Sociology Test Ch 3,4,5
Define Cooley's looking-glass self. (3 steps)
1 .We imagine how we appear to others. 2. We imagine how others judge us. 3. We accept or reject presumed judgment of others through identity negotiation
Identify characteristics of Total Institutions & cite examples
1. Cut off from the rest of society 2. Stripped of their individuality; no longer persons, but objects 3. Resocialization 4. Depersonalization mental hospitals, prisons, jail
Describe Degradation Ceremony
A ceremony that transforms or is intended to transform the identity or status of an individual into an identity or status lower down in the hierarchy of a group or institution.
According to sociologists Langhout and Mitchell, which of the following results in minority children being punished disproportionately in schools?
A hidden curriculum
In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?
A horticultural society
According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit?
A search for alternatives
characteristics of the industrial society ( Mechanization of labor)
An increased division of labor. Urban areas have become dominant centers in culture and politics. Mass production leads to an ever-increasing level of technological advancement. An ever-increasing number of jobs in the service sector.
Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?
Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually
Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?
Civil inattention
Who among the following pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy of and concern for others, and competition and cooperation?
Edward Wilson
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
example of master status
student president
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I am good at soccer"?
the active self
The term "emotional labor" refers to
the display of only certain carefully selected emotions toward the public instead of true feelings.
According to Freud, which of the following is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality?
the ego
In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in __________.
the game stage
The ________ by charles horton cooley refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others:
the looking glass self
Describe how we define and reconstruct our social reality.
the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
True or False: Role Strain: occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies
true
true or false: A role is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
true
true or false: If a reference group endorses a political position or policy, those who look to that group as a guide for their own behavior will often adopt that position or support that policy.
true
true or false: Role Conflict: occurs when incompatible demands are built into 2 or more statuses that a person occupies.
true
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience __________.
voluntary resocialization
Define Anticipatory Socialization -& Resocialization
· Anticipatory socialization: knowledge and skills are learned for future roles · Resocialization: the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience · May occur involuntarily in a total institution such as in prison · Erving Goffman coined the term total institution, to refer to a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and where they come under almost total control of officials who run the place · Upon entering a total institution there is frequently a degradation
Discuss Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach and impression management.
· Dramaturgy · We have virtual selves · If I were ever in a room with everyone I have ever known, I would not know who to be · We live our life on a stage · Front stage: what we show what people want to see · Backstage: who we are
Which of the following terms was used by Ferdinand Tӧnnies to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability?
Gemeinschaft
In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?
It exists independently of the specific people occupying it.
characteristics of the hunting-and-gathering society
Lived in forests, groups of 10-100 people, women gather vegetables, men hunt and lead.
Authoritarian Leaders _____ .
Make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.
Summarize the differences between Mechanical Solidarity and Organic Solidarity
Mechanical solidarity: connection, cohesion, and integration born from homogeneity, or similar work, education, religiosity, and lifestyle. Organic solidarity: is born from the interdependence of individuals in more advanced societies, particularly professional dependence
What sets peer groups apart from families and schools as agents of socialization?
Peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.
Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?
Social marginality
Discuss the various agents of socialization.
Socialization agents are a combination of social groups and social institutions that provide the first experiences of socialization. Families, early education, peer groups, the workplace, religion, government
Discuss the relationship between social interaction & social structure demonstrated in the Zimbardo Prison-Guard Experiment
The social structure of Zimbardo's mock prison influenced how the guards and prisoners interacted. When the students in Zimbardo's mock experiment entered the mock prison, they began a process of socialization. In that process, the students adjusted to a new social structure and learned new rules for social interaction
Which of the following perspectives on socialization asserts that we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others?
The symbolic interactionist perspective
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following refers to a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution?
a total institution
Which of the following is not an example of a rite of passage?
a weekly religious service
What is this an example of: People who happen to be at the train station at the same time but have little else in common
aggregate
Agents of socialization include: Mass media School All of the choices family
all of the choices
A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school's basketball team, reads articles about the world's best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This scenario best illustrates __________.
anticipatory socialization
A fifteen-year-old boy decides that he wants to become a professional chess player. He joins his school chess team, watches videos of chess championships, and joins chess clubs in his locality. This is an example of
anticipatory socialization.
The functionalist perspective primarily maintains that families
are essential for the procreation and socialization of children.
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
In 2008, Langhout and Mitchell investigated the "hidden curriculum" in a low-income elementary school and concluded that African American and Latino boys were disproportionately punished for violating rules when compared to their white and female counterparts. This example aligns with the views of __________ theorists.
conflict
Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role __________.
conflict
Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?
conflict theorists
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
deference
The first step in an involuntary resocialization process in which individuals are stripped of their former selves through practices such as being denied privacy and being assigned institutional clothing is referred to as
degradation ceremony
Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies __________.
developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.
dramaturgical analysis
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
dramaturgical analysis
Which type of leadership is traditionally associated with feminine gender role expectations?
expressive leadership
characteristics of the postindustrial society (service-based information as a product)
focus on theoretical knowledge, creating new scientific disciplines and technological advances. outsourcing manufacturing jobs to other countries, working from home, global communities, and global networking
Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?
functionalists
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls are typically assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.
gender socialization
In the "nature-versus-nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.
heredity
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?
interaction order
Alex was imprisoned for four years for arson. On the day he was taken into custody, he had to go through a degradation ceremony in which he was asked to strip, was searched by the prison guards, and was asked to wear the inmate uniform. Over time, the prison guards encouraged him to conform to institutional norms through a system of rewards and punishment. By the time Alex's prison sentence was over, he was rehabilitated. This scenario exemplifies __________.
involuntary resocialization
characteristics of the agrarian society
is identified by its occupational structure Land ownership is uneven There are very few specialized roles Life is centered around the village community system Family as an institution is central to an agrarian society
Which of the following is composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means (such as radio, television, film, and the Internet) to communicate with large numbers of people, to inform people about events, and to provide an array of viewpoints on current issues?
mass media
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?
mechanical solidarity
examples of achieved status
occupation, education, income level
With regard to gender socialization, among African American families, children
often have "othermothers" who play an important role in their socialization.
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?
organic solidarity
Tanvi, a 13-year-old girl, prefers playing rough sports to playing with dolls. She also prefers short hair and baggy trousers to long hair and pink dresses preferred by most girls her age. Despite wanting to play with boys her age and dress like them, Tanvi continues to behave and dress like other girls because she fears that her peers will demean her and make fun of her if she does otherwise. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.
peer pressure
Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?
post-industrial society
Describe George Herbert Mead's stages of the self.
preparatory stage: 1st stage is where children imitate the people around them and use symbols to communicate. play: The child takes on new roles and plays with different characters. game: Child no longer plays with roles but begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. The child can now respond to numerous members of its environment
Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of
primary groups
Examples of ascribed status
race, gender, age
Henry, the father of a 15-year-old boy, recently noticed that his choice of music is being influenced by that of his son. Henry and his son often have long discussions about pop culture and his son's preferences in music. As a result, Henry has started listening to rock music, which his son introduced to him. This is an example of __________.
reciprocal socialization
characteristics of the horticultural society
rely on simple tools to produce food. they use simple tools and not machinery or even animals like oxen. their farms are not permanent; they often use shifting cultivation.
Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?
role
Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?
role exit
The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view is called __________.
role-taking
Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.
set
Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?
social construction of reality
In the "nature-versus-nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________.
social influence
Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?
social institution
Which of the following is the sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society?
social interaction
Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?
social solidarity
The systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior is known as __________.
sociobiology
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society and includes certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Is professor a role or a status?
status
Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?
Role ambiguity
Who among the following is most likely explaining the role of schools in the socialization of children from a conflict perspective?
Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender
Which theorists emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept?
Symbolic interactionists
Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Which perspective on socialization and society does this statement reflect?
The functionalist perspective
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children?
The functionalist perspective
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I believe in world peace"?
The psychological self
Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?
achieved status
The significant difference between childhood socialization and adult socialization is that __________.
adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization
Samantha, a teenager, has a 69-year-old grandmother who lives with her. Despite the fact that Samantha's grandmother is very active and flexible in her thoughts and ideas, Samantha always assumes that she is slow and rigid. As a result, Samantha refuses to go for walks with her and does not share any personal information with her because she assumes that her grandmother will not be able to understand her. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.
ageism
Contrast the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist views of social institutions.
· Functionalists believe these social institutions create stability and predictability and should be protected and preserved- to maintain the status quo · Conflict: do not believe that all social institutions work for the common good o Looks at power and authority o Identifies or highlights those who have no power or resources o Accuses the functionalists of maintaining power and privilege, and how this impacts political priorities · Symbolic: look at society and its development at a micro level- the meanings of life that we develop and that others ascribe to us- o Social institutions affect everyday behavior o Social behavior is conditioned by the roles and statuses we accept
Freud - Id, Ego, Superego
· Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality: o Id: basic biological drives and needs immediate gratification, most immature part, unconscious o Ego: a rational, reality-oriented component that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking, decision-making, conscious o Superego: conscience, moral and ethical aspects of personality, unconscious
Describe Kohlberg's Moral Development (pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional),
· Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10) o Children's perceptions are based on punishment and obedience · Conventional (10 to adult) o People are concerned with how they are perceived by peers and how they conform to rules · Post-conventional ( few adults reach this stage) o People view morality in terms of individual rights; moral conduct is judged by principles based on human rights that transcend government and laws
Differentiate between role conflict, role strain, and role exit.
· Role conflict: occurs when incompatible demands are built into 2 or more statuses that a person occupies · Role strain: occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies role exit: leaving behind a major role or incorporating a prior role into a new identity
Piaget - Cognitive Development - 4 stages
· Sensorimotor snake- the child begins to interact with the environment · Preoperational stage: the child begins to represent the world symbolically · Concrete operational stage: the child learns rules such as conversation Formal operational stage: the adolescent, the concrete, think about the future
Define socialization.
· The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society · Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society Socialization is the process through which we become human
Discuss the role of socialization & implications of cases of isolated and feral human
· Transforms biological organisms into social beings · Develops the "self" · Our recognition that we are at one distinct and part of a whole · Every human being is the product of biology, society, and personal experiences. · Teaches us ways to think, talk, and activities that are necessary for social living · Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure · Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation