Speaking to Persuade

Molly is giving a speech to her gardening club and has convinced them that something needs to be done to address their recent funding shortfall. Now that she has shown that there is a problem, Molly will

explain her plan for solving it.

The false _________ fallacy is often known by its Latin name, which translates to "after this, therefore because of this."

cause

Lucille has been asked to speak to a local group of volunteers who wish to serve as literacy tutors to disadvantaged children. Which of the following would help her explain her competence?

Stating that she volunteered for a local group called the Literacy Network

_____ is used to make listeners feel something.

Pathos

Which of the following are important points in organizing persuasive speeches on questions of value?

Applying standards of value to your subject Establishing standards for value judgment

Which of the following fallacies is a comparison of two cases that are not essentially alike?

Invalid analogy

Which of the following addresses whether a particular course of action should or should not be taken?

Questions of policy

Which of the following is an example of novel evidence?

Scientists discovered this year that climate change is actually happening much more quickly than was previously believed.

The either-___ fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

or

Which of the following is the most common fallacy that occurs when reasoning from specific instances?

Hasty generalization

The appeal to ____ fallacy assumes that the old is better than the new.

tradition

Which of the following are major elements of logos?

Reasoning Evidence

Which of the following is the term used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker?

Logos

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

In which of the following organizational patterns does the first main point establish that there is a problem and the second (and last) main point proposes a solution?

Problem-solution order

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle

Nev is giving a speech on musical composition to a retirement community for its residents. He tells the audience about his degree in music and the award he won for a song he composed. Nev is enhancing his credibility as a speaker by

explaining his competence.

Which of the following are associated with persuasion?

Changing people's beliefs Reinforcing beliefs Creating Beliefs

True or false: Effective persuasion rarely requires emotional appeal.

False

Which of the following is not an example of specific evidence?

Overdose deaths have increased dramatically in the first decades of the 21st century.

The ______________ analogy fallacy is a type of inaccurate and misleading analogical reasoning.

invalid

Which organizational pattern uses each main point to explain why the speaker's solution is preferable to other potential solutions?

Comparative advantages order

When using evidence in a persuasive speech, the speaker should do which of the following?

Make clear the point of the evidence

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that taking one step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented?

Slippery slope

Which of the following statements will most likely be true if the audience perceives that the speaker does not have credibility?

The audience will not readily believe what the speaker says.

Why do speakers appeal to emotions when giving a persuasive speech?

To influence listeners To grab the attention of listeners

What is the most important function of the issue of practicality in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

To show listeners that the speaker's plan will solve the problem

What is an important factor in successful persuasive speaking?

What is an important factor in successful persuasive speaking?

Which of the following describes an error in reasoning from specific instances when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence?

Hasty generalization fallacy

In a conservative region, Terrance is giving a speech urging gun control legislation. Terrance will most likely

experience audience resistance to persuasion.

Which of the following are effective, ethical ways to appeal to listeners' emotions?

Speaking with conviction Speaking with sincerity

Vivid ______ are an effective way to appeal to an audience's emotions.

examples

The _______ slope fallacy assumes that taking a first step will inevitably lead to a second.

slippery

Why can attaining credibility be complex for speakers?

Credibility exists in the mind of the audience. A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another.

Which of the following is most acceptable form of evidence to use?

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable

What is evidence that is new called?

Novel evidence

True or false: It is appropriate to use fallacies in your speeches.

False

Establishing common ground with your audience

is a way to enhance credibility.

Which of the following words do formal questions of policy usually include?

Should

Which of the following are guidelines for ethical speaking?

Study the topic thoroughly. Make sure the goals are ethically sound. Get facts correct.

What is the role of a plan in persuasive speaking?

To develop a solution to a defined need To make your argument more persuasive

What is the role of a speaker in an informative speech?

To present the facts as impartially as possible

In her speech, Jennifer asked, "Is it fair that, on the whole, women get paid less than men?" This represents what type of a question?

Value

Emilio is giving a speech on the need for a new stadium at his school. He says, What step of Monroe's motivated sequence does Emilio demonstrate with this passage?

Visualization

A need for persuasion exists if there

are disputes. are political factions. is disagreement.

What characterizes a partisan speech?

Attempting to encourage someone to adopt a specific action or belief

Which of these is least likely to help speakers enhance their credibility?

Demonstrating objectivity about the topic

Speakers need to address which of the following when arguing questions of policy?

Need Plan Practicality

Which of the following are true about persuasion?

It can benefit a person's relationships. It can benefit a person's career.

Which of the following is the fallacy that attacks a person to avoid dealing with the real issue in dispute?

Ad hominem

Which of the following is the reasoning process in which two similar cases are compared and it is inferred that what is true for the first case is also true for the second?

Analogical reasoning

What is the term for the part of the audience that a speaker most wishes to persuade?

The target audience

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy if a speaker were trying to persuade an audience about the human contribution to global warming?

To provide evidence that illustrates the increase in global warming in the past century

What is the goal of justifying your stance on a question of value?

To provide standards by which to measure the correctness of your opinion

True or false: Novel evidence should inspire the audience to rethink an issue.

True

Which of the following statements is an example of an emotional appeal?

Vaccination has nearly eradicated the terrifying diseases that used to sicken and kill entire communities.

A persuasive speech that tries to convince the audience to go beyond merely agreeing is called a speech to gain immediate

action.

The most important issue in assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially

alike.

A fallacy is ______ reasoning.

an error in

Speaking with ______ is one of the most important ways to strengthen credibility.

conviction

Explaining your own competence is a way to enhance your ______ as a speaker.

credibility

Which of the following refers to how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject?

Competence

What should you try to accomplish in a persuasive speech on a question of fact?

Present information to show why listeners should agree with you

If you were giving a persuasive speech opposing gun-control laws to an audience with varied attitudes on the topic, which would be the best source of evidence?

Academic research on the effects of gun laws

Felicia is giving a speech on abortion and is facing varying levels of resistance from many members of the audience. Why is this the case?

Abortion is a controversial topic that touches on listeners' basic attitudes, values, and beliefs.

Which of the following describes the obligation to prove that a change from current policy is necessary?

Burden of proof

What is a characteristic of organizing a persuasive speech topically?

Each point will present a reason for the listener to agree with the speaker.

Which of the following can boost a speaker's credibility?

Establishing common ground

Kenzie is giving a speech on why her city should implement a recycling program. Our landfill is rapidly filling, and city officials have estimated that if things don't change, it will be necessary to find a new place to dispose of our trash within the next ten years." By including this passage, what is Kenzie doing?

Establishing need

Which of the following terms refers to the supporting material that proves or disproves something?

Evidence

Clotilde is giving a speech on why people should adopt a vegetarian lifestyle. In preparation for her speech, she talked to her aunt, who is a vegetarian. Clotilde's aunt told her that meat consumption is the number one cause of cancer in the United States. Clotilde does not verify her aunt's statement but repeats it in her speech. Which of the following guidelines for ethical speaking did she violate?

Get facts correct.

A question of value could address whether something is which of the following?

Good or bad Moral or immoral

Which of the following best describes a persuasive speaker's target audience?

People who have not yet formed a strong opinion

Which of the following should a speaker do when completing the action stage (the fifth step) of Monroe's motivated sequence?

Say exactly what they want the audience to do Explain how the audience should take action

Speaker's Competence

The speaker's knowledge of the subject The speaker's expertise The speaker's intelligence

Which of the following are sources that audience members are likely to be suspicious of?

Biased sources, such as radio stations that are associated with one political party Self-interested sources, such as a brochure produced by marketing companies

How can a speaker appeal to the emotions of the audience?

By using emotional language By offering a vivid example By speaking with sincerity and conviction

Which of the following describes the reasoning process that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects?

Causal reasoning

True or false: To be persuasive, a speaker must present facts from every side in an impartial manner.

False

According to the textbook, when you speak to persuade, the more ______ your instructions, the more likely your audience is to take the action you are advocating.

specific

___________ consists of supporting materials, including examples, statistics, and testimony, that are used in speeches to prove or disprove something.

Evidence

How can speakers successfully incorporate evidence into their speeches?

Imagine what the audience might be thinking Anticipate the audience's questions and objections Give evidence to answer the audience's questions and to resolve their objections

Which of the following are organizational patterns especially useful for speeches on questions of policy?

Monroe's motivated sequence Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order

Chris is about to give a speech on social media marketing to a room of professional marketers. How can he enhance his credibility?

Speak passionately and from the heart Describe his background and experience as it pertains to social media marketing Highlight the marketing challenges that he and the audience share when doing their jobs

Lolita asks, "When was Idaho declared a state?" This is an example of a question of

fact.

Which of the following are types of speeches on questions of policy?

Speeches to gain immediate action Speeches to gain passive agreement

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called

specific evidence.

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong,"

Marquette is giving a speech on the mortgage crisis that occurred in the first decade of the 2000s. Which of the following statements would be an example of an either-or fallacy?

"The only way to avoid such a crisis in the future is to require that buyers put 20% down or to eliminate financing all together."

Which of the following are true statements about discussing a person's character in a speech?

A person's character sometimes may be relevant to the topic. Attacking a person's character instead of addressing the speech's main issue is an example of an ad hominem attack.

"If we let more refugees into this country, they'll take our jobs." This statement appeals to which of the following emotions?

Anger Fear

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good or correct?

Bandwagon

Which of the following are true about speaking persuasively on a question of fact?

Competing facts need not be included. The aim is not to be impartial. Each main point should persuade listeners to agree.

True or false: In a persuasive speech on a question of policy, the speaker's goal is always to rouse listeners to concrete action.

False

Why was Ronald Reagan considered an effective public speaker?

His speeches conveyed sincerity and conviction.

Which of the following describes the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence?

Reasoning

What type of reasoning was Bruce using when he argued that all U.S. state capitols have domes because in his travels he saw more than a dozen capitol buildings that had domes?

Reasoning from specific instances

Which of the following describe ways to use language ethically?

Refrain from name-calling. Respect the right of free speech and expression. Avoid abusive language.

Which of the following statements are examples of faulty reasoning?

Seems that every time I go outside when it's raining, I catch a cold. The rain must be causing my cold. Every time I am sad, it rains the next day. My sadness must make it rain. We had an unusually cold winter here. That must mean that global temperatures are actually going down.

Which of the following are true statements about emotional appeals?

They may evoke emotions such as fear, compassion, or anger. They are intended to evoke certain emotions in order to persuade listeners.

If you were delivering a speech advocating a change in policy addressing child poverty, you would need to offer ______ to solve the problem.

a plan

The statement, "Most people support the legalization of marijuana, and therefore it should be legal," is an example of the

bandwagon fallacy.

Which of the following are steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?

Action Attention Satisfaction Need

Which of the following is not one of the three basic issues you will face when discussing a question of policy?

Alternative

What are examples of emotion-laden words that would be suitable for generating an emotional appeal for people to volunteer at a local food bank?

Desperate Hunger Gratitude

Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech?

Evidence can help persuade listeners. Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you.

What does it mean to use emotional appeals ethically?

To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic

As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning?

You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning. You must make sure your own reasoning is sound.

Kellan gives a speech in which he argues that a health insurance policy from Healthy Body Insurance is the best policy available. During his speech, he discusses why the Healthy Body Insurance policy is better than the policies offered by Cost Plus Insurance and Superior Health Insurance. Which organizational pattern is Kellan using?

Comparative advantages order

What is the result of passive agreement?

Listeners will agree that a particular policy is a good idea.

Picture a scale where strong opposition against a speaker's position is at the far left end, gradually moving toward strong support for the speaker's position all the way on the far right end. Which of the following is true about this persuasion scale?

Persuasion is any movement from the left side of the scale to the right.

Which speech organizational pattern arranges the first main point to identify a problem, the second main point to explain the cause of the problem, and the third main point to propose a solution?

Problem-cause-solution order

If you were delivering a persuasive speech on how to end world poverty, which of the following organizational patterns would be a logical choice?

Problem-solution order

Which of the following are true about speeches seeking to gain passive agreement?

The speaker attempts to convince the audience to support a policy. The speaker tries to get the audience to agree with him or her. The speaker does not encourage the audience to take action.

Which of the following are true about questions of fact?

They deal with concrete issues. They have provable answers.

A question of ______ concerns whether something is true or false.

fact

Which of the following is an example of the fallacy of using an appeal to novelty?

"The city has adopted a new system of processing permits. The new system must be better than the old system."

Which of the following statements is an example of specific evidence?

Approximately 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016.

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion?

Reasoning from specific instances

True or false: The appeal to novelty fallacy is the opposite of the appeal to tradition fallacy.

True

The fallacy that assumes that something new is superior to something older is the

fallacy of appeal to novelty.

The ______________ generalization fallacy occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

hasty

A persuasive speech on a question of fact is different from an informative speech because in the persuasive speech the speaker

is partisan. acts as an advocate.

Lucian is giving a speech to the school board on the lack of healthful food in the school cafeteria. It uses a lot of energy to run, is constantly needing repairs, and will need to be replaced soon, something that will cost thousands of dollars." By including this argument in his speech, Lucian is demonstrating the ______ of his plan.

practicality

If you deliver a speech about public education, which of the following audiences would be most likely to care about the speech?

A group of parents of young children

Which of the following are true about the scale showing degrees of persuasion?

A listener may end up in a neutral position on the scale. Any movement on the scale toward the speaker's position constitutes persuasion. A listener may begin from a neutral position on the scale.

The appeal to tradition fallacy is the opposite of which other fallacy?

Appeal to novelty fallacy

Samantha is giving a persuasive speech to her city council about equipping all first responders with NARCAN Nasal Spray. When administered correctly, it can prevent opioid overdose deaths. Samantha begins her speech by saying, "A mother of two lay on the ground, struggling to breathe. The first responders could not revive her and she died on her kitchen floor with her husband watching helplessly. Her death could have been prevented had the first responders been equipped with the nasal spray." This statement is an example of which of the following methods of persuasion?

Appealing to emotion

Ted, a computer scientist, is giving a presentation to a group of fellow computer scientists. How might Ted explain his competence to his audience?

By mentioning that he has a graduate degree in computer science By sharing that he has published more than one dozen academic papers on computer science

True or false: In causal reasoning, a speaker compares two cases that are similar in order to argue that what applied in one case will apply in another.

False

True or false: Persuasion occurs in situations where there is one point of view.

False

Hiroshi, Larissa, and Ivan gave speeches against the use of nuclear power plants. Hiroshi spoke about the experience of two of his friends near Tokyo after a tsunami damaged nuclear power plants in Japan. For her speech, Larissa used objective academic studies of U.S. nuclear safety. Ivan presented the technical details of safety mechanisms in the most common type of nuclear power plant. Based on these descriptions, which speech would likely have had the greatest emotional appeal?

Hiroshi's speech

Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion?

Red herring

Which of the following statements is not an example of an emotional appeal?

Refugees are asylum seekers.

Which of the following statements are true about courtroom trials?

The defense lawyer uses facts to convince the jury that the defendant is not guilty. The way facts are presented may conflict with each other. The prosecution uses facts to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty.

True or false: Cassidy is engaged in ethical speaking when she gives statistics about the poverty level in her city and follows them up with stories about homeless, hungry children.

True

You are attempting to motivate your listeners, a group of senior citizens, to begin an exercise program. This audience is skeptical that exercise will help resolve their health problems. Therefore, you would need to emphasize the ______ of your plan.

practicality

If you were advocating stronger immigration laws, you would need to demonstrate a burden of ______ as part of the need.

proof

The ______ herring fallacy is used when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

red

When giving a speech on a question of value, which of the following must you do in order to be effective?

Establish your standards Justify your claims

Which of the following is the type of credibility a speaker has before beginning to speak?

Initial

Which of the following is true about persuasion?

It is a process. It is psychological.

Which of the following describes the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions?

Persuasion

Which of the following are questions of value?

What was the most boring book published last year? Is keeping chickens in cages morally justifiable?

Lucien is giving a presentation in which he encourages his audience to vote in the next election. He has passion in his voice when he talks about his own experiences voting. He explains how, when he voted, he felt like he was part of something important and truly made a difference. Lucien is

enhancing his credibility by speaking with conviction.

Which of the following is the type of credibility that results from what the speaker says and does during a speech?

Derived

What are advantages of the problem-cause-solution method of organizing speeches on questions of policy?

It makes it easier to see if the proposed solution will work. It identifies roots of the problem. It proposes a clear plan for solving the problem.

Maurice is giving a speech about global warming and tells a story about an Eskimo village in Alaska that was abandoned. He does not mention that the village was abandoned because global warming had resulted in the melting of coastal ice shelves and frozen sub-soils, both of which helped protect the village from erosion by the sea. Maurice's audience finds his story interesting, but they do not understand why he told it. Which tip for using evidence did Maurice violate?

Make clear the point of your evidence.

Which of the following is not one of the organizational patterns especially useful for questions of policy?

Spatial order

Thinking of your speech as a mental dialogue with your audience means that you must

anticipate potential objections and include answers in your speech.

Problem-______-solution is the organizational pattern that identifies a problem, the problem's source, and a solution to the problem.

cause

The audience's perception of the speaker's qualification to speak on a topic is called

credibility.

A speech to gain ______ agreement occurs when the speaker attempts to convince the audience to support a policy without encouraging them to take action.

passive

The ______ audience is the part of the audience that the speaker hopes to persuade with a speech.

target

Speeches on questions of value are usually organized

topically.

When you speak to persuade, you

want people to agree with you. act as an advocate for something.