sociology unit 2 exam- chapters 3 & 4
the percentage of american muslims who endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard is __________ among the u.s. public at large.
a higher percentage than
according to max weber, an ethnic group is a group that entertains a subjective belief in its common decent because of similarities of _____________. -physical type -customs -memories of colonization and migration -all of the above
all of the above
according to alexis de tocqueville, ___________. -americans are leery of, and opposed to, a strong centralized state -there is a very anti-bureaucratic and anti-state culture in the united states -voluntary associations are schools or training fields for democracy -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
according to alexis de tocqueville, membership in voluntary associations in the united states has which of the following effects? -gives raises to, and perpetuates, local democracy -fulfills individual needs -fulfills community needs -fulfills societal needs -all of the above
all of the above
__________ refers to workers improving or modifying an aspect of their behavior that is being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied.
the hawthorne effect
other than in wartime, countries did not require passports __________.
before 1914
land socialism ___________ the development of a modern credit system.
impedes
a recent nationwide survey estimates that muslims are _______ percent of the u.s. population?
0.9
in the united states, an entrepreneur setting up a new business faces a one-time regulatory cost that amounts to ____________ of the u.s. per capita income.
1.7 percent
about _________ percent of americans belongs to four or more voluntary associations.
25
with regard to experiences with intolerance in the united states, __________ of muslim americans say they have experiences one of the following within the past twelve months because they are muslim--- have been called offensive names, have been singled out by law enforcement, or have been physically threatened or assaulted?
33 percent
peruvian economist hernando de soto estimates that between ____________ of citizens in developing countries work outside the protection of the law.
50 to 75 percent
of american muslims, what percent are foreign-born?
63 percent
over the past twenty years, the united states has enjoyed an average annual rate of growth rate of 2.5 percent and this rate of economic growth is ___________.
67 percent higher than the rate of economic growth than the german and french economies mustured
about __________ percent of people in the united states claim membership in at least one voluntary association.
70
about ________ percent of american muslims endorse the idea that most people can get ahead if they are willing to work hard.
74
___________ percent of American Muslims rate their communities as excellent or very good places to live.
79
peruvian economist hernando de sota estimates that in developing countries that rougly __________ of homes and land are not registered in the names of their present owners.
80 percent
of american muslims in the united states, what percentage are u.s. citizens?
81 percent
____________ percent of American Muslims are satisfied with the way things are going in their lives.
82
it is ____________ to found a new company in the united state ___________ it is in continental europe.
far less burdensome; than
conformity refers to _________.
a change in attitudes, belief, or behavior as a result of real or imagines group pressure
___________ percentage of Muslim Americans are satisfied with the way things are going in the United States percent compared with the general U.S. public.
a higher
thomas l. friedman characterizes the roughly 75-year period between the start of the first world war and the fall of the berlin wall as ___________.
a lull or time-out between one era of globalization and another
according to max weber, bureaucracy is characterized by ___________. -explicit procedural rules -career ladders and qualification-based recruitment, employment, and promotion -fixed salary -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
according to niall ferguson, hostility to those who engage in finance has which of the following causes? -debtors tend to outnumber creditors -debtors tend not to feel very well disposed to their creditors -financial crises and scandals have occurred with sufficient frequency to make finance appear to be a cause of both poverty and instability -for centuries those who engage in financial services in countries all over the world have tended to derive disproportionately from religious or ethnic minority groups -all of the above
all of the above
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, countries with more trade freedom have ___________. -stronger economies -less hunger -better treatment of the environment -all of the above
all of the above
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, in the peoples republic of china, ___________. -all land is state owned -intellectual property rights are not protexted effectively -the communist party's ultimate authority throughout the economic system undermines the rule of law and respect for contracts -cronyism is widespread and pervasive -all of the above
all of the above
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, is russia ___________. -corruption is endemic throughout the economy -corruption shows no signs of abating -corruption is a major impediment for investors and businesses -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
between the mid 1800s and the late 1920s, globalization was characterized by british __________. -culture -power -culture -technology -all of the above
all of the above
dense networks of social support have been shown to have positive effects on ___________. -blood pressure -mental health -pregnancy -other physical conditions that involve stress -all of the above
all of the above
for over a century, social scientists have conceptualized the world as a unitary social system, increasingly bound together by overlapping social circles of ________________. -economic exchange -competition -cooperation -all of the above
all of the above
globalization refers to the free flow of _____________ around the world. -commodities, manufactures -transportation -capital -labor -all above the above
all of the above
globalization refers to the free flow of _____________ around the world. -knowledge -culture -institutions -all of the above
all of the above
in the 2013 world's most admired companies ranking, of the top fifty companies in this ranking ___________. -fully 42 (or 84 percent) are u.s. companies -none are from china -the only country other than the united states with more than one company that made the top 50 in the ranking is germany, with two -all of the above
all of the above
in the United States, ___________ say they have been the target of bigotry based on their religion within the past twelve months. -half of all muslim who are african americans -28 percent of white muslims -23 percent of asian muslims -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
network ties __________. -provide comfort in times of personal loss -provide minor services -provide information -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
rational-legal authority is based on ________. -an organizational structure characterized by clearly defined rules and procedures -a hierarchy of authority -impersonality -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
sociologists andrés villarreal and wei-hsin yu find that globalization has what effect(s) on mexican women? -globalization creates new, and to some extent, better job opportunities for females -the foreign-owned, export-oriented firms pay higher wages than do other firms -the foreign-owned, export-oriented firms discriminate against women less in terms of wages -all of the above
all of the above
the encomienda ____________. -was a legal system whereby the spanish crown owned the land but granted a person the labor of a specified number of indians who lived on a vast tract of land -were not granted in perpetuity to a man and his heirs; only slowly did they evolve into hereditary haciendas -all of the above
all of the above
the hawthorne studies ________. -documented the importance of informal structure in a bureaucracy -discovered that the informal structure is an important determinant of worker morale and productivity -were conducted from 1924 to 1932 at the western electric company's hawthorne works in chicago, illinois -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
the institutional underpinnings of british globalization as identified by niall ferguson include___________. -scottish and english banking -protestantism -the limited state -the idea of liberty -all of the above
all of the above
the institutional underpinnings of british globalization as identified by niall ferguson include___________. -the english language -english forms of land tenure (private property) representative the common law -representativ assemblies -all of the above
all of the above
the muslim american population is ________. -youthful and racially diverse -generally well-educated -financially about as well off as the rest of the u.s. public -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
the stages of globalization include_________. -the age of discovery -mid 1800s to the late 1920s -1989 to the present -all of the above
all of the above
today's system of globalization has its defining power structure, which thomas l. friedman conceives as consisting of which of the following "balances." -nation states -global markets - super-empowered individuals (organizations) -all of the above
all of the above
what is the importance of potosi? -a death hole for those compelled to work there, potosí was where spain struck it rich -the mines of potosí filled the coffers of the spanish treasury for over two hundred years -the mines of potosí and other places where conquistadors found plentiful silver appeared to have broken the centuries-old constraint of silver in europe -all of the above
all of the above
when one experiences culture shock __________. -one no longer knows the repertoire of cultural gestures and symbolic cues that make meaningful and accurate communication possible -one no longer knows the what to expect or how to make one's needs and wants known to others -one does not understand the gestures, and even perhaps the language, that other people use -all of the above -none of the above
all of the above
which of the following is/are accurate statements about russia, according to the 2013 index of economic freedom? -russia's legal framework has not been fully modernized -the rule of law is not maintained uniformly across the country -protection of property rights is weak -contracts are not always secure -all of the above
all of the above
which of the following statements is/are accurate regarding the united states and manufacturing? -in 2009, the united states manufactured more goods than the japanese, germans, british, and the italians, combined -the amount of manufacturing output hits a new high almost every year -the combined sales revenue of the top 500 u.s.-based manufacturing firms in 2012 was $6.01 trillion which represents a 17.2 percent increase over 2011 sales -all of the above
all of the above
why do so many people in the united states worry that manufacturing is collapsing, or has collapsed, in the united states? -fewer americans work in factories -manufacturing employment in the united states fell by 22 percent from 2001 through 2011 -the availability heuristic feed the perception of a decline in american manufacturing -all of the above
all of the above
world or global culture was given a boost after the end of the Second World War when the United Nations and other bodies established agendas of concern for world society that included a focus on _____________. -economic development -individual rights -human rights -egalitarian justice -all of the above
all of the above
as an ideal type, bureaucracy is __________. -a system of administration that is particularly useful when the activities of a large number of people need to be coordinated in order to achieve specific goals -an organizational model characterized by the lack of a hierarchy of authority -an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority -characterized by impersonality in personnel matters -all of the above, except B
all of the above, except B
unemployment rates are _____________ in many european countries.
are lower and have been lower in the united states than
__________ leaders impose policies and procedures on the group.
authoritarian
the ____________ heuristic refers to the tendency for people to judge the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory.
availability
about two-thirds (67 percent) of American Muslims say that the quality of life for Muslims in the United States is ___________ in most Muslim countries.
better than
according to weber, the concept of rationalization in bureaucracy embraces which of the following ideas? -efficiency -ascription -rational-legal authority -all of the above -both a and c
both A and C
the earliest known coins ____________. -date back as long as 600 BC -were found by archaeologists in the temple of artemis in what is now modern-day turkey -date back to what is now modern-day china and date back as long as 3000 BC -both a and b
both a and b
which of the following statements is/are accurate regarding the BRICs? -in the current era of globalization, the emerging economies are sometimes referred to as BRICs -the BRIC countries are the bahamas, romania, ireland, and the czech republic -in the current era of globalization, BRICs tend to have rates of economic development that are higher than those of the core -all of the above -both a and c
both a and c
in the sartorial revolution that swept the world during the second era of globalization, _____________. -the crucial new garments were jeans, for men and women -the crucial new garments were jeans, for men -the crucial new garments were, for men, the frock coat, the collared white shirt, the felt hat, and the leather boot -the crucial new garments were, for women, the corset, the petticoat, and the ankle-length dress -both c and d
both c and d
among native-born muslims in the united states, __________. -more than half are african american (59 percent) -a sizable majority (69 percent) are converts to islam -both of the above -none of the above
both of the above
de-individualization refers to __________. -a loss of evaluation apprehension -a loss of self-consciousness -both of the above -none of the above
both of the above
dense networks of social support have been shown to lead to ________ among workers who have lost their jobs. -lower incidence of cancer -lower incidence of cholesterol issues -both of the above -none of the above
both of the above
during the second era of globalization ____________. -cultural change flowed across borders as never before -in a short period of time, a mode of dressing that was distinctly western swept the rest of the world -both of the above
both of the above
globalization has its own demographic patterns, which include which of the following? a rapid acceleration ___________. -of the movement of people across national borders -of the movement of people from rural areas and agricultural lifestyles to urban areas with urban lifestyles -both of the above
both of the above
in countries without a functioning property system, ___________. -the great majority of citizens are cut off from engaging in modern economic activity and become entrapped in poverty-capitalism become capitalism for the elite only--it is only the elite who has legal property rights -both of the above
both of the above
in european countries, muslims are _________ than is the case in the united states. -far more over-represented in the lower income brackets -much more under-represented in the higher income brackets -both of the above -none of the above
both of the above
the concept of resource curse refers to __________. -the difficulties faced by resource-rich countries, including dependence on one or a few commodities, whose prices fluctuate -the difficulties faced by resource-rich countries that depend on one or a few commodities because frequently they neglect to invest in and to develop other industries which then wither -both of the above
both of the above
the viewpoint that the manufacturing sector of the economy of the united states is in permanent decline or disappearing _____________. -gained popularity in the 1980s -even made its way into popular culture in the united states -both of the above
both of the above
________ refers to the tendency of large organizations to continue with their policies even when external conditions, including their client's needs, change.
bureaucratic inertia
___ authority is the most unstable form of authority.
charismatic
__________ authority is legitimized on the basis of exceptional qualities that are attributed to a leader by his or her followers.
charismatic
a 2012 survey finds that 55 percent of americans think that __________ has the strongest economy in the world.
china
in andrew silke's analysis of 500 instances of communal violence in Northern Ireland, ___________.
compared to undisguised attackers, disguised attackers inflicted more serious injuries, attacked more people, and committed more vandalism
_______________ theorists are consistently and highly critical of the process of globalization.
conflict
___________ refers to a situation wherein one or more part(s) of a culture change at a faster rate than other part(s), with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium of the culture.
cultural lag
william f. ogburn coined the term ___________ to refer to a situation wherein one or more parts of a culture "change at a faster rate than other, related parts, with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium" of the culture.
cultural lag
___________ is a perspective and an approach to social relations that affirms that cultural heterogeneity is a goal that should be pursued and attained by society.
cultural pluralism
________ leaders both welcome and solicit input from group members and they reach decisions through consensus.
democratic
a measure of competitiveness is provided by the "fortune global 500," an annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide, as measured by revenue. where is the united states situated in this ranking? the united states ___________ this ranking.
dominates
u.s. companies tend to ____________ any ranking of the worlds best performing technology companies.
dominates
_____________ refers to the departure of individuals or groups from their home country to take up residence in another country.
emigration
the empirical data support the position that u.s. manufacturing is ___________.
expanding and prospering
_________ leadership provides emotional support for the group members.
expressive
ocean freights cost _________ from 1870 to 1910.
fell by more than a third
in russia, by the beginning of the twenty-first century ___________ of some ten million farmers had anything resembling title to their land.
fewer than 3 percent
______________ theorists tend to look for, and find, ways that globalization helps societies to exist across time.
functionalist
according to ___________, the following are __________: marriage, the family, a gendered division of labor, humor, and incest taboos.
george murdock; cultural universals
between the mid 1800s and the late 1920s, the world experienced an era of globalization with __________ as the dominant global power.
great britain
"the risky shift" is another term for
group polarization
the youth unemployment rate in europe tend to be ____________ the youth unemployment rate in the united states.
higher than
youth unemployment rates tend to be ____________ the overall unemployment rate.
higher than
the root of the english word for "credit" is credo, the latin word for _________.
i believe
_____________ refers to the entrance into a country of individuals or groups who have left their native country to establish a new place of permanent residence.
immigration
a(n) _____________ share of people employed in europe do not have full-time jobs.
increasing
most of the european migrants to british america over the entire colonial period were ___________.
indentured servants
bureaucracy's other face refers to _________.
informal organization
russia's ranking on the index of economic freedom _________.
is below the world and regional averages
in the united states, the percentage of foreign-born muslims who are u.s. citizens _________ the broader immigrant population in the united states, where less than half (47 percent) of all foreign-born are u.s. citizens.
is far higher than among the
the extent to which muslims are integrated into the economic mainstream of america _________ the position of muslims living in several major western european societies, such as great britain, france, germany, and spain.
is in stark contrast to
pat is taking an introduction to anthropology course at a large public university in minnesota. you observe that on a regular basis pat coughs in class without covering his mouth, wipes his nose with his t-shirt, picks at blemishes on his arm and shoulder, and yawns in class without covering his mouth. on the basis of these and similar observations, a sociologist might say that Pat ___________.
is low in cultural capital
the percent of income earned by the poorest 10 percent of the population ____________.
is much higher in countries with higher economic freedom
_____________ won the nobel peace prize in 1997 for his/her contribution to helping to build an international coalition to bring about a treaty banning landmines.
jody williams
property and political institutions of british america was heavily influenced by the ideas of _________, while the property and political institutions of the Spanish colonies of south america were heavily influenced by the ideas of ___________.
john locke; thomas hobbes
________________ created the concept of creative description in his classic work capitalism, socialism, and democracy.
joseph a. schumpeter
__________ perceives that a clandestine culture is a universal characteristic of bureaucracy.
karl marx
according to _________, a clandestine culture is a universal feature of bureaucracy.
karl marx
peruvian economist hernando de soto, in his book the mystery of capitalism, documents that in many third world countries, poor people __________.
lack clear title to their physical assets, they lack property rights to the physical assests
_________ leaders are only minimally involved in the group's decision-making process.
laissez-faire
another name for cerro rico is __________.
money mountain
the laying of the first undersea telegraph cable between france and england in 1851 changed by a factor of ___________ the speed of travel of information.
nearly 100
the opening of the ___________ in 1914 cut the cost of shipping goods from the east to the west coast of the united states by one-third.
panama canal
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, __________ ranks as the 136th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of countries into which is falls is "mostly unfree."
peoples republic of china
in social network analysis, the term weak ties refers to _________.
relationship characterized by low intensity and low intimacy
in social network analysis, the term strong ties refers to _________.
relationships characterized by intimacy, emotional intensity, and sharing
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, __________ ranks as the 139th freest economy out of the 177 countries of the world that were ranked in that year, and the category of the countries into which it falls is "mostly unfree."
russia
in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, where are peoples republic of china and russia situated?
situated deeply in the corrupt part of the measurable scale
the study of with whom social actors associate and the effects of those choices on social structure and individuals is known as _________.
social network analysis
in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, three countries are tied for last place as the most corrupt countries on the planet. which country is among them?
somalia
the opening of the ____________ in 1869 reduced the length of the journey from london to bombay by more than 40 percent and that from london to shanghai by 32 percent.
suez canal
______________ theorists tend to look at the meanings that people develop, use, and implement with regard to the globalization experience.
symbolic interactionist
__________ is a segment of culture that included tools and knowledge and that embraces all forms of productive technique used by humans and by some non-human primates to manipulate the physical environment in order to attain a practical result.
technology
the central relationship that borrowing and lending embodies is _____________.
trust
it is with the rise of __________ that the archaeological record first presents us with artifacts which we could term money.
the city as a form of human habitation
in the spanish colonies of south america, land was allocated by the spanish crown via _________.
the encomienda system
(T/F) five hundred years ago, the most sophisticated society in south america, the inca empire, was moneyless.
true
according to the 2013 index of economic freedom, __________ ranks as the 10th freest economy in the world and the category of countries into which it falls "mostly free."
the united states
where is the united states situated in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index?
the united states is among the least corrupt countries in the world
the root of the english word conquistador is conquirere, which is latin for ___________.
to search for and subdue
(T/F) if instances of something readily come to mind, we tend to perceive that thing as being far more prevalent that it actually is.
true
_________ authority is legitimized on the basis of custom.
traditional
(T/F) a 2012 survey finds that 82 percent of americans think that "we don't manufacture anything here in america anymore."
true
(T/F) almost every country with a population of at least one million that has emerged from the colonial era without succumbing to dictatorship is a former british colony.
true
(T/F) as discussed in our textbook, in 1890, 14.8 percent of the population of the united states was foreign born, a record that has yet to be surpassed.
true
(T/F) average compensation per employee in u.s. manufacturing in 2011 was $35.53 per hour, which is a 41 percent increase since 2001.
true
(T/F) by 800 a.d. there was a chronic shortage of silver in western europe.
true
(T/F) cerro rico had the effect for spain of strengthening autocratic elites at the expense of representativ forms of governance.
true
(T/F) creative destruction refers to the view that the essence of capitalism is the perennial cycle of destroying the old and less efficient product or service and replacing it with new more efficient ones.
true
(T/F) cultural universals are cultural elements that are found in virtually every society.
true
(T/F) in 1999, french labor laws were changed, requiring every employer to implement a four-hour reduction in the legal workweek, from 39 to 35 hours, with no cut in pay; the date the law went into effect varied according to the number of employees a business had.
true
(T/F) in russia today, land is generally considered government property and is only leased or lent to the farmers.
true
(T/F) in the united states, african americans (20 percent) are more than twice as likely as muslim americans (9 percent) or hispanics (9 percent) to say they have been singled out by the police within the past twelve months.
true
(T/F) in the united states, nearly half of muslims say they think of themselves first as muslim rather than as an american.
true
(T/F) in the united states, the reduced demand for labor in manufacturing is directly related to dramatic increases in labor productivity.
true
(T/F) in transparency international's 2012 corruption perceptions index, the most economically free countries are the least corrupt.
true
(T/F) many of the principles or elements of global culture are contested and generate conflict.
true
(T/F) more than 400 million chinese were lifted above the international poverty line between 1981 and 2001.
true
(T/F) muslim americas are highly assimilated into american society.
true
(T/F) the level of an individual's or a group's cultural capital influences its life experiences in important ways.
true
(T/F) the sales revenue from the top ten manufacturing industries in the united states in 2012 totaled $4.83 trillion, which was more than germany's entire gross domestic product of $3.36 trillion.
true
(T/F) the second largest manufacturing industry in the united states is computers and other electronic products. in 2012, the annual sales of that single u.s. industry was $814 billion, which was more that the entire gross domestic product of saudi arabia.
true
(T/F) the single largest manufacturing industry in the united states is petroleum and coal products. the annual sales of that single u.s. industry in 2012 was $1.6 trillion, which was larger than the gross domestic product of australia.
true
(T/F) the spanish "pieces of eight" became the world's first truly global currency.
true
(T/F) throughout the history of western civilization there has been a recurrent hostility to finance and to those who engage in it.
true
(T/F) u.s. muslims are about as likely as other americans to report household incomes of $100,000 or more.
true
(T/F) with regard to globalization, the various sociological paradigms in sociology take differing stances toward it.
true
in 2012, if the top 500 u.s. manufacturing firms were a separate country, they would have been the third largest economy in the world behind no. 1 (united states) and no. 2 (china) but ahead of no. 4, japan's entire GDP of $5.98 trillion.
true
___________ refers to the conflict between two or more simultaneously held values.
value inconsistency
in hunting and gathering societies, there __________ money.
was no
according to the work of political sociologists like seymour martin lipset and other social scientists, countries that were former british colonies ______________ to have achieved enduring democratization after independence ___________ those ruled by other countries.
were far more liekly; than