Sociology Test 4 (Final)
Morbidity Rates
. If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:
adopted a medical model of mental illness
. In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III:
The traditional family is not the dominant form anywhere
. In terms of cross-cultural family forms, which of the following statements is true?
the collection of relationships that can facilitate the actions and behaviors of others
. Social capital is:
a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
A paradox of the American education system is that education is:
decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds
According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?
Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected
According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?
Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction
According to existing studies, why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?
indoctrination into anarchist ideology
According to functionalist theories of education, which of the following would NOT be a function of the American education system?
They are less likely to earn as much as their brothers
According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order, how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms?
Three
According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?
increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce
According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:
grant preferential treatment to subgroups within a population
Affirmative action practices refer to policies that
Medication replaced counseling
After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?
adopting strategies to encourage students to share compliments and insults
All of the following are among the best practices for effective teaching listed by Langlois and Zales EXCEPT:
Remain Objective
Although doctors are very intimate and personal with their patients, it is also important for them to _________
Cohabitation
Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:
the family was indeed a universal human institution
Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski (1913) examined the family structure of nontraditional cultures and settled a long-standing debate when he concluded that:
40 percent
Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?
. thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
in Victorian England and in some modern-day Muslim tribes
As discussed in Chapter 12, in which cultures would it be acceptable for a man to marry his 14-year-old cousin?
People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities
As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence?
Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American
As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?
Socioeconomic Status
Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:
more African American parents actually parent
Bill Cosby is concerned with black underachievement in the American school system. He suggests that:
their extrafamilial female networks
Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?
take math and science AP classes and score higher
Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to ____________ than girls
the processes through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools—both general and specific—are developed
Broadly defined, education is:
girls and boys score about the same in national math tests
Contrary to popular belief:
social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage.
Cultural capital refers to:
athletes and legacy students
Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that Group A was four times more likely to gain admission, and Group B was three times more likely to be admitted. Groups A and B are, respectively:
Reimbursed per office visit or procedure by insurance agencies
Fee for service means physicians are _______
Exogamy
Formal or informal rules that require a person to marry outside of the group he or she belongs to are called:
Extended
Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n) ____________ family.
All African Americans may still experience discrimination
Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?
You will most likely be charged anyway
If you miss an appointment with your physician __________
A requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms
In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it _______
Becoming "workers" rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices
In about the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was taht more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians were ___________
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:
fact that Americans are individualistic and evaluate their marriages in personal terms
In his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from the:
. Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others
In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?
a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:
Uncles
In the Na culture of China, children grow up with which of the following as male role models?
increasing steadily since 1900
It is commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:
of their diverse origins and geography
It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:
human capital
Jackson's parents pay for him to take private violin lessons and send him to language lessons after school. In the summer, he attends science camp. His parents try to take him on one vacation to a foreign country every year. Jackson's parents hope that these activities will build his skills and better position him to get into a competitive university. Jackson's parents are investing in his:
Social Capital
Jacqui is a student at a Catholic middle school. One day she is asked by her friends from the public school to skip school. Though Jacqui wants to be with her friends and is excited by the thought of breaking the rules, she decides not to go. Jacqui is concerned that if she were seen skipping school, her actions would reflect badly on her school, her parents, and her teachers. She also does not want to undermine the trust that adults have placed in her. This example illustrates how ____________ in Catholic schools may influence behavior.
Kinship
John and Monique are married. Both of their parents live with them, as does John's sister and brother-in-law and some nieces and nephews. This is known as a ____________ network
she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:
3.6
Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.
credentialism
Marilee Jones, former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), resigned from her position in April 2007 after it came to light that she had fabricated her academic record and claimed to have academic degrees she did not have. While this is an extreme case, it illustrates the overemphasis on qualifications such as college degrees in order to be hired for a job. This is known as:
facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community
Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?
People who are healthier are more likely to get married
Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:
how gender roles are learned at home.
On most weekends you can find the Smiths, who have one son and two daughters, doing their assigned chores around the house. Typically, the son mows the lawn and helps his dad with automobile maintenance, while the girls help clean the house and prepare the meals. This distribution of chores reflects:
Aborting Female Fetuses
One concern of using technology such as aminocentesis in countries like China and India is ________
Underlying Personality Differences
One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by _______
to socialize them to become "civilized" Americans
One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:
tend to have jobs that require them to be obedient and they want their children to learn this
One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that they:
when lower-class students went to school with more upper-status students, their grades improved.
One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:
parents are attempting to have their children accepted at the "right" day care, sometimes even before they are born.
One of the problems with credentialism is that more and more students (with their parents' help) are attempting to attend private schools or to be placed in the best tracks in their public school. This may be one of the reasons that:
his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.
One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:
More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe
Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?
The surgeons evolved from barbers
Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige. This was because ________
Both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan
Poor children can be covered medically by ________
It is one of the periods of life in which a growth spurt takes place
Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because
growing acceptance of exogamy
Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:
Women do the housework and men help out.
Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?
larger; lower
Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades
achievement differences between schools could be explained best by family background and peers with whom children attended school
Results from the Coleman Report were surprising because findings indicated that:
giving less-difficult material to learners they see as "especially promising"
Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect provided strong evidence that teacher expectations matter. Which of the following actions by a teacher would NOT promote student achievement?
"Gender Factory"
Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She calls the family ______
25 million
Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide
A Moral Obligation to stop and try to help
Society believes that a doctor driving by the scene of an accident has ________
varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce
Sociologists generally concur that the effect of divorce on children:
Monogamy
Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as
psychological process of fear that develops when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation in which they may confirm the stereotype
Stereotype threat is a:
It separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?
Suzanne is more likely than Jessica to stay in school longer, score higher on cognitive tests, and be placed in college preparatory classes in high school
Suzanne and Jessica are best friends. Both have been in the same classes throughout elementary school and have performed similarly with respect to grades. Suzanne's dad owns his own company and her mom is a lawyer. Jessica's dad is a plumber and her mom works at Wal-Mart. All other things being equal, which is a true statement?
Catholic; non-Catholic private
Taking into account students' family backgrounds, ____________ schools tend to outperform ____________ schools in preparing children academically
Mundurucu mothers and fathers live in separate homes, eat separate meals, and sleep apart, yet this arrangement is functional for this culture.
Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in which of the research findings below?
Genetics and biology affect SES so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES
The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status (SES) states that:
John Henry
The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?
wide-scale evaluation of data from students and school facilities showing that differences in school characteristics explained only a small portion of educational differences between schools.
The Coleman Report is a systematic:
researchers now question how meritocratic the SAT is, because the SAT may test knowledge that is biased against certain groups
The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they are as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that:
"Second Shift"
The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as the:
If a parent has confidence in social settings, he or she may be better able to advocate for children in front of the school board or at parent-teacher meetings.
The embodied cultural capital that parents have may work with institutional cultural capital. Which of the following illustrates this?
Psychosocial
The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:
Latino
The largest minority group in the United States is
Have patients return for unnecessary visits
The main problem of fee for service is that doctors have an incentive to ______
the cult of domesticity
The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:
it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.
The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:
Thomas will succeed and make academic gains when he is in the classes with other high achievers.
Thomas transfers to a new school when his family moves to a new district, and he is placed in a classroom with students who have slightly higher average math grades than he does. Thomas is concerned that he will fall behind. Based on the research, what is the most likely outcome?
They had access to a better diet
What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?
increasing access to clean water
What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?
People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work
What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?
Women are more likely to seek medical care
What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?
Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings
What is the relationship between birth weight and education?
Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school
What might be a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?
Bad Diet
What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?
. the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens
What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?
Brown v. Board of Education
What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?
The College Board admitted there was a scoring error that tended to incorrectly underestimate the scores on more than 4,000 tests.
What was the nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006?
Are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick
When it comes to health care, Western societies _________
no longer predicts college grades very well
When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT:
the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?
The State Children's Health Insurance Plan
Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?
Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of cultural capital?
Husbands and wives were partners, not only in making a home but also in making a living
Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?
More women are entering high level jobs
Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?
The activities of summer camps, community programs, and home environments are not important factors in the academic achievements of higher social class children who are performing well during the school year.
Which of the following examples would NOT be supported by the research findings on the influence of home characteristics on education?
an increase in real wages
Which of the following factors contributed to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?
Schools make students class conscious.
Which of the following is NOT a criticism that a Marxist theorist of education would make regarding how schools have socialized children to dominant cultural values?
Class size in elementary school does not predict educational achievement as long as the classroom is composed of students of the same intelligence levels
Which of the following is NOT a finding of research examining the effects of class size on educational achievement?
If there is a relationship between innate intelligence and educational performance, then there is no need to look at social factors.
Which of the following is NOT a sociological criticism of the idea that IQ affects educational outcomes?
Tracking benefits children with less-advantaged backgrounds, but only if their parents can advocate on their behalf to get them into college-preparatory tracks.
Which of the following is NOT an argument against tracking in schools?
Students are sorted in ways that reproduce existing social inequalities
Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of the sorting function served by schools?
Systems of tracking socialize students to the inequalities they will encounter in American society.
Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of tracking in schools?
Schools are the one place where all children, despite their family background, can move up in the world.
Which of the following is NOT an argument that would be made by a conflict theorist?
The SAT does not predict college success well for older students who have been out of high school for some time; admission criteria need to be adjusted for adult students
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?
There is a high degree of social capital in Asian American communities, and the community reinforces norms regarding education and parenting.
Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans?
Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs
Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century?
Rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients
Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?
As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others
Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?
Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do.
Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?
They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide.
Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?
It is more expensive than gasoline by volume.
Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?
Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates "stereotype threat"?
Misha, Nisha, and Trisha are triplets. Their educational outcomes will be stronger than those of single-born children because they can learn from one another
Which of the following scenarios does NOT illustrate the resource dilution hypothesis?
Affirmative action mostly benefits white male students.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The Burakumin of Japan have a history of discrimination but have educational achievements similar to non-Buraku Japanese.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The program portrayed an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?
In the last 15 years, admissions preference for athletes has risen steadily, surpassing that of minority students.
Which of the following statements is true with regard to preferential admissions to colleges and universities?
The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?
Only girls whose parents are college-educated achieve as much as boys
Which of the following trends in current educational achievement is NOT supported by research evidence?
The proportion of women who choose not to have children is on the rise.
Which of the following trends is true in the Western world today?
The students were in middle school
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Project STAR?
to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?
It gave physicians more economic clout
Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?
A high percentage of students at St. Mary's Academy individually take music lessons and are taking college preparatory classes
Which of the following would NOT be an example of social capital?
Du Bois
Who of the following has argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?
Friedan
Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?
Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics
Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?
African American women have always had to combine work and family
Why was the traditional family depicted in The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?
functionally illiterate.
William, a 17-year-old high school student, chooses products in the grocery store by looking at the pictures on the labels of the goods on the shelves because he cannot read many of the words. William would be considered:
In 2010, about 20 percent of blacks age 25 and older had graduated from college, as opposed to about 30 percent of whites in the same age range.
With regard to race and college degree completion, which of the following is correct?
When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.
With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?
When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources
With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?