sociology test chp. 12
21. Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment. a. True b. False
false: This was more true in the past. Today, newer fundamentalist movements appeal to people from all socioeconomic levels, regional areas, and occupations in the United States. Globally, fundamentalism has expanded as a reaction to secularization and modernization.
109. A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect
b
31. Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation
b
10. Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes. a. True b. False
false: Most educational funds come from state legislative appropriations (45.8 percent) and local sources (44.1 percent); and the federal government pays the remaining (10.1 percent).
105. The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel
a
67. __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Postmodernists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists
a
104. The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel
a
101. July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________. a. the spiritualization of politics in America b. American civil religion c. political religion in America d. American denominational politics
b
28. A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English. a. extrinsic b. manifest c. intrinsic d. latent
b
35. According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________. a. intrinsic functions b. latent functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions
b
106. Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising. b. A religious belief system may be more compatible with and help to strengthen capitalism. c. The teachers of many religions are male, as are the leaders of religious institutions. d. Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.
d
91. spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism
d
17. Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity. a. True b. False
true
18. Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict. a. True b. False
true
3. Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies. a. True b. False
true
9. There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students. a. True b. False
true
15. All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system. a. True b. False
false: In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of simple supernaturalism, which has no specific supernatural beings or animism (the belief that supernatural forces may exist in people or natural objects). Transcendent idealism is also a nontheistic type of religion.
26. Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society. a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx
a
74. Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools. a. Latinos/as (Hispanics) b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. non-Hispanic Whites
a
39. Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency. a. one-tenth b. one-fifth c. one-fourth d. one-third
b
8. There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys. a. True b. False
false: If girls' success has come at the expense of boys, we would expect corresponding decreases in males' educational achievement. This has not been the case.
80. The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. a. profane b. anti-spiritual c. sacred d. mundane
a
94. __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life. a. Detheification b. Religious reductionism c. Secularization d. Anti-religiosity
c
68. Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________. a. the smooth functioning of the classroom b. the perpetuation of the system of social class in society c. labeling individual students d. the dysfunctions of education
c
76. Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent
d
88. A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods. a. animism b. simple supernaturalism c. transcendent idealism d. theism
d
99. Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________. a. relieving the individual of responsibility for decision making b. giving meaning and purpose to life c. promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging d. maintaining social control and support for the government
d
22. Both religion and education___________________________. a. impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual b. are provided publically by state and federal governments c. deal with issues of governance and social movements d. are relatively new social institutions
a
23. Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure. a. knowledge, skills, and cultural values b. cultural values and beliefs c. technical skills and training d. information or knowledge
a
46. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. etiquette d. cultural toolkit
a
48. socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others. a. Cultural capital b. Social wealth c. Etiquette d. Cultural toolkit
a
55. Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. theoretical explanations d. critical reasoning
a
84. In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively. a. simple supernaturalism b. animism c. theism d. transcendent idealism
a
92. __________ focuses on principles such as truth, justice, affirmation of life, and tolerance for others, and its adherents seek an elevated state of consciousness in which they can fulfill their true potential. a. Transcendent idealism b. Simple supernaturalism c. Animism d. Theism
a
95. __________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society. a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Postmodernism
a
96. __________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Talcott Parsons d. Robert Merton
a
100. The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________. a. the spiritualization of politics b. civil religion c. political religion d. affirmational politics
b
47. According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture. a. Karl Marx b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber
b
53. In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization
b
72. In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________. a. an influx of federal funds has largely ended the problem by equalizing funding b. most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes c. the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions d. recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past
b
78. Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary. a. profane b. sacred c. spiritual d. magical
b
86. __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism
b
89. According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial
b
93. __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture. a. Sacreligion b. Secularization c. Detheification d. Religious reductionism
b
102. According to the text's discussion of civil religion,_____________________. a. civil religion is tied to the most popular religious group in a society b. because of the separation of church and state, all civil ceremonies in the United States lack any religious quality c. the United States flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion d. there is public consensus about the importance of civil religion
c
32. An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation
c
34. Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. change and innovation d. social placement
c
38. Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________. a. affirmative action programs b. cultural diversity c. the social environment of the school d. stronger penalties for bullies
c
42. Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. instrumental function
c
44. __________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others. a. Functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Postmodern
c
59. The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort. a. tracking b. credentialism c. meritocracy d. educational bureaucracy
c
60. According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes. a. tracking b. equal opportunity c. meritocracy d. bureaucracy
c
61. With regard to gender in education,_____________________________. a. there is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys b. there is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem c. women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men d. boys and girls are now equal across all subjects in exam scores
c
62. The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern
c
66. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________. a. the innate or natural ability of students b. the role of the education system is creating stability in society c. the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled d. the need for social control in society
c
73. Status dropout rates are a measure of __________. a. the number of students enrolled in school at any given time b. the percent of people in the general population who have earned a high school degree or its equivalent c. the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent d. the percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school
c
75. In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. a. Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas b. Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama c. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas d. Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan
c
77. Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. a. secularization b. spirituality c. religion d. liberation theology
c
81. Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________. a. a set of beliefs that give people moral direction b. doctrine or written text that comes from sources like the Bible or Koran c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life
c
33. Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________. a. change and innovation b. transmission of culture c. social control d. social placement
d
41. Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________. a. social placement b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. restricting some activities d. creation of a generation gap
d
52. Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes. a. regular classes b. mixed-tracking c. untracked d. detracking
d
57. Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems. a. lower-income students b. middle-class students c. developmentally challenged students d. affluent students
d
103. From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change. a. functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. postmodernism
c
112. __________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity. a. Gnostics b. Ecclesiastics c. Fundamentalists d. Cosmopolitanists
c
113. Over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who consider themselves religiously unaffiliated in the United States_______________. a. declined to less than 10 percent b. rose from 1 percent to nearly 12 percent c. rose to about 20 percent d. stayed the same
c
11. Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States. a. True b. False
true
16. In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power. a. True b. False
true
110. In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________. a. ecclesiasticism b. gnosticism c. pluralism d. fundamentalism
c
54. Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization process
b
36. Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________________________. a. attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education b. pass a number of proficiency exams before leaving the eighth and twelfth grades c. spend at least nine months of the year in school d. learn a foreign language and basic mathematic skills
a
37. Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________. a. restricting some activities b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. creation of a generation gap d. social placement
a
24. In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________. a. the President of the United States b. state governors c. Congress d. the U.S. Supreme Court
d
25. __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Postmodern d. Functionalist
d
27. Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. a. latent functions b. intrinsic functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions
d
45. Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class. a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. postmodernist d. conflict theorists
d
63. __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant). a. Prophecizing b. Stigmatizing c. Stereotyping d. Labeling
d
70. A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual. a. personality b. emotional c. developmental d. intelligence
d
79. Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing. a. magical b. profane c. spiritual d. sacred
d
12. Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests. a. True b. False
false: Studies in a few states found that public school students outperformed those attending using a voucher program. However, neither group of students met state proficiency standards.
6. All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education. a. True b. False
true
108. A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect
a
111. New religious movement is the term that refers to groups that were formerly termed __________. a. a cult b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect
a
30. From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. social placement d. change and innovation
a
49. According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. prestige d. cultural toolkit
a
58. __________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status. a. Credentialism b. Tracking c. The hidden curriculum d. Ability grouping
a
64. Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________. a. labeling b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking d. educational dysfunction
a
65. Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking or ability testing d. a dysfunction of the educational system
a
69. The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. learning disability c. defeating perception d. fallacy of reasoning
a
29. Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including __________. a. providing childcare b. transmitting culture c. matchmaking and social networking d. organizing athletic events
b
40. Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________. a. the creation of a generation gap b. the transmission of culture c. matchmaking and the production of social networks d. restricting some activities
c
50. __________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. a. Age grading b. Intelligence grouping c. Tracking d. Ability segregation
c
87. __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world. a. Transcendent idealism b. Theism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism
c
90. The term for the belief in more than one god is __________. a. multitheism b. masstheism c. polytheism d. unitesim
c
97. Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself. a. core beliefs b. universal representations c. collective representations d. standard practices
c
107. Rational choice theory of religion suggests that_______________________. a. each person has a natural affinity for one particular religion b. older religions are more authentic and have belief systems that are better c. some sets of religious beliefs are more rational than others d. religion is a competitive marketplace in which people shop around for the best fit for them
d
82. Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________. a. dogma b. magic c. secular ceremonies d. rituals
d
83. Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years. a. 10,000 b. 25,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000
d
20. Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society. a. True b. False
false: Berger and others have noted that in some cases the opposite is true. Modernity is sometimes accompanied by increases in religious commitment and religiosity, despite the decline in the membership of mainline churches and denominations.
4. Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability. a. True b. False
false: Many argue that standardized tests measure students' amount of cultural capital more than their aptitude or intelligence.
19. In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs. a. True b. False
false: Religious beliefs are subject to interpretation, and many religions promote subordinate roles for women. It is probable that women's interpretations of any given religion will be different from those of men.
51. Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Postmodern
b
56. Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. creative self-expression d. critical reasoning
b
71. Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________. a. the iron law of oligarchy b. the labeling process c. tracking d. the hidden curriculum
b
98. According to functionalists, religion_____________________. a. provides a sense of false consciousness b. promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging c. provides a mechanism for racial/ethnic integration d. prevents anarchy while relieving the individual of responsibility
b
43. Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems. a. conflict b. postmodern c. functionalist d. symbolic interactionist
c
85. __________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects. a. Theism b. Transcendent idealism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism
d
2. Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society. a. True b. False
false: Functionalists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social inequality and benefits the dominant class at the expense of all others.
5. Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success. a. True b. False
false: Many believe that tracking is an obvious means through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a lower-quality education, which makes it likely that they will lag behind their white, middle-class counterparts in the future.
13. Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education. a. True b. False
true
14. The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature. a. True b. False
false: The history and values of a society or a nation may be made sacred by rituals, symbols, and beliefs that form a type of civil religion.
7. Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers. a. True b. False
false: After years of lagging behind, females now outpace their male peers in rates of graduation from high school and college.
1. Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs. a. True b. False
true