Spanish || Writing comprehension

Noun and Pronoun

A noun is a person place or thing (Example, Devon, you're name is a noun because you are a person) A pronoun replaces the noun (Examp, Him, instead of saying Devon you say him)

Preposition

A preposition is a word—and almost always a very small, very common word—that shows direction ("to" in "a letter to you"), location ("at" in "at the door"), or time ("by" in "by noon"), or that introduces an object ("of" in "a basket of apples").

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that expresses action, existence, or mode of being of/to anything

Adverb

A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quietly, then, there) you can form this by adding MENTE to the end of the adjective.

Conjunction

A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if ).

Imperfect Tense

AR: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban ER/IR: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían Used to describe past age, weather, time, emotions, repetition, and setting descriptions Examples: Talk about something that was happening, say how old someone was, talk about something you used to do.

Past Participle

Ado, Ido endings. These are adjectives form by verbs. To get angry- enojarse Is

Affirmative and Negative Words

Affirmative: Algo: Something Alguien: Someone Algúno/a: some O: either, or siempre: always Tambien: also Negative: Nada: Nothing Nadie: no one Ningún: none, not any ni: neither, nor Nunca: never tampoco: neither, either

Impersonal Expressions

An impersonal expression expresses an opinion/ feeling or a value of judgement like true or false. If an impersonal expression deals with certainty and not uncertainty, like using the word cierto (True) or verdad (truth) that express and affirmative feeling, we use the normal ending for the word in the present tense. If it is negative by using words like no, the verb is in the present tense in subjunctive form. Subjunctives and indicatives follow impersonal expressions. Subjunctives are for uncertainty and indicatives are for certainty. Fact: Mis amigos y yo estudiAMOS para los examenes Opinion: ES IMPORTANTE QUE todos estudiEMOS para los examenes.

Adjectives

Describe the noun

Conditional Tense

Discusses hypotheticals. Irregualar verb example: Hacer: to do Haria: would do ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían

Comparatives

Expressions to compare one or two things. Use phrases with adjectives to compare qualities and use nouns instead of adjectives for comparing quantities. Examples: mas___que---More___than Menos___que---Less___than tan___como--- as___as Tan can be used to compare quantities by changing it to tanto(s)___como When there are no qualitative or quantitative comparisons to be made, eliminate the word imbetween Mas que--- more than Menos que--- less than tanto como--- as much as Here are irregualar words used in these sentences: Mayor--- older Menor--- younger Mejor--- better Peor--- worse When comparing numbers with mas and menos use de instead of que

Preterite

Form of conjugation, Past tense Endings: é, aste, ó, amos, aron í, iste, io, imos, ieron

Estar vs Ser

How you feel and where you are vs who you are and where your from.

Hoy vs Hay

Hoy means today, hay means there or there is

Direct/Indirect Pronoun placement with commands

If the command is affirmative the pronoun attaches to the end of the word. If negative, put it before the word and detached

Impersonal se

Impersonal se can be used before a verb when no person is specified. Aquí, se venden robots. vs, Aqui, vendemos robots.

Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns

Indicates where something is. If it is a adjective it comes before the noun. If it is a pronoun it replaces the noun. Adjectives; Close: Singular [Este (Masculine) Esta (Feminine)] Plural [Estos (Masculine) Estas (Feminine)] Far; Singular: [Aquel (Masculine) Aquella (Feminine)] Plural: [Aquellos (Masculine) Aquellas (Feminine)] Not close; Singular: [Ese (Masculine) Esa (Feminine)] Plural: [Esos (Masculine) Esas (Feminine)] Pronouns; Close: Singular [éste (Masculine) ésta (Feminine)] Plural [éstos (Masculine) éstas (Feminine)] Far; Singular: [Aquél (Masculine) Aquélla (Feminine)] Plural: [Aquéllos (Masculine) Aquéllas (Feminine)] Not close; Singular: [ése (Masculine) ésa (Feminine)] Plural: [ésos (Masculine) ésas (Feminine)]

When to use "al"

Instead of "a el"

When pronouns follow prepositions...

Instead of me, te, el, nosotros, ustedes, use mi, ti el, nosotros, ustedes

Reflexive Verbs

Me, te, se, nos, os, se Describes actions done to or for oneself. (Routine) Expressive verbs are expressed with Reflexive pronouns. Place the reflexive pronoun before the infinitive or attached to it.

Yo, Tu, El Ella Usted, Nosotros, Ellos Ellas Ustedes

Me, you, he/she, we, they

Preposition

Para, de, a, con Shows a relation between two things

Imperfect and preterite acronym

Preterite: Specific instance (I visited you YESTERDAY) Action that interrupts (I was reading when you called) Focuses on beginning or end (The concert BEGAN at 8am) Enclosed period of time (I studied Spanish for three hours) Imperfect: Weather (It was hot) Age (I was 15 years old) Time (It was 3pm) Emotions (I was Excited) Repetition (I used to eat ice cream every weekend) Setting descriptions (My house was blue)

Subjunctives

Set the mood not the tense. It shows the mood of the person whilst speaking. It is used when there is a phrase with 2 clauses and when the first clause indicates uncertainty in the second. For example: May god grant that (Hopefully) I travel to Spain. In Spanish Ojala que (Hopefully in english but means may god grant) yo viaje a Espana Used when a person is uncertain if something will happen. To conjugate, drop the ending of the YO form of the word and replace with its opposite. Example: Tengo becomes Tenga, tengas, tengan Some stem changing verbs replace E or O with IE and UE, respectively. For CAR, GAR ,and ZAR verbs, c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c, respectively.

Usted/Ustedes Commands

Spanish and English have verb forms for commands. In English commands, you omit the subject you. You form usted commands with the yo form of verbs in the present tense. Drop the -o and add the following endings: AR: e (Usted) en (Ustedes) ER: a (Usted) an (Ustedes) IR: a (Usted) an (Ustedes) Add the word -no before the adjective to make it a negative command. The CAR ZAR and GAR rule for irregular verbs applies here. Some irregular verbs: Dar: dé (Usted) den (Ustedes) Estar: esté (Usted) estén (Ustedes) Ir: vaya (Usted) vayan (Ustedes) Saber: sepa (Usted) sepan (Ustedes) Ser: sea (Usted) sean (Ustedes)

Accents

Spanish words do not require a written accent if the word ends in: n, s or a vowel, and the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable. any consonant other than n or s, and the stress falls on the last syllable. A written accent is required on the stressed vowel of a word that does not follow these two rules. Listen and repeat: champú después habitación béisbol fútbol fácil The stress of a word is

Diphthongs

The combination of the weak vowel i or u with the strong vowel e forms one sound in a single syllable. This sound is called a diphthong. Suegro- S-u-way-gro Bien- b-ee- yen

Future Tense

The endings are é, ás, á, emos, éis, and án for AR, ER, and IR verbs. There is a twist, you don't replace the ending, you add these letters to the ending.

Irregular Future Tense

The irregulars here are strange. Some verbs like saber lose a letter (saber--> sabr) and then its conjugated. Others are habr, podr, and querr. These verbs had their infinitives removed, others just change like poner --> pondr. There is also saldr, tendr, and vendr (the Ds were Es and Is). Lastly there is two that don't follow any pattern, decir--> dir and hacer --> har.

Hay, habeer, haya

There is/are, to have (For tenses), haya (Subjunctive, there be

Affirmative Tu commands

This is the informal way of speaking a command. To make a verb a tu command, simply use its usted/ella/ello form of present tense. Example Hablar: Speak Habla: You, speak

Duration, time passed, time passed over ongoing event

To describe how long something has been going on use: Hace + period of time (Words like days, months, hours) + que + verb in present tense. To ask how long something has been going on use: cuánto tiempo + hace + que + present tense verb.

Un, Una, Unos, Unas

Un is used before masculine singular nouns. una is used before feminine singular nouns. unos is used before masculine plural nouns. unas is used before feminine plural nouns

To describe something that has been going on or has been completed/ ended...

Use hace + period of time + que + the preterite for something completed or present for something on going

Present Progressive

Use of estar and present participle. Used to describe an ongoing process/event occurring in the moment/present. To form present progressive, simply remove the infinitives ending and add ando (Ar verbs) or iendo (IR/ER verbs). If a IR/ER infinitive ends with a vowel, replace the infinitives ending with yendo. Some IR verbs, when given iendo/writing progressive form to the infinitive, changes the stem of the word.

Para o Por

Use para for talking about purpose, an exact date, a recipient, future plans, employment, comparison, toward, or opinion. Use por for talking about around a place, through a place, transportation, reason, after (as in "going to do something"), cost, thanks, exchange, or duration.

Negative Tu comands

Use the present tense YO form of the word to get an O for an ending and then replace the O with ES for AR verbs and AS for ER and IR verbs. CAR, GAR, and ZAR rules still apply. "No hablar" becomes "No hables"

pronouns after prepositions for (para, de, a, con)

Use the words mí, tí, él/ella/usted, nostros ellos, ellas, ustedes to create certain phrases Example: conmigo-come with me contigo- go with you para ellos- go with him

Superlatives

Used for comparing three or more items. These are formed by: El (la) mas (menos) Los (las) mas (menos) Use "de" after the adjective for saying which group you are comparing: Example: Estos pajaros son los mas bellos de tienda. These birds are the prettiest in the stoye. Sometimes the noun goes between the superlative phrase: Example (persona is the noun): Eres la persona menos timida que conozco. You are the least shy person I know. When refering to ideas or concepts use "lo": Example: Lo mas importante es estudiar. The most important thing is to study. Irregualars are the same here as for comparitive words. Some irregualar adjectives are bueno, malo, viejo, and joven which stand for good, bad, old, and young, respectively.

Some irregular preterite stem and yo verbs

Venir: Decir: traer: querer: estar: estuv poder: pud poner: pus saber: sup tener: tuv for estar and below, the last letters follow normal preterite conjugation. Ir verbs only stem change in the usted/ella/ el form and ustedes/ellos/ellas form.

Pronouns

We conclude with Pronouns. There are 3 types, direct object, indirect object, and reflexive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to the person who has the reflexive verb in a sentence (Referring to the person who is doing the action to themselves). Place pronouns before negative commands like no and attached them in affirmative commands. Reflexive (With a reflexive verb, refers to the person, place, or thing as the subject): Me Te Se Nos Os Se Indirect Object (Answer To Whom? or For What? about the verb): Me Te Le Nos Os Les Direct Object (Answer Whom? or What? about the verb): Me Te Lo/La Nos Os Los/Las

Possesive Adjectives

We know mi, tu, su, nos, usted for describing what a person posseses. There are different and longer versions of these words for showing the relation and quantity of a noun as well as the gender. Use suyo, tuyo, mio, nuestro, and suyo for saying that he, you, I, we, they posses a thing, respectfully. Examples: Juan es un amigo mio- Juan is a friend of mine Ese libro es tuyo?- Is that book yours?

Subjunctive mood with impersonal expressions

We use subjunctives with/after an impersonal expression expressing you think something is god, bad, important, preferable, or necessary. Pronouns still appear before the Subjunctive with impersonal expressions.

Double Object Pronouns

When a Direct Object Pronoun and an Indirect Object pronoun are in the same sentence and both appear before the conjugated verb, you write the indirect object pronoun, then the direct object pronoun. Same rule applies when they attach to the end of a word. If both pronouns start with the letter L, change the indirect object pronoun to SE. When a conjugated verb appears with an infinitive or a verb in the -ndo form, you can put the pronouns before the conjugated verb, or you can attach them to the infinitive or -ndo form.

Infinitives

Words that end with ar, er, ir, or

Car, Gar, and Zar Preterite endings...

are different and maintain their pronunciation in Yo form by changing spelling. For example: Buscar -> Busqué (C becomes QU) Pagar -> Pagué (G becomes GU) Empezar -> empecé (Z becomes C)

To add emphasis to some adjectives, you can...

attach endings -ísimo(a, os, as). If the adjective ends in a vowel, drop it before adding the ending. The CAR ZAR and GAR rule for irregular verbs applies here.

Subjunctives...

is the mood expressing an emotion, for this lesson, hopefulness and what you feel about a verb activity or thing. Remember that these sentences are divided into 2 clause, first one stating the emotion and the second stating the action activity, or thing. Example Ojala que juegue los videojuegos. I hope/wish that I can/could play video games How to create: Swap the ending with its opposite. Estar become esté Irregulars: Dar: dé, des, dé, demos, den Estar: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén Ir: Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan Saber: sepa sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan Ser: Sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

como vs cómo

like, how (respectively)

Indirect Object Pronouns

me, te, le, nos, os, les Used to accompany or replace a noun that could act as indirect objects Mama les da el dinero a Jose y Ana: Mom gives Jose and Ana the money Mama LES da el dinero: Mom gives THEM the money

Direct object pronouns

me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las Replaces a Direct object noun with a simplified sentence created by using the words above. I see the teacher: Veo a la profesora I saw her: La veo

When an infinitive follows a conjugated verb...

the direct/indirect object pronoun is attached to the end of it

To say something belongs to a given thing...

use mió, tuyo, suyo, nuestro, or suyo