SPED Praxis Study Cards

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Who was observational conditioning developed by?

Albert Bandura

Which co-teaching strategy? One teacher manages a large group of students while the other takes a small group for a specific instructional purpose. This approach provides instructional flexibility and can be used for enrichment, remediation, assessment, or pre- teaching, as well as for using alternative methods of providing lesson input.

Alternative (Differentiated) Teaching

What is the AAIDD?

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

What is an ABC chart?

Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence" or an ABC chart to record behavior. This involves writing down what triggered the behavior (what happened just before the behavior occurred - known as the Antecedent), the actual Behavior, and what happened afterward as a result (the Consequence).

What does CEC stand for?

Council for Exceptional Children

What does the CEC do?

Dedicated to improving the success of children and youth with disabilities and/or gifts and talents.

Discalculia

Difficulty processing numbers

Dyspraxia

Difficulty with planing movements, especially complex or new movements

Who was classical conditioning discovered by?

Ivan Pavlov

What is guided practice?

Guided Practice is interactive instruction between the teacher and students. After the teacher introduces new learning, he/she begins the student practice process by engaging students in a similar task to what they will complete later in the lesson independently.

What does the AAIDD do?

Promotes progressive policies, sound research, effective practices and universal human rights for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Proximity Control

The teacher stands or sits close to a student who appears ready to start a disruption. A strategy in which the teacher reduces the physical distance between herself and a student as a way to remind that student of behavioral expectations.

What is procedural safeguard?

Your school district must obtain your informed consent before providing special education and related services to your child for the first time. The school district must make reasonable efforts to obtain your informed consent before providing special education and related services to your child for the first time. - Procedural safeguards aprotect the rights of children with disabilities and their parents

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

True or False? You can have an intellectual disability and SLD together?

False

What is latency?

*Latency* is the length of time it takes to receive a response back. TCP latency has an inverse relationship with throughput.

What is frequecy? What is duration?

- Frequency of the program or service means how often a service will be provided (for example, 3 times/week). - Duration of the program or service is the amount of time within a time period (for example, 30 minutes per session).

Specific Learning Disability

A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations

What are the 6 study skills competencies?

1.) Acquisition 2.) Recording 3.) Location 4.) Organization 5.) Synthesis 6.) Memorization

What are the six learning strategies?

1.) Active Processing 2.) Analogy 3.) Coping 4.) Evaluation 5.) Organization 6.) Rehearsal

How many co-teaching models are there?

6

How many specific learning strategies are there?

6 learning strategies

Who was operant conditioning developed by?

B.F. Skinner

Designed to teach and reinforcement positive behaviors based on the special needs listed in the student's IEP. It is customized to the needs, abilities, and skills of the child. Guarantees all students to be in a safe, nurturing learning environment.

Behavior Reduction Intervention

Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. Behaviors are learned from the environment and innate or inherited factors have very little influence on the behavior. Positive reinforcement is a major key in this model. There are three types of behavioral learning in this theory: Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov), Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner), Observation conditioning (Albert Bandura).

Behavioral Learning Model

The biophysical model is basically a medical model that assumes that the problem or pathology lies within the individual. The disturbed child is one who because of organic or environmental influences, chronically displays various symptoms of EBD. Organized into three different categories: Biochemical/Neurological, Temperament, and Genetic. The major interventions for this model are drug therapy and nutrition.

Biophysical Model

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age

The idea that behavior is influenced by what we think. Flawed behaviors stem from flawed thoughts, perceptions, and beliefs. Beck took Piaget and Vygotsky's theories and used them to develop the cognitive behavioral theory. He thought that everyone has automatic thoughts, and some of these thoughts are helpful while others are not. It improves social behaviors of students. Improves academic achievement of students. It is easy to use in a classroom environment. This model includes seven steps of self-reinforcement.

Cognitive conceptual Model

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs. These five structures are named: microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, and the chronosystem. Because the five systems are interrelated, the influence of one system on a child's development depends on its relationship with the others. Bobo Doll experience/ Bronfenbrenner.

Ecological Model

EBD

Emotional Behavior Disorder

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Human psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. A humanist would discount the influence of one's environment and conditioning on the future decisions. It offered a new approach to understanding human behaviors and motivations and led to developing new techniques and approaches to psychotherapy. Relates back to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Humanistic Model

What is NICHCY?

National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities

What are the different co-teaching models?

One Teach, one assist One teach, one observe Station Teaching Parallel Teaching Alternative Teaching Team Teaching

Which co-teaching strategy? One teacher acts as the primary teacher while the other assists and supports the learners. The co-teacher assists by monitoring student work, addressing behavior issues, answering student questions, distributing materials, or asking the lead teacher to clarify any developing student misconceptions.

One teach, one assist

Which co-teaching strategy? One teacher acts as the primary teacher while the other gathers specific observational information on student learning such as students' academic, behavioral, and social skills while in the classroom. Roles can switch depending on the topic or interests of the teacher, however this strategy is only meant to be used occasionally.

One teach, one observe

Which of the following theoretical approaches includes stimulus-response associations made by the learner? A.Behaviorism B.Cognitivism C.Social learning theory D.Constructivism

Option (A) is correct. Behaviorism refers to observing behaviors that are a direct response to stimuli.

Which of the following adaptations best supports learning for students with intellectual disabilities? A.Providing seats for the students away from distractions B.Providing the students with inflatable tactile seat cushions C.Allowing students to listen to music on headphones D.Allowing students to take a walk if they become upset

Option (A) is correct. Minimizing distractions will allow students with intellectual disabilities to listen to instruction, ask questions if needed, and focus on the content.

What is the most important information gained from conducting a functional behavioral assessment? A.Causes of the behavior B.Student strengths C.Behavior consequences D.Skill deficits

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of a functional behavioral assessment (FBA), which helps to identify the causes of a behavior.

Students in Mr. Steeger's first-grade class are often asked to participate in classroom decisions. They recently voted on where in the classroom to place a new plant and which book to read during a read-aloud. Which of the following is the most likely benefit to students of this type of classroom? A.Increased self-esteem B.Increased on-task behavior C.Improved peer relationships D.Greater sense of responsibility

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of planning and organizing the learning environment. This answer is correct because students need to participate in the decision-making process from an early stage to build their self-esteem. Creating opportunities for students to make decisions gives them more control and a sense that the classroom belongs to them.

Which of the following is the most appropriate reason for using reinforcement contingencies with students who exhibit challenging behaviors? A.To enhance students' basic lifestyles B.To modify students' perceptions of themselves C.To improve inclusion programs for students D.To eliminate the use of negative consequences with students

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of positive behavior support. This answer is correct because the most important reason for reinforcing desired and appropriate behaviors is to ensure that students will have a quality of life that is purpose driven and satisfying.

Which of the following is the best example of task analysis? A.Describing the process of tying a shoelace by breaking it down into small steps and then explaining those steps B.Organizing a social studies project that is to be researched and completed over several weeks C.Subdividing a text into smaller parts to enable a student to focus on and analyze each part D.Planning a take-home assessment that is to be completed in sections over several days

Option (A) is correct. The question tests knowledge of task analysis. This answer is correct because task analysis is the process of breaking down a life skill, such as tying shoelaces, into smaller, more manageable steps in order to teach the skill. Task analysis is used to teach life skills to students with autism spectrum disorder.

Chung, a 7-year-old student with a learning disability, is learning to spell words with consonant blends. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the teacher to use to help Chung develop his reading skills? A.Encouraging Chung to read a decodable text B.Introducing Chung to short vowel sounds in three-letter words C.Teaching Chung how to do a picture walk in a decodable text D.Encouraging Chung to sound out each letter of the alphabet

Option (A) is correct. The question tests the knowledge of appropriate instructional strategies in teaching phonics. This answer is correct because systematic phonics instruction is necessary to help Chung not only decode a word accurately but also read and use the word in a context to develop fluency in reading.

Which of the following demonstrates the most appropriate student involvement in the assessment process? A.Students create an assignment and the scoring criteria. B.Students check one another's homework. C.Students save all their work in a folder. D.Students create the content for the test.

Option (A) is correct. This question tests knowledge of the definitions and uses of assessments. The students are participating in the assessment process by creating a rubric or personal scoring guide.

Carol is a 4-year-old girl who had a mild traumatic brain injury right after birth. Carol did not begin speaking until after her third birthday. She has difficulty understanding what others say and communicating her needs. Her fine and gross motor skills are age appropriate, as are her height and weight. Her favorite game is playing hide-and-seek, which she plays with her brothers. Which of the following most accurately describes the symptoms listed above? A.Dyscalculia B.Aphasia C.Apraxia D.Autism spectrum disorder

Option (B) is correct. Aphasia affects a person's ability to speak and understand speech most likely after a traumatic brain injury, stroke, dementia, illness and other progressive neurological disorders.

Max is a 12-year-old student who has a full scale IQ of 60 and concurrent deficits in social, academic, adaptive, and communication skills. Max is most likely to be classified with which of the following? A.A learning disability B.An intellectual disability C.Other health impairment D.Multiple disabilities

Option (B) is correct. Given the information provided about the student, he meets the criteria for a student who has the classification of Intellectual disability.

At the beginning of the school year, Ms. Brennan gives her students, who have been identified with various learning disabilities, a learning-style inventory. Throughout the year, Ms. Brennan plans to teach her students the accommodations and strategies that will support their learning styles and encourage them to communicate their needs. Which of the following is being described in the scenario above? A.Behavior modification B.Self-advocacy C.Child Find D.Transition

Option (B) is correct. Self-advocacy is the ability to understand and effectively communicate one's needs to other individuals.

Which of the following is an expectation that a student who has difficulty counting money can meet? A.Student will learn sight words related to using money in daily activities. B.Student will learn to use adaptations in place of an academic skill. C.Student will recognize numbers and use them in school and community activities. D.Student will master grade-level material with outcomes similar to those of most classmates.

Option (B) is correct. Since the student has difficulty counting money, the student needs to learn a routine that is suited for his or her skills, such as putting predetermined amounts of money in an envelope to spend as needed.

Which of the following is the correct sequence for designing an effective lesson plan? A.Assessment, independent practice, objective, guided practice, anticipatory set B.Objective, anticipatory set, guided practice, independent practice, assessment C.Objective, guided practice, independent practice, anticipatory set, assessment D.Independent practice, objective, anticipatory set, guided practice, assessment

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of designing lesson plans. This answer is correct because a good lesson plan follows proper sequencing of the following elements: objective, anticipatory set, guided practice, independent practice, and assessment. The sequential order is important to follow because it provides a sense of coherence and flow in the lesson. It also helps the teacher assess students' knowledge of the subject matter and their understanding of the lesson taught in a step-by-step order.

Which of the following conditions can be prevented by proper prenatal care? A.Down syndrome B.Fetal alcohol syndrome C.Sickle-cell anemia D.Multiple sclerosis

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of disabling conditions. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition caused when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, which passes through the placenta and harms the fetus developmentally.

Which of the following is most associated with seizures? A.Cystic fibrosis B.Epilepsy C.Autism spectrum disorder D.Sickle-cell anemia

Option (B) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the basic characteristics and defining factors of the major disabilities categories. Epilepsy is characterized by seizures caused by imbalances in the brain.

The most likely reason for administering the entire Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, to a student is to evaluate for A.intellectual disability B.learning disabilities C.serious emotional disturbance D.attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Option (B) is correct. The question tests understanding of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, as well as an understanding of typical testing in the identification of learning disabilities. This answer is correct because the test can provide a discrepancy score between ability and achievement, which is typically a major component of the diagnosis of learning disabilities.

Which of the following best demonstrates Glasser's lead teacher concept? A.Requiring students to take notes in outline form during a lecture on ecology B.Allowing students to identify interesting research topics for term papers C.Posting classroom rules, including the penalties for each level of infraction D.Using graphic organizers to compare the factors of composite numbers

Option (B) is correct. This question tests knowledge of different methods of instruction. This is correct because lead teaching involves letting students make choices about their own learning.

Mr. Sempler has a ninth-grade student with EBD who frequently engages in inappropriate and disruptive behavior in the classroom. Mr. Sempler decides to conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to establish a behavior plan for the student. Place each of the following steps in an FBA in sequence from left to right, beginning with the first step. Analyze the behavior and form a hypothesis on the function of the behavior. Describe the targeted behavior in measurable, observable terms. Collect information on possible functions of the targeted behavior. Devise an intervention plan to replace the behavior. Categorize the behavior to determine the deficit.

Option (B), (C), (E), (A), and (D) is the correct sequence. A functional behavior assessment involves the following steps: Describe the targeted behavior in measurable, observable terms; collect information on possible functions of the targeted behavior; categorize the behavior to determine the deficit; analyze the behavior and form a hypothesis on the function of the behavior; devise an intervention plan. These steps help to develop an effective behavior plan.

Sarah, a third-grade student, has been arguing with her teacher and occasionally throwing objects at her classmates. Sarah's teacher talks to her to find out the cause of such behavior in order to help her develop self-control and plan for more appropriate behaviors in the class. Which of the following models would best reflect on this technique to manage student behavior? A.Ecological model B.Biological model C.Psychoeducational model D.Humanistic model

Option (C) is correct. The psychoeducational model focuses on how teachers must understand the causes of negative behavior and how to help the student acquire self control through reflection and planning.

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is most likely to be used in the identification of A.gifted and talented students B.learning disabilities C.intellectual disabilities D.fragile X syndrome

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of assessment tools. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) was designed to assess personal, social, and adaptive functioning of disabled and nondisabled persons from birth to adulthood.

Which of the following goals will most likely be included in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for an eighth-grade student who has autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ? A.Writing a paragraph using transitional phrases B.Remaining seated while completing independent work C.Using eye contact when speaking to the teacher D.Raising his or her hand before answering a question

Option (C) is correct. The question tests knowledge of setting appropriate goals for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by poor social interactions, so individuals with this disorder may have difficulty understanding facial expressions and maintaining eye contact.

A kindergarten teacher planning phonological awareness activities for the year must ensure that the activities match the phonological awareness continuum. Place the following levels of phonological awareness in the correct order of development. Syllable awareness. Onset and rime. Listening and rhyming. Phoneme blending.

Option (C), (A), (B), and (D) is the correct sequence. Listening and rhyming, syllable awareness, onset and rime, and phoneme blending is the correct sequence because generally children develop the ability to notice, hear, identify, and manipulate words and word parts, including phonemes, syllables, and onset and rime, in that specific order.

Jerry is a third-grade student diagnosed with a moderate intellectual disability. His teacher has noticed significant problems with impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks. Difficulties in these areas are most likely indicative of a deficit in A.visual perception processing B.information processing C.adaptive functioning D.executive functioning

Option (D) is correct. Executive functioning includes impulse control, attention, transitioning, planning, organizing, and initiating tasks.

Which of the following is the first federal law to mandate practices to ensure that students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education? A.Individuals with Disabilities Education Act B.Americans with Disabilities Act C.Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act D.Public Law 94-142

Option (D) is correct. PL 94-142 was developed in 1975 and was the first law which required schools to provide a free and appropriate public education to students with disabilities.

The technique of guided practice is best demonstrated by a teacher who A.assigns a work sheet to be completed in class B.allows students to work in cooperative groups C.prepares follow-up activities supporting retention D.monitors students who are working on an assignment

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of instructional strategies. This answer is correct because in guided practice the teacher needs to observe the students working during a class period, monitoring their progress in order to remediate if there are difficulties.

Which of the following is a procedural safeguard included in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ? A.Students can be tested for classification only at the request of a parent. B.An IEP must be reviewed every year. C.Students must be present at all IEP meetings. D.Parents have the right to examine all educational records.

Option (D) is correct. The question tests knowledge of the federal safeguards of the rights of parents, which include the right to participate in all meetings, examine all educational records, and receive written notice regarding placement.

Which of the following best describes how proximity control is used in the classroom? A.The teacher determines the student's level of understanding and teaches just above that level. B.The teacher requires that students who misbehave must sit next to her at lunch. C.The teacher makes seating assignments so that students with disabilities are near the point of instruction. D.The teacher stands or sits close to a student who appears ready to start a disruption.

Option (D) is correct. This explanation correctly describes the strategy of proximity control in the classroom.

Which of the following conditions most often co-occurs with a traumatic brain injury? A.Hyperactivity B.Limited vision C.A repetitive behavior disorder D.Personality change

Option (D) is correct. This question tests knowledge of co-occurring conditions. This answer is correct because personality change is one of the many conditions that can co-occur with a traumatic brain injury.

Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching which THREE of the following? A.Core academic subjects B.Alternate achievement standards C.Multiple subjects D.Primary grades

Options (A), (B) and (C) are correct. The question tests understanding of the meaning of highly qualified status. These options are correct because teaching these subject areas requires a teacher to be highly qualified.

An Individualized Education Program (IEP) includes information on which THREE of the following? A.Placement B.Long-term goals C.Present levels of functioning D.IQ score

Options (A), (B), and (C) are correct. A student's IEP must have the following information -Placement, Long-term goals and Present levels of functioning.

Which THREE of the following are characteristics commonly exhibited by students who have acquired a traumatic brain injury (TBI) ? A.Pronounced inconsistencies in performance B.Responsiveness to incentive-based behavioral plans C.Inappropriate responses in social situations D.Deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking

Options (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Children who sustain TBI may experience a complex array of problems, including pronounced inconsistencies in performance, inappropriate responses in social situations, and deficits in problem solving and abstract thinking.

Which co-teaching strategy? Co-teachers divide the class in half and instruct them on the same material; groups don't rotate. Parallel teaching allows the co-teachers to maximize participation and minimize behavior problems. This approach reduces the student-teacher ratio and increases instructional intensity. Co-teachers will need to be cognizant of timing and pacing when using this strategy.

Parallel Teaching

What does NICHCY do?

Provides information to parents, communities, educators and the general public on specific disabilities; programs and services for infants, children and youth; U.S. special education law; and effective educational practices. NICHCY also offers links to state agencies, parent groups and organizations around the country that offer assistance and information.

Includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon interactions. Example: obsessive handwashing linked to a trauma in childhood. It considers individuals in whole parts: emotions, intelligences, thoughts. It focuses on the functioning of conscious and unconscious state of mind.

Psychodynamic Model

- An approach to changing the behavior patterns, values, interpretation of events, and life outlook of individuals who are not adjusting well to an environment. The inappropriate behavior is viewed to be a reaction to the student attempting to cope with the environment. Focuses on not only the student's observable behavior but also on the student's emotional state. Looks at why a behavior occurs. Looks at the ecological assessment.

Psychoeducational Model

Which co-teaching strategy? Co-teachers divide their class into small groups to provide instruction at separate stations. Activities should be designed to function independently of each other and require approximately the same amount of time with student groups rotating stations. This approach reduces the student-teacher ratio, increasing student participation and effective monitoring of the students.

Station Teaching

What is the difference between study skills and learning strategies?

Study skills emphasize learning how to learn

Which co-teaching strategy? Both teachers are often in the front of the classroom, sharing the responsibilities of lead instruction, with equally active, but possibly different, roles in a lesson. This approach can enhance teacher creativity, encourage collaboration, and energize students. This strategy should be used occasionally as more subtle student needs can be missed when grouping is not being used.

Team Teaching

Topography

The form and shape of a behavior. The physical form or shape of a behavior, the measurable and malleable dimension of behavior"

What do learning strategies do for students with special needs?

They are methods to help learners solve problems.

HARRY IS A 9TH GRADE STUDENT WHO IS OFTEN TRUANT. IN ADDITION, HE HAS BEEN CAUGHT BREAKING INTO LOCKERS, STARTING FIGHTS ON THE BUS AND IN THE CAFETERIA, AND THREATENING TO INJURE OTHER STUDENTS. HARRY IS EXHIBITING SIGNS OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING? •A. Conduct disorder •B. hyperactivity •C. normative behavior •D. schizophrenia

•A is correct because a conduct disorder is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior, by child or teenager, in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. B is incorrect because there is no evidence of easy distractibility or inability to focus. C is incorrect because normative behavior is of the greatest proportion of the population. D is incorrect because schizophrenia is characterized by unrealistic perceptions.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS SHOULD A TEACHER TAKE BEFORE DEVELOPING AN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS (ABA) PLAN? •A. Defining the target behavior in identifying antecedents and consequences related to that behavior. •B. Identifying the hidden curriculum that pertains to the student and discussing how it effects his or her behavior. •C. Reading social stories and having this student identify positive and negative behaviors. •D. Identifying inappropriate behaviors and providing remediation for social skills.

•A is correct because an ABC (antecedent, behavior, consequence) chart is completed before developing an ABA. B, C & D are incorrect because they do not address ABA principles.

WHAT IS THE TEACHER'S PRIMARY ROLE WHEN CONFLICTS ARISE DURING UNSTRUCTURED PLAY TIME IN A PRE-KINDERGARTEN INCLUSION SETTING? •A. To help children develop appropriate ways to resolve conflict •B. To teach children the essential features of good manners and etiquette •C. To reconsider the need for free play in the pre-kindergarten schedule •D. To intervene and discipline children as soon as conflict occurs during an activity

•A is correct because early childhood is a time to learn respectful communication and social skills through play and structured activities. B is incorrect because good manners and etiquette vary by culture and our best taught in informal home situations. C is incorrect because pre-kindergarten students need free play, which should not be restricted due to common conflicts. D is incorrect because teacher intervention is not always needed when conflicts arise children should be encouraged and supported in solving basic conflicts.

MS. HARTFORD, A 2ND GRADE RESOURCE ROOM TEACHER, IS PRESENTING A LESSON ON COUNTING MONEY. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR HER STUDENTS? •A. Students making purchases in a classroom store. •B. Students completing worksheets by adding and subtracting amounts of money •C. Students in a classroom Learning Center identifying coin values and recording them on worksheets •D. Students in small groups identifying coin values

•A is correct because students who recently learned to count money can combine coins to purchase items, this practicing their math skills in a realistic environment. B is incorrect because learning to add in some correct money comes after learning to count money and does not reinforce the recently acquired skills. C & D are incorrect because the content of identifying coin values precedes learning to count money and would not provide reinforcement for counting money.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES IS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF A SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT? •A. An end of chapter test •B. Writing sentences using spelling words •C. Completing a homework assignment •D. Completing a cloze activity

•A is correct because summative assessments are given to test students learning relative to the curriculum in a chapter test assesses knowledge of the entire chapter. B is incorrect because Roddick sentences is not the best activity to use as assertive assessment. C is incorrect because homework is a follow-up to classroom instruction. D is incorrect because it relates to language arts instruction.

SECTION 504 OF THE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973 PROVIDES STUDENTS WHO ATTENDED A SCHOOL THAT RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS WITH PROTECTION AGAINST WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING? •A. Discrimination based solely on individual's disability •B. Discrimination based solely on the individual's gender or sexual orientation •C. Discrimination based solely on an individual's citizenship status •D. Discrimination based solely on an individual's socioeconomic status

•A is correct because the basic premise of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act is that a qualified individual cannot be denied participation due to a disability if the school receives federal funds. B, C, and D are incorrect because section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act does not relate to discrimination based on gender, citizenship, or socioeconomic status.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST EXPLAINS WHY A STUDENT, WILL, WITH A DIAGNOSED EMOTIONAL/ BEHAVIORAL DISORDER IS CLASSIFIED AS A STUDENT WITH MULTIPLE DISABILITIES? •A. Will has additional conditions that affect his learning and requires services. •B. Will's parents believe a classification of EBD is prejudicial and must be avoided. •C. Intelligence testing cannot be used to determine whether Will has an EBD. •D. A functional behavioral assessment (FBA) indicates Will engages in task avoidance.

•A is correct because the student with multiple disabilities has two or more disabling conditions that affect learning and or other important law functions. B is incorrect because parental or personal purposes cannot override the results obtained by multiple disciplinary team of professionals. C is incorrect because although testing is used to determine some classifications, it does not explain if classification of having multiple disabilities. D is incorrect because an FBA is insufficient to determine a comorbid classification.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CORRECTLY IDENTIFIES THE BEST SEQUENCE TO USE WHEN INTRODUCING CONCEPTS TO STUDENTS WITH EBD WHO ARE EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY WITH PROBLEM SOLVING? •A. Concrete-representational-abstract •B. Concrete-abstract-representational •C. Representational-concrete-abstract •D. Representational-abstract-concrete

•A. Concrete-representational-abstract •It is correct because the purpose of teaching through a concrete-representational-abstract sequence of instruction is to ensure students truly have a thorough understanding of the mathematical concepts they are learning by using concrete materials, then representing information through drawings, and finally using abstract symbols to demonstrate knowledge. B, C and D are incorrect because they are not the correct sequence for teaching problem solving strategies.

WHAT ARE THE THREE COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY TRIANGLE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH BANDURA? •A. parental level education, family structure, and age •B. partial happiness, conflicting feelings, and anxiety state •C. socioeconomic status, level of education, and family size •D. Environment, behavior, and personal perceptions and actions

•D is correct because social cognitive theory focuses on the triad of environment, person, and behavior. A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not correctly identify the three components of the social cognitive theory triangle.

MRS. GENNARO RECEIVED A GRANT TO HELP STUDENTS WITH EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISTURBANCES LEARN EMPATHY FOR PEOPLE THROUGH INTERACTIONS WITH AND LEARNING ABOUT EMPATHY FOR ANIMALS. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF •A. concept generalization •B. overlearning of material •C. differentiation of instruction •D. scaffolding the learning experience

•A. concept generalization •It is correct because generalizing, or the transfer of learning, is a process by which your behavior that is reinforced and one situation will be exhibited in another situation. B is incorrect because overlearning is an approach for developing automaticity with specific concepts. C isn't correct because differentiation is a method of meeting all children's needs by modifying teaching methods. D is incorrect because scaffolding is a teaching technique used to bring students to a new idea.

JENNY, A NINTH-GRADE STUDENT, IS EXPERIENCING FREQUENT SWINGS BETWEEN ENERGIZED AND DEPRESSED MOODS. HER UNEVEN TEMPERAMENT HAS CAUSED BOTH ACADEMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS. BASED ON HER BEHAVIOR JENNY WOULD MOST LIKELY QUALIFY FOR SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES UNDER WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES? •A. Traumatic brain injury •B. emotional disturbance •C. multiple disabilities •D. other health impairment

•B is correct because Jenny scenario describes more than one of the characteristics that fit the category of emotional disturbance- difficulty maintaining interpersonal relationships, inappropriate feelings, depression, and school problems. A isn't correct because it means that an acquired injury to the brain caused not external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability are physiological impairment, or both, the adversely effects a child's educational performance. C is incorrect because it means concomitant impairments, the combination of which causes severe educational needs that the student cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments. D is incorrect because it means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a hand alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness, with respect to the educational environment, due to chronic or acute health problems.

THE LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT (LRE) IS IDENTIFIED AN IDEA REQUIRES THAT STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY BE •A. educated with nondisabled peers only for elective courses •B. educated with nondisabled peers to the greatest extent possible •C. educated in a special school so there is no interaction with nondisabled peers •D. educated with the most assistance, whether or not it be in the same environment as with nondisabled peers

•B is correct because idea ensures that students are not unnecessarily removed from the general classroom or isolated from nondisabled students of their age. These decisions are but made based on a student's ability to function in the school environment. A, C, and D do not match the definition of licensed restrictive environment

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY CO OCCURRING TYPE OF DISABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS? •A. A speech and language processing disorder •B. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) •C. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) •D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

•B is correct because many children with emotional and behavioral disorders act impulsively, have short attention spans, and often exhibit anxiety, thus allowing the comorbid classification of ADHD. A, C & D are incorrect because although they may become comorbid with an EBD none of them are the most commonly co-occurring disability.

OZZY IS AN 11 YEAR OLD MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENT WHO IS CLASSIFIED AS EBD. IF HE HAS NO ITHER SPECIAL EDUCATION CLASSIFICATIONS, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEHAVIORS OR CHARACTERISTICS IS OZZYMOST LIKELY TO EXHIBIT •A. poor visual-motor integration •B. unreasonable demands for attention •C. difficulty focusing on assignments •D. lack of oral communication skills

•B is correct because students with emotional behavior disorders often demand attention in inappropriate ways. A is incorrect because poor visual motor integration is not as symptom of an EBD. C Is incorrect because difficulty focusing on assignments is more likely to be associated with attention-deficit disorders. D is Incorrect because a lack of communication skills is often associated with language disorders or autism spectrum disorder.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING AS SOON AS PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDENTS IEP? •A. The chief school administrator •B. The members of the IEP team •C. The principal •D. The student's guidance counselor

•B is correct because the IeP team is responsible for reviewing student progress towards achieving his slash her annual goals and revising the IEP as necessary. A is incorrect because the chief school administrator does not supervise individual students. C is incorrect because the principal is in charge of the school. D is incorrect because although they may work with all students, guidance counselors are not responsible for the progress of classified students.

KAREN, AN 8TH GRADE STUDENT, WHO HAS AN IEP THAT STATES WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS WILL BE COMPLETED USING WORD PROCESS AND SPEECH RECOGNITION SOFTWARE. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS MOST LIKELY TO PROMOTE SUCCESSFUL USE OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY? •A. limiting the amount of written homework •B. providing software for home use •C. assigning keyboarding homework •D. allowing choice of topic for written assignment

•B is correct because the student would be able to practice using the same programs at school and home, thus reinforcing her writing skills. A is incorrect because limiting homework does not help her to use her writing programs. C is incorrect because although typing practice is useful, it does not help her to use the programs, one of which is voice recognition software and does not require tapping. D is incorrect because accommodation no choice will not promote more successful use of assistive technology.

TRISH SIX GRADE STUDENT WHO IS DIAGNOSED WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD). SHE HAS DIFFICULTY MAINTAINING A CONTACT AND MAKES IMPULSIVE COMMENTS DURING LESSONS. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES WOULD BEST HELP TRISH? •A. Assign Trish a pair buddy to help her keep on task •B. Providing Trish a visual menu of appropriate behaviors •C. Seating Trish next to the window so she can look outside •D. Giving Trish high interest, low rating level assignments

•B is correct because using a visual reminder can increase appropriate behavior. A is not correct because a peer buddy should not be given the task of keeping another student on task. C is not correct because an appropriate strategy for Trish. D is not correct because that strategy is not related to the behavior.

IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING THE FOLLOWING WAYS DOES A FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT (FBA) HELP A TEACHER TO WORK WITH A STUDENT WHO HAS AN EMOTIONAL OR BEHAVIORAL DISORDER? •A. An FBA offers prescriptions to keep this trend focused on academic tasks that are frustrating. •B. An FBA indicates changes needed in the instructional materials appropriate to the student's level of functioning •C. An FBA identifies interference to, and reasons for, the problematic behaviors as student is exhibiting. •D. An FBA indicates whether the student can perform their replacement behaviors an IEP team recommends

•C Is correct because the purpose of a functional behavioral assessment is to identify the antecedents and functions of a maladaptive behavior. A is incorrect because an FBA does not offer a prescription to keep a child focused on academic tasks. B & D are incorrect because they are outcomes of analyzing the behaviors identified in the FBA.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS WILL MOST LIKELY FACILITATE PRODUCTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHER AND A STUDENT'S PARENTS OR GUARDIANS AT A PARENT TEACHER CONFERENCE? •A. The special education teacher sets the agenda and ensures that the students parents adhere to the discussion points. •B. The special education paper conducts a conference using education jargon and technical language. •C. The special education teacher discusses the student's academic strengths and offers suggestions for how the student can improve on weaknesses. •D. The special education teacher instructs the parents on how to provide guidance to state in a more consistent manner.

•C is correct because if the teacher discusses the student's positive qualities first, the parents will be more willing to discuss difficulties and challenges. A is incorrect because there should be a conversational exchange between the teacher and the parents. B is incorrect because the use of jargon and technical language could intimidate parents , which were not foster trust and good rapport. D isn't correct because pointing out inconsistencies in parenting could be seen as judgmental and not provoke anger and hostility.

AS AN INTERVENTION, RESPONSE COST IS BEST SUITED FOR WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES? •A. Improving students understanding of directions •B. Increasing the speed of performance in mathematics •C. Decreasing the incidence of angry outburst •D. Decreasing excessive competitiveness among students

•C is correct because response cost needs to be tied to the occurrence of a specific, observable behavior. The behaviors that are identified in A, B, and D would not benefit from the use of response cost.

WHAT ARE THE TWO KEY ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL FOR DESCRIPTIVE MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR? •A. Maladaptive behavior is based on unconscious motivation and on unresolved, underlying conflicts. •B. Maladaptive behavior is the result of family composition and is based on cultural interactions. •C. Maladaptive behavior is an inappropriate learned response and is a function of environmental events . •D. Maladaptive behavior is caused by physiological reactions and can be controlled by medication .

•C is correct because the behavioral model states that all behaviors are learned as a function of the environment; therefore, maladaptive behavior is an inappropriate learned response. A Is incorrect because it represents the psychological model of behavior. B is incorrect is this describes ecological model of behavior. D is incorrect as this represents a biological model of behavior.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A REQUIRED COMPONENT OF ANY STUDENTS INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM (IEP)? •A. functional behavioral assessment •B. behavior intervention plan •C. daily class schedule •D. annual goals

•D is correct because annual goals must be included in any student's IEP. A is not correct because functional behavior assessment is not it requires component, although it may be included if the student requires one, depending on classification. B is incorrect because a behavior intervention plan is a separate document from an IEP. C is incorrect because, although a daily quest schedule is important, it is not part of the IEP documentation.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REWARDS WOULD BE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR 5TH GRADE STUDENTS WHO HAVE DEMONSTRATED APPROPRIATE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR? •A. Giving them ice cream sandwiches is an afternoon treat •B. Assigning them no homework for an entire week •C. Excusing them from the next chapter test •D. Providing them with extra computer time.

•D is correct because computer time is often a motivator for students. A is incorrect because many schools do not allow food as a reward. B is incorrect because homework is a key part of learning, and although a homework price for one month might be an appropriate reward, a week without homework is too generous. C isn't correct excusing students from a chapter test is not an appropriate reward.

A PSYCHIATRIST EXAMINES 13-YEAR-OLD BENJAMIN AND REPORTS THAT BENJAMIN SPEAKS IN A MONOTONOUS VOICE, HAS DIMINISHED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, SHOWS A REDUCED LEVEL OF EXPRESSIVENESS, AND PRESENTS AS AN EXTREMELY LISTLESS, INDIFFERENT CHILD. BENJAMIN IS SHOWING SIGNS OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING? •A. noncompliance •B. passive-aggressiveness •C. irritability •D. flat affect

•D is correct because of flat effect is characterized by a significant reduction in emotional expressiveness is described in this scenario. A is incorrect because noncompliance is failure to agree or comply with directions. B is incorrect because passive aggressive behavior is characterized by pretending to be in agreement which may sabotage relationships. C is incorrect because irritability is characterized by an abnormal increase in sensitivity.

THE REPORT FROM SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST READS AS FOLLOWS. "JOHNNY HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY DIAGNOSED WITH A SEVERE LEARNING DISABILITY AND OVER THE PAST YEAR HE HAS BECOME MUCH MORE AGGRESSIVE TOWARDS HIS PEERS. JOHNNY HAS BEEN IN SEVERAL FIGHTS, HE OFTEN DISOBEYS HIS TEACHERS, FREQUENTLY TALKS BACK TO STAFF MEMBERS, AND BLAMES OTHERS FOR HIS POOR PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOL ." BASED ON THE PSYCHOLOGIST REPORT, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING COMORBID CONDITIONS WILL JOHNNY MOST LIKELY BE DIAGNOSED? •A. Conduct disorder •B. Depressive disorder •C. Attention-deficit disorder •D. Oppositional defiant disorder

•D is correct because oppositional defiant disorder is characterized by a pattern of tantrums, arguing, angry or disruptive behavior towards authority figures. A is incorrect because a conduct disorder is a pattern of behaviors that violate the rights of others or the norms of society. B is incorrect because a depressive disorder is indicated by the loss of pleasure for an extended period of time. C is incorrect because ADHD is the inability to focus or maintain attention to such a degree that academic performance is adversely affected.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MOST LIKELY REASON FOR THE INCREASED NUMBER OF MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES AMONG STUDENTS IN MIDDLE SCHOOL AND HIGH SCHOOL? •A. The presence of atypical social and communication behaviors •B. Subaverage cognitive skills •C. Delayed language skills •D. Bullying issues

•D is correct because the children who have been buoyed or who bully are increased risk for mental health problems. A is incorrect because this is a characteristic of those at risk to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. B is incorrect because this describes a characteristic of those likely to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability. C is incorrect because it describes a characteristic of those at risk to be diagnosed with a learning disability.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A LIMITATION OF POSITIVE BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS AND SUPPORTS (PBIS) AS RELATED TO TIER 3 INTERVENTIONS? •A. The recommended supports reduce incidents of target, negative behaviors through prevention rather than remediation. •B. The recommended support must be one that can be applied throughout the school to all students •C. The recommended supports are limited to clarifying, teaching, and reinforcing expectations for students with behavioral disorders. •D. The recommended supports are often not specific enough to help in identifying the purpose of a targeted behavior.

•D is correct because tier 3 interventions require a functional behavior analysis to identify the function of the targeted behavior in PBIS are limited in that they are general interventions that are not specific to the needs of the student. Is incorrect because tier 3 interventions are remedial in nature and a pod to only a select group of students who do not respond to interventions at tier one and Tier 2. B is incorrect because most students require only the first air support. C is incorrect because PBIS are not intended for only students with EBD.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE MOST COMMON IDENTIFIER OF A LEARNING DISABILITY IN A SCHOOL-AGE STUDENT ? •A. Average or below-average intelligence •B. Poor performance in all academic areas •C. A coexisting visual, hearing, or orthopedic impairment •D. A gap between potential and actual achievement

•D. A gap between potential and actual achievement •Is correct because the most common identifier of a learning disability is that there appears to be a gap between the individual's potential and actual achievement; thus the individual may be unable to demonstrate the skill level expected of him or her. A is incorrect because the students with learning disabilities are generally if average or above-average intelligence. B is incorrect because a common characteristic among students with learning disabilities is uneven areas of ability not poor performance in all academic areas. C is incorrect because learning disabilities are not primarily the result of a visual, hearing or motor impairment.

TONI IS A 7TH GRADE STUDENT CLASSIFIED WITH A SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY (SLD). HER SCIENCE TEACHER STATES THAT SHE IS AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT IN CLASS, COMPLETES HOMEWORK ON TOM, BUT HER READING COMPREHENSION IS BELOW GRADE. A CHAPTER TEST IS PLANNED FOR NEXT WEEK. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ASSESSMENT ACCOMMODATIONS WOULD BE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR TONY'S INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM (IEP)? •A. Allowing the use of a dictionary to check spelling •B. Reading the test aloud to her •C. administering the test to her in a separate room •D. providing her frequent breaks during testing

•The correct answer is B because Toni comprehends material in class; thus, reading the test to her would eliminate the struggle to read the questions and allow her to focus on the content of the test. A is incorrect because Toni's disability is in the area of reading comprehension and a dictionary would not be an appropriate accommodation. C is incorrect because there is no indication that Toni is suffering from test anxiety or another condition that would be alleviated by testing in a separate room. D is incorrect because there is no indication that Tony has difficulty concentrating or any other condition that would require frequent breaks.

CHLOE IS A 13-YEAR-OLD GIRL WHO EXHIBITS SIGNS OF SELECTIVE MUTISM. SHE IS PERSONAL AND TALKATIVE AT HOME. AT SCHOOL, CHLOE WILL ONLY SPEAK TO HER FRIENDS AT LUNCH OR IN PASSING BETWEEN CLASSES AND WILL NOT VERBALLY PARTICIPATE IN ANY CLASS DISCUSSIONS. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STRATEGIES IS MOST LIKELY TO SUPPORT HER IN CLASS? •A. Creating a step-by-step approach with guidance from school professionals, parents, and teachers to build coping skills •B. Waiting for Chloe to speak and tell the teacher about her fear of speaking •C. Displaying a chart in class and marking it when Chloe speaks •D. Setting up a schedule for Chloe to ask questions in class

•with the confidence to overcome the anxiety that is causing her selective mutism. B is incorrect because waiting for child to speak will make the student more anxious and will not support the student in deciding to speak in class. C is incorrect because displaying the students work in front of the class will make her feel anxious and is unlikely to encourage her to increase her verbalizations. D is incorrect because a student in this situation is unlikely to respond to a participation schedule.