Soundscapes

Country Rock

- Country rock artists in the early 1970s reacted to the excesses of psychedelic rock -Crosby, Stills, and Nash (with or without Young) blended folk rock with elements of jazz, country, and blues -The Eagles "Take it Easy"

Motown

- In 1959 Berry Gordy Jr formed Motown Records -The Motown company studio was headquartered in Detroit; the company employed skilled studio musicians, a regular group known as the Funk Brothers -Gordy wanted Motown artists to project sophistication; he hired a choreographer and a finishing school teacher to work with his acts

Sweet Soul

- In the late 1950s, a lighter style of black pop emerged; The Drifters and Ben E. King had a long series of hits with Leiber and Stoller in a style known as sweet soul, and singers like Nat King Cole and Johnny Mathis recorded pop ballads -Like Ray Charles, Sam Cooke transitioned from gospel music to pop, and he had a number of hits in a light pop style influenced by rhythm and blues

Black Pop

- The music of Sly and the Family Stone inspired a generation of funk and pop performers -Motown, Stevie and Marvin

Southern Rock

- the Allman Brothers band formed at the end of the 1960s and became the most important "southern rock" band - The band Lynyrd Skynyrd followed the success of the Allman Brothers Band, associating itself even more directly with the South -Guitarist, singer, and fiddle player Charlie Daniels formed a successful country-oriented band -term came in part from writers and music executives not from the South who were drawing on stereotypes; in reality, southern culture is more complex

Progressive (Prog) Rock

- the idea of an album as a self-contained artistic statement became central to progressive rock -The use of classical music was a primary element of British progressive rock in the 1970s

New Wave

- the music business tamed punk's bad reputation by remaking it as "new wave" -CBGB goes new wave - The Cars were among the first new wave bands to be played on FM rock radio; their music was characterized by references to earlier rock styles -Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers adapted the folk-rock style of Bob Dylan or the Byrds, but they were considered to be and marketed as a new wave group in the late 1970s -Few British punk rockers became popular in the United States, but some British new wave artists did enjoy American success; Elvis Costello is an example -The Police were another British new wave group who had commercially successful releases in both the United States and the United Kingdom -New wave bands had a clear fascination with both the sounds and visual images of earlier musical styles -New wave musicians moved away from and critiqued the principles of mainstream rock through ironic references to earlier music -When mainstream rock and new wave came together in the 1980s, the era of hippie rock essentially came to an end

Indie Rock

-After alternative rock reached the pop mainstream in the 1990s, indie rock continued as underground music; independent labels, college radio, and annual festivals played an important role in the indie scene - Many indie bands recorded for small labels and did not seek mainstream attention, preferring to create music on their own terms -Singer-songwriter Beck Hansen successfully transitioned from an indie label to a major label; Beck's music combines a lo-fi approach with a variety of stylistic influences including hip-hop, country rock, soul, and classical -Many indie and alternative groups shared a wariness of the mainstream music business

College Rock

-An outgrowth of hardcore, college rock music circulated through independent labels, college radio stations, and clubs in college towns -R.E.M. from Athens, Georgia, was one of the first successful bands to come from this scene

Stax

-Atlantic formed a distribution partnership with a smaller, Memphis-based label -Stax's studio band, Booker T. & the MG's, often worked without prepared arrangements; production duties and credits were shared

Surf Music

-Beach Boys -Dick Dale and the Del-Tones pioneered an instrumental surf style featuring the guitar

Singer-Songwriter

-Because they seemed to reveal their unmediated personal perspectives, the singer-songwriters of the 1970s can be viewed in contrast to performers such as Bowie and Cooper -the impression of sincerity projected by singer-songwriters, however, is still mediated by show business concerns

Folk Rock

-Bob Dylan -The Byrds

Folk Revival

-College-age listeners helped to make folk music into a popular "alternative" style -Two sides of the folk music market emerged: one exemplified by musicians like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez and rooted in folk literature, the other exemplified by the Kingston Trio and more oriented toward the pop market -Folk's image of sincerity and authenticity was largely constructed by the music industry

Disco

-Dance-oriented disco music became popular in the United States in the late 1970s -until it became mainstream, disco was mainly an underground style heard in small dance clubs -Disco attained national popularity with the release of the film Saturday Night Fever, which had a soundtrack featuring the Bee Gees -There was backlash against disco from some in the rock music community - One reason why some rock fans hated disco is because they perceived it to have an anti-hippie aesthetic; disco generally privileged fun and dance over the creation of "serious-minded" music

Disc Jockey

-Disc jockeys such as Cleveland's Alan Freed helped rhythm and blues to break into the mainstream in the early 1950s - Freed emulated other DJs who were already playing rhythm and blues across the country -Freed's success took him to New York City in 1954, where he reached a much larger audience through his radio show, television, films, and concerts; he faced backlash, but also influenced many other DJs

Hardcore Punk

-Hardcore developed out of 1970s punk, but remained largely underground; hardcore continued the punk traditions of loud, fast, and aggressive music grounded in the DIY aesthetic -Los Angeles, D.C., Twin Cities

British (London) Underground

-In 1965, Beat poet Allen Ginsberg and bookstore owner Barry Miles organized a large event featuring American and European Beat poetry readings; the same year, a British researcher opened the World Psychedelic Center in London -As in San Francisco, a community of young people formed around drugs, Eastern philosophy, radical politics, and experimental music - The San Francisco and London scenes were quite different, as few in London had actually experienced the San Francisco scene

Music Video

-Michael Jackson's video performances showcased his skill as a dancer, and he produced ambitious videos such as that for "Thriller" -Madonna's music and videos explore issues of sexual conduct, racial issues, women's roles, and spirituality, which earned her both supporters and detractors

Grunge

-Nirvana's Nevermind and the single "Smells Like Teen Spirit" were hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom in 1991; Nirvana was one of the most significant of the "grunge" bands to come out of Seattle in the early 1990s -"Smells Like Teen Spirit" is a representative example of Nirvana's style

TV Rock

-Paul Revere and the Raiders, after initial success, they reached a national television audience with the help of Dick Clark in 1965 and had chart hits for the rest of the decade -The Monkees were formed as a band for a weekly television series; the band members were selected by the show's producers -Following the success of the Monkees, Don Kirschner created a group made up of cartoon characters called the Archies, which was one of several fictitious bands aimed at young teens

Alt Rock

-Pearl Jam another alternative rock group from Seattle, and their music was in ways similar to heavy metal; Pearl Jam was also known for their anticommercial stance, which led them to fight against Ticketmaster -Alternative bands were also developing in California; Faith No More formed in San Francisco and had an eclectic style reminiscent of Frank Zappa - The band Live emerged through mainstream channels but was marketed as alternative; Lifehouse and Creed both combined elements of grunge with Christian themes

Punk Rock

-Punk began as an underground style; the Velvet Underground, which was associated with artist Andy Warhol for a time in the 1960s, was among the most important early influences on the punk movement -Iggy Pop was known for his outrageous performances, while the MC5 cultivated an aggressive sound; the confrontational styles of the Velvets, Iggy Pop, and the MC5 were also influential on New York punk rock

UK (London) Blues Revival

-Some British bands drew on the Chicago electric blues as opposed to pop, and projected a more rebellious image -The Rolling Stones -The Yardbirds -Other blues-based bands active in London included Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, the Graham Bond Organization, and Zoot Money's Big Roll Band -The Kinks and the Who

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

-The Beatles stopped touring and focused on recording -In the fall of 1966, they began recording the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band -"Penny Lane" and "Strawberry Fields Forever" are two tracks from this album that demonstrate the Beatles' growing musical ambition -The album begins with the track "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band," in which the group introduces itself as a fictional band; this, combined with the packaging and the lack of gaps between songs, has led many to call Sgt. Pepper rock's first "concept album" -Sgt. Pepper was an important and influential album; the inclusion of printed lyrics on the album cover and wide range of stylistic influences signaled changes taking place in rock music - Sgt. Pepper created a new focus on the album as opposed to the single in rock music

Electric 12-String Guitar

-The Byrds -"Mr. Tambourine Man", written by Bob Dylan

Girl Group

-The Supremes, formed in 1959, were a quintessential Motown girl group, "Baby Love" -Martha and the Vandellas were another important girl group at Motown

Hip-Hop

-The first hip-hop DJs played records at neighborhood parties, while MCs commented on the music and encouraged partygoers -Early hip-hop DJs including Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash developed technical innovations important to modern rap, including techniques involving portable turntables and mixers

Payola

-The longstanding practice of payola in the music industry was the subject of investigation and scandal beginning in 1959 -The payola scandals were caused in part by struggles between major labels and independent labels, and between BMI and ASCAP, two organizations that collected royalties for songwriters

AOR (Album Oriented Rock)

-The radio industry saw an increase in "album-oriented rock" (AOR) stations in the 1970s and a decrease in the independence of individual DJs -there was a move away from broadcasting extended tracks

Producer

-The role of the producer shifted from a mostly organizational role to a specialist in charge of shaping the sound of a record -Producers began to experiment with ways to make records more musically sophisticated, and they moved away from the idea that a recording should faithfully represent a live performance

The 3 Markets

-Urban -Rural -R & B

MTV

-When MTV was developed, its creators debated whether the channel should show nothing but promotional videos provided by record companies, or feature more artistic, less commercial videos -One of the challenges MTV faced early on was having enough content to fill the day, as record companies were reluctant to invest in promotional videos before cable television was widely available -MTV's initial audience was primarily white teenagers in the Midwest, which drove programming choices -The success of Michael Jackson's video for "Billie Jean" helped to break color lines on MTV and increased the network's popularity; record companies came to view videos as crucial promotional tools, and increasing emphasis on visual elements became a source of controversy

Compound AABA Form

-Yes's "Roundabout" uses compound AABA form -"Roundabout" reflects classical influences by using melodic material in new ways and incorporating inventive rhythmic ideas - "Roundabout" shows how progressive rock drew on both pop and classical traditions, and its formal pattern recurred regularly in Yes's music from the 1970s

Reggae

-a Jamaican form of popular music - became popular in the United States and Britain during the 1970s -Jamaican music had played a small role in mainstream popular music in the United States and United Kingdom since the 1950s, and Jamaicans also listened to American pop -In the 1960s, another Jamaican style called "ska" emerged and then was replaced by a newer form called "rock steady," which developed into reggae -Bob Marley

Brill Building Pop

-a building housing music publishers in Manhattan -a label applied to the methodical way companies such as Aldon Music produced songs -teen idols and girl groups were the principal artists performing

12 Bar Blues

-a common structural pattern with a distinctive pattern of four-beat measures that fall into three groups of four; this pattern may repeat throughout the entire song - a typical chord progression, which can be represented in a chart with roman numerals representing the chords

American Bandstand

-a television show devoted to teen pop, and it featured teens dancing to hit records and lip-synced performances by musical guest stars - Much of the focus of American Bandstand was on dancing, and it initiated a craze for named dances, such as "The Twist"

Glam Rock

-a theatrical style particularly popular in the United Kingdom in the 1970s - David Bowie was one of the most important glam stars

Rockabilly

-combining rock and roll with country music -Elvis

Heavy Metal

-developed out of the harder, more aggressive styles of rock from the 1960s and 1970s, including garage rock, progressive psychedelia, and the gothic character of bands such as Black Sabbath; it became a separate category when bands in England and Los Angeles started to have mainstream success -Heavy metal fans were stereotyped as unsophisticated and it was typically assumed that fans were white and blue-collar; metal bands rejected the status quo, which fans embraced as a mark of authenticity

The "Hippy Aesthetic"

-early 1970s - emphasized sophisticated music, lyrics dealing with important issues, and virtuosic performances -connects a variety of 1970s rock styles to one another as well as to the psychedelic music of the 1960s. III. Blues-Based Briti

Psychedlia

-emerged from the underground in London and San Francisco and came to have a pervasive influence on rock music by the end of the 1960s - influenced by other social movements of the time and was concerned with new ways of exploring the world - Drugs played a central role in the psychedelic movement -The rise of psychedelia coincided with a tendency toward more ambitious songwriting, arranging, and recording, as exemplified by the Beatles and the Beach Boys

Southern Soul

-late 1960s, Atlantic invested in a harder-edged style of black pop -key stylistic differences from the sweet soul of artists like the Drifters; it incorporates the emotional expression often associated with gospel, and black and white listeners often perceived it as truer to African American heritage -Soulsville, USA

Garage Band

-no experience needed, amateurish -The first important national garage band hit was the Kingsmen's cover of "Louie Louie" -After the Kingsmen's success, American record labels put out a series of records by unknown garage bands; some of these groups had one-time Top 40 hits, and a few enjoyed continued success

Sun Records

-owned by Sam Philips -Memphis -signed Elvis

Doo-Wop

-series of four chords that may repeat -emerged in urban neighborhoods, and it consisted of a cappella vocal arrangements that often contained nonsense syllables

Tin Pan Alley

-songs follow a standard formal pattern, often a sectional verse-chorus format with an introductory verse and a chorus in AABA form -advertising aimed at selling the song itself, not specific recordings of a song; publishing firms often marketed songs by convincing professionals or "pluggers" to perform them

Merry Pranksters

-with Ken Kesey -lived communally at Kesey's homes in California and Oregon -noted for sociological significance of a lengthy road trip they took in the summer of 1964, traveling across the United States in a psychedelic painted school bus called Furthur or Further

San Francisco, Haight-Ashbury

A psychedelic scene had been developing in San Francisco since mid-1965; the Human Be-In in 1967 drew attention to the city's hippie culture

Chess Records

Chicago's electric blues scene developed in part due to an independent label called Chess, opened in 1947 by Phil and Leonard Chess, two white fans of black music; Chess recordings were known for rough-edged and emotional vocals and a technically unsophisticated recorded sound

Rural (Delta) Blues

In the years following World War II, rhythm and blues was popular music played by black musicians for black audiences; most white listeners had no familiarity with it

LSD

LSD was viewed as a drug that led to a "higher consciousness"

"Two Psychedelic Approaches to Music"

Music can be associated with psychedelia in two ways: It can enhance a drug trip, or the music itself can be understood as the trip

Rap

Rap originated in New York's African American and Latino communities in the late 1970s alongside other elements of hip-hop culture: graffiti, break dancing, and distinctive fashion trends

Urban Blues

Rural blacks began to migrate to urban centers in the 1930s and 1940s, which helped to make the city of Memphis a center for black music; as blues musicians moved into urban venues, they formed combos featuring electric guitar, bass, piano, drums, and harmonica, a style of electric blues that came to be centered in Chicago by the 1950s

British Invasion

The American music industry was taken by surprise when the Beatles, a band from Liverpool, England, became the "next big thing" and launched a fad known as the "British invasion" of American pop

Woodstock

The Woodstock Music and Art Festival, held in Bethel, NY, in 1969, was the peak of outdoor rock festivals with 400,000 in attendance; a slate of important musicians and the release of a documentary film and live album made the event a tremendous and enduring success

CBGB Club

The band Television had a regular spot performing at a bar in lower Manhattan called CBGB, which became the home of the New York punk scene

Platinum Album

The platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single

FM

The profitability of rock radio encouraged the participation of major corporations

Industrial Music

The style known as "industrial" can be traced to Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, and Skinny Puppy; Nine Inch Nails was the first to bring industrial to a mainstream rock audience, often exploring dark themes

Funk

To many listeners, James Brown's musical style seemed free of the compromises made by other black artists to appeal to white audiences; his turn toward funk made him an important influence on 1970s black pop

Hokum Blues

a musical tradition in black culture that played on sexual double entendres

Clear Channel Stations

high powered transmitters were used and they could reach large regions

Sheet Music

second major influence on the mainstream popular music business and was concentrated in an area in NYC known as Tin Pan Alley

Beatlemania

term coined by Beatle fans

Cover Version

the success of cover songs may have reduced the crossover potential for the original records and artists; at the same time, they benefited mainly record companies and white performers

Billboard Charts

tracking the music business and trends within it was important to people in the industry

AABA Form

typically a 32-bar scheme with four 8-bar phrases, and it may or may not include a reprise; the first two phrases in this form are similar, the third contrasts, and the last is similar to the first two

Crossover

when a record or song holds a position on more than one of the three types of charts