disappearing middle class.

institutional discrimination

•On a broader level, institutional discrimination is unfair and harmful treatment of a group of people built into the fabric of a society's institutions

Subjective self reports of social class

•One method sometimes used to measure social class is the subjective self-report method, in which people are asked to identify their own social class •However, this method is often not very accurate. There is a long history of people being unable to correctly classify themselves within the U.S. stratification system -During the Depression, 8 out of 10 Americans claimed to be in the middle class (DeMott, 1990) -Self-reports are also affected by the categories used. When respondents are asked to place themselves in the upper, middle, or lower class, 75% or more place themselves in the middle class. However, when a fourth category, "working class," is available, about 40-45% place themselves in that category and the "middle class" category drops to about 40-45% (DeMott, 1990)

World Systems Theory

•One of a number of dependency theories -theories that argue rich industrialized countries keep poor countries underdeveloped and dependent on them to serve their own needs (Wallerstein, 1976, 1979, 1980). •A modern revision of the theory of imperialism first developed by Lenin (1927). Imperialism argued that powerful countries used the resources of less powerful countries to favor their own interests and without fair compensation for those resources. •Divides countries into -peripheral countries -semi-peripheral countries -core countries

gender stratification

•Patriarchy and sexism assure that gender as a social status has a great deal to do with social stratification. •In this section we will be examining gender stratification, the distribution of wealth, power, and prestige among men and women •A series of institutional and everyday practices unfold from systems of gender stratification, such as patriarchy. These constraints and allowances have real world effects for individuals sense of self, behavior, and in their occupations •We will see that there are dramatic differences based on gender in the workplace, the family, education, politics, and the criminal justice system.

male privilege

•Patriarchy gives way to male privilege. Male privilege, societal preferential treatment of men over women, is reflected in a variety of practices and taken for granted privileges. •A man can walk home at night without the fear of being attacked, or not having to watch over his drink at a college party (Alcoff 2006).

authoritarian personality theory

•People with authoritarian personalities are culturally traditional, highly prejudiced, and tend to see the world in clear-cut moral terms of right and wrong. Additionally, they are uncomfortable with ambiguity, insecure, often see threats to their way of life, and are respectful and submissive to authority figures. •Adorno's research triggered more than one thousand related studies. In general, people who are less educated, less intelligent, and from lower social classes are more likely to be authoritarians In the 1950s, Theodor Adorno (1950) and others argued that some people have personality traits predisposing them to prejudicial treatment of others. He surveyed individuals with varying social statuses about anti-Semitism, ethnocentrism, and support for strong authoritarian leaders.

Why is there a gender pay gap?

•Perhaps the strongest factor is the fact that women tend to have different kinds of jobs than men. •A number of occupations and professions have traditionally been dominated by either women or men; and the occupations most dominated by women are often regarded as "women's work" and are sometimes perceived to have less importance (Blum, 1991). •Occupations are dominated by women, such as preschool teaching, are called pink-collar jobs •A second reason why women may tend to be paid less than men might be that women self-select themselves into jobs where they can better balance home and work responsibilities. •E.g., time off for sick children, reduced ability to work long hours due to childcare responsibilities, and even periods of months or years in which they withdraw from the labor market to have children (Fuchs, 1986; Schwartz, 1989). •However, both of these factors—the different kinds of jobs and choosing jobs that permit meeting family responsibilities—only account for between one-half and two-thirds of the pay gap (Kemp, 1990; Fuller and Schoenberg, 1991). •The remainder of the pay gap is due to one or more forms of gender discrimination.

Peripheral countries

•Peripheral countries are the most dependent countries, having -low levels of industrialization, -weak secondary and tertiary sectors of their economy with most of their production in the primary sector, -high levels of investment from other countries, and unable to ward off interference in their internal politics by other countries. -E.g., so-called "third world" countries such as Bangladesh, Zimbabwe, and Sri Lanka

popular misogyny

•Popular misogyny a "basic anti-female violent expression that circulates to wide audiences on popular media platforms" (Banet-Weiser and Miltner 2016:172).

Population displacement

•Population displacement occurs when the dominant group displaces or removes the minority group either voluntarily or involuntarily Population displacement is also referred to as expulsion.

Poverty, location and region

•Poverty is most common in central cities (16.8%) and rural areas (16.7%). •Suburbs have poverty rates roughly half those of central cities (10.8%). •Counties with higher levels of poverty are most likely to be in the South and least likely to be in the Midwest. •In 2015, the lowest poverty rate occurred in the Midwest (11.7%), the highest in the South (15.3%), second-highest in the West (13.3%), and second lowest in the Northeast (12.4%).

primary sex characteristics

•Primary sex characteristics include the organs for sexual reproduction, such as the vagina, penis, and other organs. •This includes the ability for females to give birth and breastfeed.

Constructing privilege

•Privilege is one of those illusive topics that we take for granted unless we are employing our sociological imaginations •Privilege is the rights, allowances, or immunities given to one group because of their social status. •White privilege, the rights, allowances, and immunities associated with whiteness, has a greater influence than most white people realize

Theories of prejudice

•Psychological Theories -Frustration aggression theory -Scapegoat theory -Authoritarian personality theory •Sociological Theories -Structural-functional -Conflict -Symbolic interaction

queer

•Queer is a critique of all things oppressively normal, especially conventional ideas about sex. As such, it embraces sexual and gender difference.

Perceiving racism

•Racism is more easily perceived by its victims than by its perpetrators. •Subordinates, to survive, must attune themselves to actions by those who dominate them to anticipate and avoid acts of domination, while hiding their own true feelings for fear of retribution. •As a result, members of minorities are often much more aware of the actions of the dominant group and the implications of those actions than are members of that dominant group. -Jean Miller (1976) •Perhaps this is what led W.E.B. DuBois to say, "The Negro is sort of a seventh son... gifted with second sight... the sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others..."

male femininities

•Schippers also conceptualizes stigmatized feminine practices embodied by men as "male femininities" (Schippers 2007:96). •Both pariah femininities and male femininities are stigmatized because each threatens gender hegemony.

secondary sex characteristics

•Secondary sex characteristics are physical characteristics between females and males unrelated to sexual reproduction •General body shape, body fat, height, weight, muscular strength, the amount of body hair, and the tone of voice.

Segregation

•Segregation refers to the separation of public and private facilities for white and black Americans •In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, a law that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in government, schools, the workplace, and in any public place. •It was passed after many years of the Civil Rights Movement, a national campaign of activism for the equal treatment of black Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. Although it is commonly believed segregation ended during the 1960s, there is strong evidence of de facto segregation existing today.

semi-peripheral countries

•Semi-peripheral countries are the countries between the core countries and peripheral countries, having -intermediate levels of industrialization, -some development in their secondary and tertiary sectors, and -greater autonomy than peripheral countries. -E.g., countries like Brazil, Greece, and Spain

sex

•Sex is the biological characteristics and distinctions between males and females. This distinction includes primary and secondary sex characteristics. -biological-being male or female -biologically constructed -uniform across societies -passed on genetically

comparable worth

•Similar compensation for similar work, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender is called comparable worth •A recent study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Muench et al. 2015) analyzes comparable worth among men and women registered nurses. The authors found that, for registered nurses, men's salaries are higher than women by an average of $5,100 per year, and that there are no signs of the gender pay gap narrowing. Even in occupations considered as pink-collar jobs, men earn more than women

Systems of Stratification

•Slavery -Slavery is the legal ownership and forced servitude of people and their children -Three ways to become enslaved: debt, crime, war -Between 600,000 and 800,000 men, women, and children are transported across international borders for sexual exploitation or slavery each year -not much mobility •Caste •One's social status is determined completely by birthright and it is irrevocable. •Social mobility from one caste to another is quite unlikely. •E.g., India's traditional system -not much mobility •Estate -There are three main estates: the nobility, the church, and peasants. -Since only eldest sons inherited all the wealth, other sons of noblemen had to enter the clergy or make a living in some other way. -Estate systems permit more social mobility than a caste system and slavery system -E.g., feudal Europe and some Asian nations -modern class systems •Traditional stratification systems (slavery, caste, estate) are based on ascribed social status in which social status is determined through birth •Modern industrialized societies most commonly have a class system based on achieved social status, status earned through individual effort •Many believe the U.S. class system is a meritocracy, a system of stratification based entirely on personal merit •Social status in a class system is influenced greatly by one's education, income, and occupational prestige.

What difference does class make? (life styles and life chances)

•Social class affects both life styles and life chances. •Life styles refer to the activities, behaviors, possessions, and other, often visible, characteristics of how an individual spends their time and money. These often reflect social class and may be used as ways for an individual to advertise his or her social class to others. •Life chances refer to the likelihood of realizing a certain quality of life, or the probability of experiencing certain positive or negative outcomes in life such as material goods and favorable life experiences. People born into higher social classes are more likely to go to college, get a good job, and be healthy than someone born into a poor family. They even live longer.

The role of social mobility

•Social mobility refers to the extent an individual moves up or down in a social stratification system • •Social mobility is an important measure of a stratification system. Despite the huge differences in wealth, income, prestige, and power in the United States documented above, those differences are viewed as entirely acceptable and even a good thing by many people because this country is perceived to be "the land of opportunity," in which each person can work hard and go from "rags to riches" and achieve the "American dream." Inequality, even dramatic inequality, is acceptable so long as each of us has "equal opportunity" to end up on the top of the heap.

Describe social stratification

•Social stratification is a universal characteristic of all societies. Every society has inequality, but societies differ widely in the form inequality takes. •Stratification is a characteristic of the entire society, not just single individuals. Hence, whether any one individual is wealthy or poor, powerful or powerless, honored or reviled, is very much affected by the society itself and its system of stratification, not just by the characteristics of that individual.

Wright's revision of Marx

•Sociologist Erik Olin Wright (1985) argued that changing conditions made it necessary to modify Marx's analysis to include four classes: -capitalists, who own large businesses employing many workers, such as the DuPont family, the Rockefellers, and the Kennedys -petty bourgeoisie, who own small businesses, such as someone who owns a car repair shop, a small software company, a consulting business, or a small medical practice -managers, who sell their own labor but exercise authority over other employees, such as a dean in a college or a vice-president in a corporation -workers, who sell their labor, such as someone who works on an assembly line, at a fast food restaurant, or in an all-night gas station

Social Class in the U.S.

•Sociologists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl (1993) describe the contemporary class structure in the United States based on six categories. •These categories are defined by a combination of class, status, and power, and hence, may be viewed as an updated description consistent with Max Weber's view. •Those six categories and their relative percentage of the population are displayed here.

Claiming Class

•Some of the inaccuracy of self-reported social class may be due to efforts by people to claim a higher status than they actually have. People use status symbols (signs or symbols identifying a particular status) such as expensive jewelry, clothes, or cars to communicate our status to others. •Blatant efforts to display status through the possession or consumption of status symbols is called conspicuous consumption (Veblen, 1899). •Where do you think Veblen was when he developed this concept? Beverly Hills?....No, he was in Columbia, Missouri.

Rape and Sexual Assault Statistics for persons who are transgender

•Statistics documenting transgender people's experience of sexual violence indicate shockingly high levels of sexual abuse and assault. •One in two transgender individuals are sexually abused or assaulted at some point in their lives. •Some reports estimate that transgender survivors may experience rates of sexual assault up to 66 percent, often coupled with physical assaults or abuse. •One in ten transgender individuals have been sexually assaulted in a healthcare setting. •This indicates that the majority of transgender individuals are living with the aftermath of trauma and the fear of possible repeat victimization. In federal and state prisons, transpersons report sexual victimizationat a rate of 35%. By comparison, 4% of state and federal prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates report sexual victimization (2011-12). (29,300 in last 12 months)

emphasized femininity

•Stereotypically, women are expected to be social, weak, dependent, emotional, submissive, and timid. These traditional views of femininity align with compliance (Connell 1987) •Emphasized femininity is an exaggerated form of femininity conforming to the needs and desires of men. •Emphasized femininity is not just compliance in the family, such as accepting the majority of the childcare responsibilities. •Women are expected to be complimentary, fragile, and open to the advances of men. •Much like hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity is an ideal, rather than a realistic, attainable type of femininity.

subordinate masculinities

•Subordinate masculinities are less valued forms of masculinity which are symbolically expelled from hegemonic masculinity, such as the various forms of gay masculinity. •Various forms of gay masculinity

Symbolic Interactionism

•Symbolic interactionists focus on how stereotypes and labels produce prejudice. •Racial and ethnic slurs are labels clearly illustrating the negative and harmful names. They support and engender powerful negative emotions about the people they describe (Allport 1954). The labels we learn affect how we perceive people. Labels let us see some things, but miss others.

The Poverty Line in the U.S.

•The U.S. government assumes that poor families spend one-third of their income on food, so it estimates the cost of food then multiplies that amount by three to compute the poverty line. •Since food costs vary by family size, time and location, this number varies. In 1995, for an urban family of four, the poverty line was $15,569. •Obviously, this is a rather arbitrary designation that does not take into account changes in food consumption much less changes in costs of basic goods and services like housing (Katz, 1989). •Despite its obvious shortcomings, this definition of poverty is the basis for deciding who receives government help and it is also the basis for most official statistics on poverty in the United States.

Minority-Majority

•The U.S. will be majority-minority by 2050 -This has already occurred in nearly 25% of states -The number of U.S. Latino/as will almost double from 16 to 30% -Asian Americans from 5 to 8% Counties where minorities are majority (Pew Research Center 2014) Graph Chapter 8 Slide 89

the male gaze

•The demeaning of women from human beings into sexual objects is a key component of the male gaze, a term used by theorists to describe how a woman is seen by mass society, whether is it posing in an advertisement or simply walking down the street (Mulvey 1975)

Recent trends in inequality

•The dominant trend in the United States throughout most of the 20th Century has been a modest reduction in inequality. This is consistent with the "Kuznets Curve" •A far more noticeable trend has been the increasing economic prosperity of all—what Olsen (1990) calls the 'prosperity escalator.' This trend was most noticeable in the Post-War period from 1947 to 1967. This was a period of unprecedented prosperity and economic growth • •During this period, there developed the widespread belief among Americans that the quality of their lives would be better than that of their parents and the quality of their children's lives would exceed that of their own -In contrast, the period from the late 1960s until today has been a time of slower economic growth, uneven progress, and even increased inequality in our stratification system.

Is the gap between the number of hours men work each week and the number women work is limited to the United States?

•The gap between the number of hours men work each week and the number women work is not limited to the United States either if we are to believe a survey by the International Labor Organization (reported in the Associated Press, 1992). • •They report that African women work 15 hours more per week than men, Asian women, 14 hours more; Latin American women, six hours more; and European women five hours more.

Gender order

•The gender order is a historically constructed pattern of power relations between men and women (Matthews 1984) •Part of our language and shapes the way we think about society •The dominant gender order in most societies relies on patriarchy, a social relationship in which men dominate women •Matriarchy is the domination of women over men •Egalitarianism refers to equality among both men and women Popular ideas about gender are social constructions playing out in our everyday lives. Gender categories force us to make decisions about ourselves, even when we do not agree with the categorization and even when it does not fit who we are biologically. It is important to keep in mind the regulatory and proscriptive constraints of gender, and the roles with which we are expected to conform.

sexism

•The gendered work structure is based on sexism, the belief that one sex is superior to the other. •Sexism is attitudinal and built into the institutions within society. •Institutional sexism is prevalent across the board, and in occupations it results in the concentration of women in low-wage work.

glass ceiling

•The glass ceiling is an invisible social barrier blocking a woman's movement into higher paying occupations. •Consider the percentages of women holding executive officer positions for Fortune 500 companies. •2009 - 13.5% •2010 - 14.4% •2011 - 14.1% •2012 - 14.3% •2013 - 14.6%

rape culture

•The phrase rape culture refers to a way of thinking that systematically trivializes, normalizes, or endorses sexual assault. Masculinity, in all its forms, is problematic.

structural functional view of gender

•The structural-functional view of gender differences explains the dominance of males as a consequence of biological differences between men and women related to reproduction (Lerner, 1986; Friedl, 1990). In early human history, life expectancies were short and many children died in child birth or early infancy, while methods of birth control were limited or nonexistent. Hence, much of their adult lives, women were often either pregnant, nursing an infant, or caring for a young child.

the three-fifths compromise

•The three-fifths compromise in 1787 (Mintz and McNeil 2015), for example, allowed states to count non-voting slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of representation in Congress. •The compromise became part of the first article of the Constitution and gave slave states the power to advance their agenda while ignoring the interests and concerned of enslaved black Americans

How much did the income of the top 0.01 percent increase in two time periods compared to the bottom 90 percent? (rich getting richer)

•The uppermost 0.01 percent of the population in the U.S. is about 14,000 households, each with $5.5 million or more in income in 2004. • •How much did the income of the top 0.01 percent increase in two time periods compared to the bottom 90 percent? • •1950-1970 162 X • •1990-2002 18,000 X

Underestimating inequality

•There is a general tendency of people in the United States to underestimate the amount of inequality in our society. Recent surveys suggest people are often unaware of the differences in distribution of income and other assets in the United States. •These results are consistent with Marx's argument that the proletariat would display false consciousness—that is, they would be unaware of how severe were class differences between themselves and the bourgeoisie

Social mobility: Myth and reality

•There is a pervasive and romantic notion that the United States is "the land of opportunity," a place where the values of freedom, equality, and opportunity rule, and where everyone can hope for and most can achieve "the American dream" of a life of material comfort and personal happiness. •This myth takes shape in our beliefs about social mobility in the United States in a number of ways. We tend to believe the United States has greater upward social mobility than other countries, with extreme upward social mobility a real possibility for us all, accessible through innate ability, hard work, and a little luck. •How true is this belief? Before we can answer that we must first clarify what we mean by social mobility.

Capitalist

•These are the super-rich top 1 percent of the population who own more than the entire bottom 90% (Federal Reserve and Internal Revenue Service, 1989). •People in the capitalist class typically have incomes in excess of $1 million per year. •They are usually educated at prestige universities, and their ownership of radio stations, newspapers, and television stations, along with their political connections, gives them the power to influence public opinion. •This class, small though it may be, is often divided into "old money" and "new money." The longer a family has money, the less tainted they are by the sometimes unscrupulous manner in which they obtained their riches. "New money" families are often looked down upon by "old money" families and not trusted, though their children and grandchildren can enter the "old money" class by attending the right schools and marrying old money

Social Class: Income and Wealth

•These data provide some support for each of the perspectives on social stratification. The fact that the distribution of assets varies so widely depending on the asset provides some support for Weber's view that social class is a continuum based on multiple dimensions. While the distribution of some assets such as houses (and cars) are less uneven, there are huge discrepancies in distribution of ownership of the means of production as measured by real estate (in the form of rental property) and stocks. This suggests a relatively small number of people own most of the means of production in the United States and lends support to Marx's view. Finally, these findings provide some support for the evolutionary view of the Lenski's. That view suggests the basic needs for survival will be distributed based on function, but surplus beyond basic needs will tend to be distributed based on power.

Conflict theory: split labor market and reserve labor force

•This results in a split labor market, in which workers are divided along racial, ethnic, or gender-based boundaries. They compete with each other rather than joining forces to increase negotiating power. At times, the competition for scarce jobs results in a reserve labor force. A reserve labor force is a group of workers that can be employed when the economy is good, but laid off when times are bad.

structural functional view of gender-sexual division of labor

•This, of course, limits their ability to move about, engage in combat, or to carry out strenuous physical activities. For this reason, in most (but not all) early societies, men became the ones responsible for engaging in warfare, hunting, and gathering food, while women became responsible for child care and managing the home (Huber, 1990). •This separation occurred in large part due to the sexual division of labor, a point in cultural development in which different tasks are assigned to different members of the cultural group.

Cisgender

•Those identifying with the socially constructed gender that matches the biological sex they were born with are known as cisgendered

Toxic Masculinity

•Toxic masculinity reifies difference, hierarchy, and hegemony through men's (sexual, physical, emotional, political, and symbolic, et al) domination of feminized others. •It is characterized by "extreme competition and greed, insensitivity to or lack of consideration of the experiences and feelings of others, a strong need to dominate and control others, an incapacity to nurture, a dread of dependency, a readiness to resort to violence, and the stigmatization and subjugation of women, gays, and men who exhibit feminine characteristics" (Kupers 2005:717).

Transgender

•Transgender refers to someone living as the gender with which they identify rather than the one conventionally assigned to them by society

Criticisms of the functional view

•Tumin (1953) raised several important criticisms of the functional view. •Rewards are often inconsistent with importance. -Many people earn money and prestige beyond their apparent importance to society. Examples include rock singers, film stars, and professional athletes. Why do those people make many times the income of the President of the United States? •This view is inconsistent with inheritance. -Social class is sometimes ascribed (determined before someone is born by forces beyond their control), and often relatively stable across generations. If selection for occupations was based solely on competence one might expect greater variation from generation to generation. •There are many unfair barriers to competition. -The poor, minorities, the aged, and women are often denied access to jobs for which they might be more highly qualified

Voluntary population displacement

•Voluntary population displacement occurs when the dominant group makes life so miserable for the minority group through the use of harassment, discrimination, and persecution that it "chooses" to leave. •Millions of Jews, for instance, "chose" to leave the brutal conditions of czarist Russia.

Wealth

•Wealth consists of the property or economic resources owned by someone and not required for immediate consumption, such as buildings, factories, cars, stocks, bank accounts •The most common method of measuring wealth is net worth household wealth based on the difference between assets and liabilities

Socioeconomic status, status consistency and inconsistency

•Weber's three-dimensional view of stratification often leads sociologists to use SES, socioeconomic status, a composite index based on occupational prestige, income, and educational attainment. •This measure assumes there is status consistency, the consistent ranking of the three dimensions of class (the tendency for people having high status in one area of their lives to also have high status in other areas) -For example, rich people tend to be more highly educated and to occupy high status occupations. •However, there is not always consistency between different measures of status (status inconsistency) -For example, the very prestigious political positions of President of the United States and Supreme Court Justice are both paid considerably less than many corporate directors or physicians

the interactionist view of gender

•While the functional and conflict views focus on the macro-level structures and origins of gender inequality, the interactionist view focuses at the micro level on the everyday interactions that continually reproduce gender inequalities (Henley, 1977; Matoesian, 1993). Symbolic interactionists examine ways gender differences are reflected in male/female interactions. •These patterns of interaction between men and women have a lasting impact on the life chances of women by reproducing patriarchy throughout social life. For example, in classroom interaction, teachers in elementary and junior high schools treat boys and girls differently. Boys dominate communication in schools. In part this is because boys are more assertive, but teachers respond differently too, encouraging boys to speak more. Matoesian (1993) examined detailed court transcripts of rape trials and showed how the interaction between attorneys, judges, and women accusers are influenced by patriarchy and reproduce the hierarchical relationships between men and women.

White Europeans

•White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPS) dominated the early European colonies established in what later became the United States. •Their early domination permitted them to establish many of the institutions and cultural elements of our society including the language, system of government and dominant religion. •Most of the earliest settlers in these colonies were from England and they looked upon people from other European countries as inferior to them. They were even more ethnocentric when it came to their disregard for Native Americans

Major Racial and Ethnic Populations in the United States

•White Europeans •White Ethnic Americans •African Americans •Hispanic Americans •Asian Americans •Native Americans •Multiracial Americans Graph on Chapter 8 Slide 62

white privilege

•White privilege is not something that negates the hard work people put into getting what they have. •White privilege demonstrates two things: -First, race is a social construction relying on arbitrary designations of power and value. -Second, being a member of the dominant group has unrecognized benefits which those in minority groups more readily recognize because they live without those benefits

Women and Single Heads-of-households (poverty)

•Women are more likely to be poor than men (In 2017, 11.0% of males and 13.6% of females were in poverty). •Sixty-two percent of poor people over the age of 18 are women. •Many of the same factors that lead children to be poor also lead women to be poor. Large numbers of poor adult women are the struggling single parents heading the poor households with children. •Since an increasing percentage of impoverished families are single-parent families, and those families are increasingly headed by women, the result has been what many sociologists call the feminization of poverty—a tendency for women adults to be poor much more frequently than men adults. •In 2017, the proportion and number of of related children in poverty were 8.4% and 4.2 million among married-couple families, 40.8% and 7.2 million among female-householder families, and 19.1% and 1.0 million among male-householder families. Thirty years ago, most poor families still had both parents in the household and women were the single-parent heads of only 25% of all poor families. By 2015, it was 28.2%.

women's second shift

•Women in the U.S. still do more than 2 times as much domestic work as men. •Husbands do "less than one-quarter of the total work done by all household members" (Nock and Kingston, 1990:136). •When both outside work and household work are considered, women often end up working many more hours per day than their husbands.

stereotypes

•are simplified (negative) generalizations applied to a group of people -Stereotypes such as people of African descent being athletically gifted, people of Asian descent being good at math, and people of Hispanic descent being hard workers may not seem offensive at first, but the use of these stereotypes in everyday life is quite offensive

gender roles

•are the expectations associated with being a woman or man •We were not simply born knowing what we are supposed to be, we are socialized into gender roles •We sometimes sense women are not the right fit for a character when it goes against our ideas about gender roles (Goffman 1979). For example, when a woman is the heroine of an action film, she is also often traditionally attractive to compensate for her bravery

prejudice

•is a rigid attitude or belief, usually negative, in which an individual believes one group is superior to another group because of its social status. -Prejudice is grounded in stereotypes

Racism

•is discrimination aimed at a particular social race - there is a biased belief one that racial group is inherently superior to another racial group -Racism denies victims human qualities and depicts them as subhuman. •E.g. the pictures in the previous slide depicting the Irish

social stratification

•is the distribution of wealth, status, and power among people across different social statuses.

systematic exploitation

•is the exclusion of a minority group from equal participation through the use of exploitative policies •Systematic exploitation involves the manipulation of institutions to oppress minorities and deny them access to full citizenship. -In the United States, slavery, the legal ownership and forced servitude of people and their children, existed prior to the Civil War. -In South Africa, there was a system of apartheid, or "separate development," perpetuating white privilege and power until the 1990s.

Discrimination

•is the unfair and harmful treatment of an individual or group, denying them the rights and privileges available to the dominant group. When someone acts on their prejudicial beliefs, then those actions can constitute discrimination. For many white, non-Hispanic Americans who rarely experience racism, it is easy to believe that racism is a thing of the past and not something that happens in today's society.Wi

Assimilation

•occurs when a minority group gradually adopts the patterns and practices of the dominant group and is absorbed into the dominant culture.

Anglo-conformity

•occurs when minorities adopt the traits of the dominant group to produce a homogeneous society centered around the dominant group

structural assimilation

•occurs when minorities are integrated into primary and secondary social relationships with the dominant group. -Results in the minority group working the same jobs, going to the same schools, and living in the same neighborhoods.

biological race

•refers to a category of people who share inherited physical characteristics that distinguish them from others

social race

•refers to a socially constructed category of people sharing some biologically transmitted traits members of a society consider important

Latinx

•refers to geography -People hailing from Latin American origin (includes about 200 million Brazilians - that speak Portuguese)

Hispanic

•refers to language -Ancestry from Spanish speaking country (includes nearly 50 million Spaniards)

Multiculturalism

•sometimes referred to as pluralism, encourages racial and ethnic variation and equality. •It is successful once there is no longer a dominant group. •Racial and ethnic groups are able to preserve distinct identities while also participating in a country's social institutions -This is the most tolerant of policies toward minorities

sexual harassment

•unwanted sexual advances •One-in-three women ages 18-34 report being sexually harassed at work, while only 29% reported the incident at the time •Only 17.6% of men report being sexually harassed at work (EEOC Commission).