South Asian Midterm 2

BJP

Bharatiya Janata Party

Kathmandu

Capital of Nepal Kathmandu valley is one of only areas of Nepal with rich soil The limited agrarian land is becoming urbanized rapidly

Mayawati

Current leader of BSP

Sharm

Having shame Demure manner Acting in modesty

1982

Major Textile Strike in the Mills (Shiv Sena context) - Mumbai Shiv Sena only catered for Marathi speakers Changed from only Marathi narrative to Hindu narrative (to be more inclusive)

Mardana

Men's space Pertaining to men

NRI

Non-resident Indians Mumbai has witnessed large luxury apartment complexes often being targeted at these NRIs.

Dharavi

One of the largest slums in Asia, in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Swampy edge of the city.

Sons of the Soil

Same as bhumiputra Political movement advocating rights/reservations for indigenous people Kannada Shakti Kendra, Shiv Sena

Cut-off date

Slum dwellers had to prove that they were living there. Photo pass as a means to prove citizenship or living status January 1, 1995 - extended to January 1, 2000

Friedman's argument?

The world is flat. You can work from anywhere. Three Eras of Globalisation 10 Forces to flatten the world "Levelling of the playing field," mobility of labour

Value Grabbing

"Literal grabbing of value" Land on the urban frontier appreciates so much that there would be more incentive to get involved, people want to buy cheap land before it becomes valuable Spectacular accumulation Intense appreciation of land value One side of the value struggle

Powertoni

"Power of attorney" Ability to act on another's behalf, or to have someone do your bidding, to sign documents, release wanted criminals, cure illnesses, get people killed. Shiv Sena has powertoni Ex. some people go to the voting booths to find that someone has voted in their name - someone has stolen their right to make the only meaningful choice available in democracy.

11. What is "powertoni," and, as a concept, how does it help us understand how Bombay works--politically, economically, and socio-culturally?

"the awesome ability to act on someone else's behalf" The Shiv Sena uses powertoni in industrial sectors to consolidate power. That is, they get support from powerful industrialists by granting exemption/allocating funding to their interests.

Master Planning

1967 first master plan Idea of having one document to plan out the entire city, that forms zoning and density requirements that are tied to law Duration, usually about 10 to 20 years, generally about 20 year plan, a vision for the city Plan for 20 years is often finished 6 years before the plan is about to end

Liberalisation

1991 Spatial movement of factories out of cities for SEZ/EPZ

Reservations

22.5% of reservations, split among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes The Shiv Sena seeks to reserve a certain percentage of public sector jobs, higher education positons etc. for Marathi people Other groups seek to reserve jobs for SC/ST, Dalits

Census removes caste category Emergency > Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act Deindustrialisation - Many middle class jobs removed (esp. Textile industry) Babari Masjid Destruction Trade Unionization peak

30s 70s 60s/70s 90s 60s/70s

Indian Independence Liberalisation Slum Redevelopment Scheme Green Revolution Dalit Panthers

40s 90s 90s 60s 70s

Shiv Sena Founding First Master Plan Fall of the Berlin Wall Townships become more common Srikrishna Commission

60s 60s 80s 90s 90s

Slum Improvements and Resettlements Economic Crisis Shiv Sena Textile Mill Protesting Private Apartments - emergence of the builder group Public/state/government jobs for security

70s/80s 90s 80s 70s/80s (pre-80s)

World-class Aesthetic Caste category reintroduced MQM Founded Slow opening of the economy Bangladesh Independence

80s 2010s 80s 70s 70s

KamaSutra Introduction of colour television Babri Masjid Destruction Bhutto comes into power in Pakistan - petitions from villagers are now possible

90s 80s 90s (70s)

National Elites and Urban Commoners

A large form of tension and political divide Elites do not usually partake in voting, urban commoners are the majority, who aspire to move up the social ladder Examples include the divide between Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs and the Kannada Shakti Kendra.

Bungalow

A low pitched-roof structure set amidst acres of land - tend to be single storied (can be two-storied) Generously proportioned bungalow and compounds were the preferred building styles of the colonial middle class. Epitomizes the city's historical image. Characterised by having verandahs at lower levels, balconies in higher levels.

Encroachment

A term that, according to Lisa Bjorkman, is often used interchangeably with the term "slum" in contemporary Mumbai. Moving in illegally Any violation of zoning/density regulation

Describe the time periods and the main houses of each.

Agrarian Landscape: Wadas, houses in fishing villages. Trade Routes/Mercantilist/Market Places (15th Century): Wadis, houses in markets. Industrial City (Mid to 2nd half of 19th Century): Chawls - American Civil War/textile mills Imperial Outpost/Colonial Presidency (Late 19th Century): Apartment buildings in planned areas/housing for government workers. State Capital (Post-independence): Mass housing, plotted developments, private apartments/public sector employee housing Overgrowing Metropolis (1970s onwards): Slums become a problem, urban fringe housing, private development cannot keep up with migration. Base for Global Capital (1991/Liberalisation): Suburban townships, luxury malls, high-rises, multiplexes.

Liechty's argument

Although caste, kinship, and ethnicity continue to powerfully inflect sociocultural experience, class best accounts for the new socio cultural patterns that have come to dominate urban life in Kathmandu. Middle Class culture in Kathmandu is totally new Balances national identity between global ideological poles of tradition and modernity

Dalit Panthers

An organization founded in 1972 in response to the large-scale and ongoing atrocities against neo-Buddhists and other Dalits.

Bjorkman's argument

Argues that slums arise through political mediation and gradual deformation Similar to Ghertner, slums aren't labeled slums for encroachment or informality, but for lack of sanitation and basic amenities, overcrowdedness Bjorkman argues that lack of planning does not make an area a slum.

Indian Parties?

BSP BJP INC

BSP

Bahujan Samaj Party - elects Mayawati (2007-2012) Mostly Dalits 70s-80s rise in politics, BSP comes to the forefront for representing the Dalit population Now against BJP

Value Struggle

Between the urban and rural areas Examples of value struggles may also include aesthetic value (what should the land look like?) Different strategies adopted by the government to acquire land usually at the periphery of the city Usually for moving infrastructure/capital Struggle between the previous landowners and the current groups or developers trying to access this land. The previous land owners have the claims over land but not the rights. Issue in South Asia Through Accumulation by Dispossession

Dada

Big brother, big man/local gangster in the area Leaders of smugglers pre-liberalization Also important in informal slums, gaining access to resources

How have the definitions of a "slum" changed in recent years in Delhi and Mumbai (and other cities in India)? What forces are responsible for these changes?

Bjorkman, Ghertner, (broadly) Searle Nuisance, as well as aesthetics (world-class aesthetics) as the driving forces of slum definition change. Lack of the ability to prove (i.e. Cut off date with photopasses) Conflation of slum and encroachment. Anything that doesn't have a world class appearance. Indicators for neighbourhoods being a slum: availability of water, access to sanitation, overcrowding, quality of house-construction materials, security of tenure. Conflict between illegal/legal/planned/unplanned Lisa Bjorkman - Shivajinagar-Bainganwadi was planned, but still considered a slum because of its lack of access to resources.

Srikrishna Commission

Body appointed to investigate the 1992-93 riots that found that the Shiv Sena played a premeditated role in orchestrating violence against Muslims.

Xiang Biao's Argument?

Bodyshops - IT Work Visa Middlemen - intermediaries Bodyshops to circumvent friction between labour demand and supply. Benching Largely the Telegu population (Andhra Pradresh/Telengana) - agricultural surplus to support benched workers.

Jati

Broad kinship category Used to also identify marriage networks.

Dalal

Broker/middleman/mediating agency Useful for outside developers who need local knowledge and organization to complete their projects Important for go to things, gaining access to resources like water

Suburban Townships

Built for middle class post liberalization More luxurious, private gardens, pools

Islamabad

Capital of Pakistan Designed as a new city by foreign architect like New Delhi to be grand and organized in grids Borders Rawalpindi Meant to be the bulwark against corruption, to ensure political dominance of the bureaucratic military government

Pucca/kutcha

Census categories for housing types, significant in slums Pucca: Ripe, finished - bricks, cement Kutcha: Raw - mud, leaves, grass

Rawalpindi

City that borders Islamabad, much more dense and populated

Claims vs rights

Claim is historically based, pre existing land claim Rights must be codified in law Claims and rights are significant in peripheral areas of cities where people are being dispossessed for urban development

KamaSutra

Condom brand that revolutionized marketing strategies in India Used sensual advertisements that were influenced by the West A brand name of a condom that has been portrayed as epitomizing the pleasures of the consumer's market and the right to choose, liberated from the paternalistic grip of the state.

Nijman's argument

Consumption is credit-based Consumptive practices as the best way to define the Indian Middle Class. "The new middle class seems to symbolize modernity by way of its aspirational lifestyle, consumerism, and adoration of the west" New urban politics Gov is less managerial (aiding poverty) and now more entrepreneurial Middle class is pulling away from the poor Middle class consumption is credit based = high barrier for entry into middle class since not everyone has access to banking

Sassen's argument?

Counter to Friedman, there are specific practices/roles that are geographically confined. Strategic Sites: Export Processing Zones Offshore Banking Centers High-tech districts Big Global Cities

Narendra Modi

Current PM, leads BJP, Comes from humble low caste background (Other backward caste/community) Nationalist, prioritizes security

Rahul Gandhi

Current president of Indian National Congress

Destruction of the Babri Masjid mosque by Hindu nationalists in Ayodhya?

December 6, 1992

Emergency

Declared by Indira Gandhi 1975-1977 Civil and political parties imprisoned, censorship Suspended parliament to retain power Overcrowding concerns - moving people/demolition of slums, forced sterilizations in slums Resources run out (mass exodus) Invoked as Indira Gandhi felt threatened by lack of votes

DDA

Delhi Development Authority (1957) Created to control planning and ensure the provision of housing to the majority of residents who could not afford market rate housing. Replaces Delhi Improvement Trust (DIT) Could buy land for less than the market value Originally so that this entity could make lower income housing Eventually led to corruption in the market

DLF

Delhi Land & Finance Existed pre-independence. A private residential apartment building company which is responsible for much of India's move to private living areas for wealthier/middle class people. Three categories of building include premium, luxury and super luxury.

Verticalisation

Desire to build upwards instead of staying flat like slums

Purdah (dupatta, hijab, burqa)

Division (literal and metaphorical) The general practice of veiling Dupatta (sindhi) Burqa/Hijab (Muhajirs)

Epistemology

Evaluating knowledge There are different ways of knowing a city Ex: Slumdog millionaire doesn't know national emblem, but has good local knowledge

Biradari (Laura Ring's reading)

Family group in the village/lineage A need to find your own niche through negotiations New one needs to be established when moving to the city

Bullock Capitalists (Context of Mazzarella's reading)

Farmers who benefited from the "green revolution" of the mid to late 1960s, many from intermediate caste groupings who benefited from limited government land redistribution a decade earlier. The new capitalists in the post-Green Revolution Era Green Revolution Era - big agricultural reforms India no longer had to import so much grain from abroad Subsidies on water and technology

Resident Welfare Associations (RWA)

Filing petitions for the removal of slums and hawkers When the government is not able to provide enough houses - because there is no government body taking care of their needs, they then form their own Resident Welfare Association. "Their main activity seems to be the celebration of an annual or seasonal ethnic festival in a major way."

Jawaharlal Nehru

First PM of India during period of great optimism Invests a lot in state industry Advocates economic independence (isolation) Implicates reforms for poor masses (patronizing)

When and how did Dalit identity emerge as the foundation for a political movement in Bombay, and how did Bombay as an urban center shape the particular political practices (and forms of political communication) which have been utilized?

For the Dalits of Bombay, the turbulence of the late sixties and early seventies served as the backdrop for the emergence of the Dalit Panthers. Hindu feudalism that kept Dalits deprived of power, wealth and status. Buddhism - conversion. Realised by Ambedkar when he converted to Buddhism. Political strategies centred around reservations, electoral politics in a liberal-democratic framework. Things like people's rule, slogans against poverty, socialism as well as the green revolution has crushed the Dalits. Dalit politics is galvanised in the 60s-70s Origins and growth of Bombay as an urban city comes from large scale migrations. Bombay at least provided the political space within which Dalits could struggle to overcome caste oppression.

ashraf/sharif

Foreign conquerors (e.g. Muhajirs) Noble Muhajirs Ethnic identity, any ties to the land or a vernacular language becomes antinational and anti-Islamic.

Shiv Sena

Founded in 1966 - Bal Thackeray Emergence of Shiv Sena in Bombay (advocating for Marathi speakers) Sons of the Soil Movement (Caste-based movement)

Wadi

From the Mercantile Economy Area of a single landlord who collects rent. Settlement

What is frontier urbanism and what is its significance in South Asia today?

Frontier Urbanisms is the heterogeneous politics of land - feverish, non-metrocentric remapping of the urban-agrarian hinterland in South Asia. Significance in that India is rapidly urbanising, and this is all happening at the edges of the cities. Urban theory is city-dominated. You have splintered urbanism, spectacular accumulation

Public-private partnerships

Governments partnering with private organizations like NGOs to accomplish some project Ex: Municipal gov partnering with NGO to construct and manage public toilets

Urban Fringe Housing

HOUSING ON THE URBAN FRINGE. Both informal slum developments as well as high-rise developments can occur on the fringe.

Asian Games

Held in 1982 in New Delhi The event that catalyzed a massive push for the introduction of color television into India. Also known as the Asiad Games

Katcha/Kutcha

Housing built out of cloth, bamboo poles, and whatever materials were readily available.

Searle's argument

How liberalization affected urbanization in Gurgaon Liberalisation of the economy in the 90s changed the structure of the real estate industry: ushering in new roles for private-sector elites and spurred the growth of real-estate-related markets such as mortgage financing and media. Real estate developers lie at the hub of the series of interconnected markets that make up "Indian real estate" Prior to liberalization, Indian developers would finance project through... Partnering with landowners Attracting investment from private individuals Having buyers pay for their home in advance installments

What is the battle between villagers on the outskirts of Islamabad and the state development agency that has sought to expropriate their land about, and how have documents played a role within the battle? What forms of recourse have been available to these villagers if they were unhappy with the terms they were offered for compensation for their land and for relocation? How did these forms of recourse vary under different government administrations?

Hull. Villagers of BQB against the government. The villagers reject the compensation that they are offered for their expropriated housing and land, and continue to live there. The key is to control the list. Everyday the list is tampered with. This battle has been waged through the medium of documents as an alternative to dummy houses, particularly lists, which villagers and colluding officials have used to defraud the Pakistani government of the equivalent of millions of dollars. Currently, the villagers have control over these documents to increase their compensation, appropriating or disappropriating some means of administration. Forms of recourse: Agricultural land was offered elsewhere. But if they rejected this land, these farmers would have a difficult time finding other sources of income. Different recourse: Under martial law, CDA cannot be challenged politically. No legal options. Under the populist government of Zulifikhar Ali Bhutto in the early 1970s, courts began accepting petitions from villagers, but success was still unlikely unless technical errors were spotted .

Kuhn's argument?

Identity-based migration Key to success is kinship and networks - relationships acting as gatekeepers to opportunities (ie. network=credit)

Jugaad

Improvisational style of innovation driven by scarce resources Attends to users immediate needs, not their desires Exemplary to the rest of the world Individualized and simple ingenuity as a model for the future "Frugal engineering," "making do with little," or "low-cost locally-made alternatives." Could also have implications of corruption - as jugaad literally translates to "Somehow, get it done."

Democracy movement (Nepal)

In 1950 a popular revolution influenced by Indian nationalism ends Rana rule (monarchy) Post 1951 = open door policy Country becomes more influenced by west, more integrated into global economy Today the maoist/communist party is ruling

Accumulation by dispossession

In order for capital to constantly grow/relocate itself, it needs to dispossess people from their lands Separates rural populations from the means of subsistence through direct extra-economic force such as the state

Roy's argument

India cannot plan its cities because of the concepts of informality, insurgence and the idiom of urbanisation. Four propositions: Informality ≠ poverty Informality is a deregulated entity rather than an unregulated system The state is an informalised entity, or informality from above Insurgence does not necessarily create a city

IAS

Indian Administrative Service Provider of most prestigious state jobs, included pension, security, etc Step for people to move up the ladder Became less prestigious/desirable over time since people started seeking private sector jobs post liberalization

Informality as regulation

Informality = The state actively deregulates to serve particular interests There are so many regulations, that practically all developments have to be granted some form of exception Informality is part of the highest forms of government, not only in poor neighborhoods. Usually favours those who are seen as fitting with the country's aesthetic.

New Cash Economy (4 sources in Nepal)

International aid Tourism Handmade crafts/carpet manufacturing Remittances (specifically from India, the Gulf countries, East Asia and Southeast Asia)

Strategies of enclosure

Land is isolated to become codified For the production of private property Part of accumulation by dispossession, value struggles An agency marks land, encloses it on a map, and designates it to become industrial/urbanize/something else Becomes problematic when people have land claims in these areas

Karachi

Largest city in Pakistan Site of ethnic conflict

How have different notions of Pakistani nationalism created tensions after independence in urban centers like Karachi? How have these views shapes attitudes toward Islam, Hinduism, and other religions (and their practices)?

Laura Ring's reading In Karachi, there is a struggle of national identity: place of religion vis a vis local or regional culture. Sindhis seen as illiterate, un-Islamic, decadent, criminal Muhajirs (who have a juridical notion of Islam) look down upon Sindhis. Sindhis take offense at this because they believe they belong in Karachi. Muhajirs had strong nationalism to Mecca while the Sindhis had stronger ties to their native land (ethnic) Ethnic islam almost blended at the edges with hinduism and other local religions. Meanwhile, Muhajirs had been fighting with Hindus and other local religions which made them unaccepting toward other religions practices. Muhajir and Sindhi conflict. Ajlaf vs Ashraf. Communalism The idea that the Muhajirs are the migrants who are attempting to uproot old traditions/look down upon those who don't have the same beliefs. Extending this tension to the Hindus and the broadly Muslim Anger differs between Sindhis (tribal - anger as pride) and Muhajirs (anger as restrained, controlled)

What role does 'tension' play within the Shipyard (and arguably within Karachi and cities more generally)? Offer three specific examples of tension's role in maintaining peaceful co-existence with neighbors or within households. Why does she talk about the maintenance of tension as 'continuous labor'?

Laura Ring. Tension in the city is a state that prevents violence, and that this is a natural product of living with new people, a method to cope with challenges and replace more informal social norms. Examples: 1. Giftgiving Parveen 2. Candygiving Mahvish 3. Aliya gives Zubaida clothes to tailor (hiding) 4. Aliya/Zubaida flour incident.

Indian National Congress

Led by Rahul Gandhi Biggest party in Independence times Holds power until mid 70s (emergency) - local voices start arising Loss of national unifying identity that was so strong after independence No longer the dominant party Regional parties advocate reservations in public policy BJP starts becoming important in 90s, INC loses power in 2000 BJP founded by someone who splintered from INC

Discuss the ways that Nepal's history has differed from India's. In this context, when and how has a middle class emerged in Kathmandu? How have shifts in employment, new sources of cash within the Nepali economy (you should be able to identify four), and changes in communication and transportation technologies helped to influence the emergence of this new class in the middle?

Liechty. Class best accounts for the new sociocultural patterns that have come to dominate urban life Specific importance of the consumption of mass media, and production of "youth culture" Most important processes through which the emerging middle class is developed. Nepal - independent state. Consumption of foreign goods. Huge growth in transport/road system. Airport is linked to many more countries Middle class has more access to globalized economy, tourism grows in Nepal as well When? 1951- Open Door policy, rapidly expanding cash economy. Cash rich in a cash poor area. New sources of cash = International aid, Tourism, Handmade crafts, Remittances

Ghati

Literally a person from the hills, used generically to refer to a servant; a term used in Bombay by non-Maharashtrians to refer to a Maharashtrian.

Geobribes

Local states competing for foreign investment by giving out incentives/creating zones of exception.

Ayodhya

Location of the Babri Masjid mosque which was destroyed by Hindu nationalists

Why is urban planning such a challenge in South Asia? What examples do each use to illustrate what Nausheen Anwar describes as "value struggles"? What role does the state play in mediating these value struggles and how do alliances of the state influence these processes?

Matthew Hull, Ananya Roy, and Nausheen Anwar. Hull: Organisation, documents, lack of transparency. Roy: Idiom of urbanisation, insurgence, informality, which undermine the possibilities of rational planning. Resources, deregulation and unmapping. Anwar: Value struggles. Eminent domain Example in Nandigram (West Bengal): Local owners protest the local communist government taking land for special economic zone Example in West Bengal: State gov tries to take over farmland using eminent domain for a tata nano factory. "Informality" as a way to express these value struggles. Roy's examples of zones of exception and Hull's with the CDA show how the value struggle is largely from the agricultural land that is attractive to foreign investors and real estate developers for urban housing. E.g. The Left Front attempting to displace villagers of Nandigram E.g. The CDA attempting to displace the villagers of the BQB in Islamabad

Roti kara aur makaan

Means "food, clothing, and shelter" Necessities of life, slogan from Indira Gandhi's time Socialistic, what is promised by the government Expansion to include Internet

Varna

Means type, color, order or class. Four Varnas: Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra.

Dalit

Members of scheduled castes and tribes, neo-buddhists, working people, landless and poor peasants, women, and all those being exploited politically, economically and in the name of religion.

Babri Masjid

Mosque destroyed by Hindu nationalists in Ayodhya Mosque believed to have been built on top of a Hindu temple

Farm Houses

Mostly a weekend home, usually for non-resident Indians wanting to have a house in India Estates of the rich and famous Built by elites as bungalows on large plots on the city outskirts.

MQM

Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz Movement (what was written in class)// Muttahida Qaumi Movement (from a Google search) Political party formed in 1984 to protect the interests of Muhajirs. Founded in 1984 Advocating for Indian Immigrant Interests Support largely from Urban Sindh (Karachi) They now essentially represent everyone who is not Punjabi Reason as to why they formed 1984: Such a political party would have been unthinkable at the time of independence, given the definition of the new nation held by most Muhajirs, and the idea only began to make sense by the 1980s when they began to feel marginalized and more attacked as a group.

Do all Muslims in Karachi (and elsewhere) who practice veiling understand the use of the veil in the same ways? Why or why not? How might you characterize the meanings associated with veiling in Karachi? Why are these distinctions even more important in urban spaces than they might have been in rural spaces?

Muhajir women tend to veil in front of most people as a symbol of piousness Sindhi women are more selective with who they veil in front, as it can connote different meanings depending on the situation For example, the Sindhi women Ring lives with would not veil in front of poor people or their husband's close friends because the purdah, or separation, is not seen as necessary in these cases. These distinctions can be more important in urban spaces because in the city, there is an openness that requires separating the inside and the outside. With neighbourhoods, your outside is what everyone knows about you. The words Tez/Chalak become important here.

Chawl

Multi-tenanted, built next to mills, poor aesthetic, common toilets and corridor. Internal courtyard creates atmosphere for unionization Built in densest parts of city, so prices have increased dramatically Some built by private developers, other by government (Bombay Improvement Trust)

What is "new" about India's "new middle class." How is the "new" middle class produced materially as a social category through (1) the restructuring of urban spaces and (2) through everyday practices of consumption? What is the relationship between the liberalization of the Indian economy, the changing meaning of the "middle class" in India, and the expansion of democratic participation within India today?

Nair, Nijman, Fernandes, Mazzarella. Nair: Housing, roads, transportation Fernandes: Politics of Forgetting, spatial purification, markers of consumption, state strategies. (The three things!) Mazzarella: Television, condoms, Nijman: Credit-based, high barrier for entry into middle class since not everyone has access to banking. Aspiration.

Mohalla

Neighbourhood

Nair's Argument?

New middle class fuels spatial transformation (IT corridor, private residences) Transformation from spacious bungalows to modernized steel and glass apartments is highly representative of the impact international architecture styles have had on South Asian cities Boom in transportation, much more private vehicle ownership has transformed roads Makes walking and cycling more difficult and dangerous

Mazzarella's argument

Nirodh vs Kamasutra condoms. Nirodh represents how the state government is more concerned with education and obligations, whereas Kamasutra represents how the private sector is more focused on pleasure and making choices. Middle class is attracted to consumer goods that are marketed like in the West As a solution to a growing tension within the Indian economy that had emerged by the 1980s, the Indian advertising industry emphasised aesthetics with a globalized vision of the relationship between individual citizenship and consumer aspiration. Mazzarella argues that the introduction of coloured television in 1982 formed the middle class, based on the widespread "aspiration"

NGO

Non Government Organisation In the context of Katunayake, NGOs get funding based on their ability to prove that a certain group needs help. There is thus competition between NGOs NGOs are also seen as intermediate bodies for the state, scholars and agencies to get data about FTZ worker's.

Ghertner's argument

Nuisance has become the key legal term driving slum demolitions in Delhi and in resculpting the city's residential geography and future imagination. "New nuisance discourse" Slums started being seen as nuisance after liberalization, when city standards for beauty shifted to align with the "world class city" view Category of nuisance becomes fundamentally aesthetic (24)

Ajlaf

Opposite of ashraf "Impure" converts Sindhis - converted to Islam (not proper Muslims)

OBC

Other Backwards Community

1982 others

Others: Year of the 9th Asian Games Colour Television is introduced alongside National Telecast Also the year of the Gokak agitation Crystallised an identity based on language for the first time (Janiki Nair's reading) Advocating for educational and work opportunities according to linguistic and ethnic markers

Imran Khan

PM of Pakistan, former cricket superstar Founder of PTI

Pakistan Parties?

PPP, MQM, PTI

PTI

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Current party in power in Pakistan Led by Imran Khan (Cricket star) Platform targeted anti-corruption Tries to be "post-ethnic" - doesn't feed into interests of a particular ethnic group

PPP

Pakistan's People's Party Center-left Ruled in the 70s and 90s Largely comprised of Sindhi and Punjabi

Rathyatra

Part of Hindu Nationalist movements - Chariot Journey A movement that went through cities advocating to build a temple in Ayodhya for the God Rama in the place of the Babri Masjid in early 90s organised by the BJP

Fernandes Argument

Politics of forgetting: Middle Class is defined by its consumption. Middle Class is described by: The marked consumption of goods made available as a result of state policies of economic liberalization A desire to work in part with the state to create and enforce exclusionary policies towards the lower classes Frustration with continued state welfare policies in support of the lower classes

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary sectors

Primary - Agricultural Secondary - Industrial Tertiary - Service sector

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister of India 1966-1984, except 1977-1980 (Janata Party - coalition of political parties opposed against Emergency) Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru Expanded participation in elections Captured elections rather than building long term institutions By her election, disillusion had set in into India "President's Rule" invoked 70 times - Emergency (1975-1977)

Private slum rehabilitation projects

Private developers rebuild on slum land and provide for residents, while rest of the development gets sold in the open market In order to maximise profits, little is being considered in terms of working and living patterns in slum communities. Examples would be having builders build housing free of charge in exchange for transferable development rights (development which can be used in other parts of the city) Slum Rehabilitation projects often end up creating new slums somewhere else as they increase real estate value in the places they redevelop.

Splintered Urbanisms

Private means emerge as solutions to lack of integrated public infrastructure. Multiple ways in which urbanisation happens in the same space. In the context of the urban periphery: No area will look the same Pockets of urbanism (enclaves of prosperity) amidst areas of poverty (deprived of basic resources)

Vaastu

Protection from the unknown aspects of the future. Capacity to provide solace in a context where the new norms of urban social security are yet to be determined, specifically in India's economic system (mainly Capitalism) that doesn't prepare one for failure. A practice that has shown dramatic increase in recent decades and that may be understood in terms of its ability to provide solace in a context of growing economic uncertainty as modestly paid government employment with lifetime security as the middle-class norm gives way to the prospect of extremely high salaries with little long-term job security. Includes warding off bad luck - growing most among middle class. ORGANIZING SPACE - FRONTYARD, BACKYARD ETC.

Value Regime

Regimes that prioritize a particular value (aesthetic, agriculture, slum redevelopment)

National Capital Region

Region of land around surrounding the capital initially allocated for construction purposes Multiple small localities around it Some are in other states, makes it difficult to figure out who has jurisdiction over what Centered around Delhi with many smaller areas within the plot of land EXPANDING, significant chunks of the states around Delhi part of the NCR.

Redevelopment

Relevant to the '91 Slum Redevelopment Scheme Came about as a result of the problem of slums Requires 70% of slum dwellers to agree on the scheme The land developer also needs to provide free tenements to all registered families Usually redevelopments occur in places with high real estate value rather than places where it is actually needed.

Sindh/Sindhi

Representative of Ethnic Importance of rural roots Showing reverence to Sufi saints (Sufism) Sindhi is the local language. Engage in cultural practices (not Hindu or Muslim)

SC/ST

SC: Scheduled Castes (Get 15% of reservation) 16.6% of population- "untouchable caste" - do dirty jobs, usually live outside the village. ST: Scheduled Tribes (Get 7.5% of reservation) 8.6% of population - live in forests, distinct, etc. After the 90s, there is an increase in Hindu Nationalism as well as "Politics from below" In terms of political party ideologies, (E.g. BSP - whose leader is SC) these SC/ST demands became more represented.

How has foreign investment altered urban landscapes in India and created new mechanisms for class identification since the 1990s? What are the new sources of finance that have fueled the rapid real estate development in the post-liberalization period?

Searle. Financials from abroad. Before the 1990s, developers had almost no access to formal institutional financing because the government kept private banks from lending to them. Developers funded projects by attracting investments from private individuals, by having housing buyers pay for their homes in advance installments and by partnering with landowners. Entrance of commercial banks to mortgage lending in the 1990s, sharp fall in interest rates, and tax incentives for mortgage-takers. Partnering of foreign fund managers and land developers. Media is also important - if you mark the property as high-class and prestigious - you can raise the final price of the property. Post liberalisation: Foreign Investment Allowed (2002) Formal domestic Investment Legal (2004) The presence of black-money, and the emergence of the important "builder group."Politicians and Gangsters (important actors), spectacular accumulation Floating Migrant Population

Neoliberalism

Seen as a global shift towards the private sector as major source of employment/mode of functioning "The new liberal philosophy" In terms of land and employment E.g. Real Estate developers making their own gated communities and provide their own resources.

Sharia

Sharia literally translates into "the way" Islamic canonical law based on the teaching of the Quran. Islam's legal system.

New Nuisance Discourse

Slums started being seen as nuisance after liberalization, when city standards for beauty shifted to align with the "world class city" view

Muhajir

Someone who migrates because of their religion. Sharif- noble/nationalism Islamic unity that should override all other attachments Religious reform linked to the state (integrated juridical notion of Islam) Looking towards Mecca and Medina for how to be a good Muslim Urdu speaking immigrants from North India who settled in the cities of Sindh at partition Middle-class urban identity Restraining of Emotion in public

Bhumiputra

Sons of the soil Requests for reservations Elites see this as being corrupt.

5-year plans

Started by Jawaharlal Nehru Emphasised institutional development and development/research Economic programs modeled after Soviets First Five Year Plan began in 1951 Launched Indian development after Independence Agriculture/Industrialisation

Site and Service Schemes

Started by the world bank in 50s To upgrade slums and housing you provide the site and services (water) and then people individually build up on their land In 70s/80s housing policies started to change, structural question arise In house types of Mumbai reading A form of housing that emerged in response to a Supreme Court judgment in the 1980s that invoked the Right to Life under Article 21 80s saw more high income households and house types in response to the move towards private sector. Lack of low income housing - demolitions begin - but demolitions mean deprivation of housing - deprivation of livelihood - deprivation of life. So Right to Life is invoked. e.g slum lands that were not reserved for public use being given on a long lease of 30 years to co-operative societies of slum dwellers at a nominal rent, or the provision by the state of subsidized land to Economically Weaker Sections and Low Income Groups to build their own houses. Terminated in 1994

Eminent Domain

Strategies employed by the State Agencies to acquire land Derived from the West State can exercise Eminent domain, where your right over the property does not hold true if your land is being used for "public purposes". "This will benefit the public, so your right to public property cannot be absolute". Vague demarcation of public purpose

Gurgaon

Suburb of Delhi that has been the site of rapid modernization in the last decade No longer a suburb. Most polluted area of the city Influx of foreign funding has aided construction of "world class" buildings

Communalism (opposite meaning to America)

Tension between religious groups Prejudice and violence that comes about from the differences in religion) Favouring or pledging allegiance to an ethnic identity/group over the common population. Attempts to construct a religious/ethnic identity

Ring's argument

Tension exists as the natural state in the Shipyard, necessary to maintain peace. The troubles in the city revolve around these competing nationalisms, Sindhi (ethnic), and Muhajir (Sharif) Sindhi women more often use veiling to communicate social and relational information about status and intimacy. Muhajir women more often wear a veil in front of the thailawala or other lower class men. Sharif discourse sees a woman's use of a veil to cover herself as evidence of piousness, goodness, and ideal inner attributes. Ring's informants dismissed as laughable the idea that a woman would pine for her husband.

Tension

Tension is a natural state of living amongst people of different backgrounds, which prevents violence from occurring Builds tension in a way to allow for these communities who live together to live in harmony Strategies such as gift giving, people you talk to or avoid Tension essential for peacemaking. Ongoing labour, usually bourne by women

Hadith

Text that accompanies Quran Written down much later than the Quran Point of contention between the communities in Islam (if you want Hadith to be on the same level of significance as Quran). Sunnis believe more in hadith than shias Sunni - Majority - fellow companions of the prophet as well as family members and their descendants. Shia - minority - temporal authority with Ali and his descendants

Nirodh

The Government provided forms of contraception (We watched this in contrast to the KamaSutra) Very pragmatic - emphasises the use rather than pleasure Advertisement through PSAs.

Aesthetic norms of the city

The aesthetic norms of the city have been changing over the years - from one of regality and austerity during colonial rule, to the current "world class aesthetic" Aesthetic norms can also contribute to value struggles Things that do not fit into the aesthetic norms include slums as well as hawkers - which is why there has been a movement towards spatial purification to make things appear "clean."

Mehta's argument?

The life of an unemployed young man in India is an exact and precise hell Mumbai voting turnout: 12% from wealthy neighborhoods, 88% from slums Powertoni dominates the social, economic and political structure. E.g. Sunil hiring someone to take finals for him and passing first class E.g. Someone using your identity to vote for a specific party Powertoni can arise through fear: e.g. how the muslims are now able to hold their heads up higher in the trains as a result of their revenge bombings. Powertoni can come from the people. E.g Sunil's wife has powertoni as she came within eighty votes of winning the elections against the BJP-Sena. "In business, in politics, in government, those who can afford it never go in person. They send their man."

World-class city

The new aesthetics influenced by the West High-rises, Malls etc.

Doordarshan

The single national channel on television founded by the Indian Government (1959)

Wada

Traditional bungalow In local parlance, a single family house surrounded by the owner's agricultural fields and typically consisting of a courtyard in the center and single-storied rooms all around it, including separate rooms for storing agricultural products, rooms for deities, rooms reserved for pregnant women, rooms for cooking, sheds for cattle, etc. (as described by CRIT).

Hull's argument

Understand the state through materials Complex system of documents Lists of Homeownership Issue of transparency Fraudulent awards/claims - new genres of forms Difficult to prove land rights (i.e claims vs rights)

'Black money'

Untaxed, illegally unearned. Can refer to physical cash Dirty money converted into real estate (more tangible asset) Probably is the biggest problem, heavily accounted for in the real estate market, where conversion into white money occurs. Basically, laundering money into seemingly white.

ULCRA

Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act (1976) Socialistic, so that individual people don't have too much land Cap that was applied countrywide making it difficult for developers to build. Made it so that the DDA had to buy land at market rate instead of at a subsidized rate

HIG, MIG, LIG, EWS

Used to indicate types of government housing constructed according to different income levels. Stands for Higher Income Group, Middle Income Group, Lower Income Group, Economically Weaker Section. Size of housing and specification of construction is based on the income group Lower income groups have spaces reminiscent of chawls (sometimes also get plot of land), while higher income groups have apartments with bedrooms.

Tez/chalak

Usually women who are sharp - this is frowned upon Women who are smart are seen as manipulative - it's better to be simple/plain This is how Sindhis differentiate themselves from Muhajirs (Muhajirs are tez/chalak - very conniving/cunning) City people are seen as being more chalak

Anwar's argument

Value struggles as describing the urban-agrarian frontier conflict Examples of value struggles may also include aesthetic value (what should the land look like?) Different strategies adopted by the government to acquire land usually at the periphery of the city Usually for moving infrastructure/capital Struggle between the previous landowners and the current groups or developers trying to access this land. The previous land owners have the claims over land but not the rights. Issue in South Asia Through Accumulation by Dispossession

Nandigram

Village where famous lived - national movement against neoliberal development. People protesting against gov acquisition of land in West Bengal for special economic zone get killed

1991

When Liberalisation begins This is when foreign brands and companies become moving into India more Corporations were no longer required to cede 51% ownership to operate in India

Zenana

Women's Space Pertaining to women

Zones of exception

Zones with law suspension and benefits for corporate investors to increase investment.

Idiom of urbanization

that informality and insurgence together undermine the possibilities of rational planning, and that therefore India cannot plan its cities. Systems of deregulation, unmapping and exceptionalism.