Speech 1315 - 064 chapter 17

Which of the following is an example of reasoning from principle?

"Lying is wrong. James lied to me. Therefore, James was wrong,"

Logicians note that there are about ______ types of fallacies.

125

Which of the following are true statements about discussing a person's character in a speech?

A person's character sometimes may be relevant to the topic. Attacking a person's character instead of addressing the speech's main issue is an example of an ad hominem attack.

Why can attaining credibility be complex for speakers?

A speaker may have more credibility on one topic than on another. Credibility exists in the mind of the audience.

Which of the following is the fallacy that attacks a person to avoid dealing with the real issue in dispute?

Ad hominem

Who of the following are the most likely to incorporate the bandwagon fallacy in their work?

Advertisers Salespeople Candidates for public office

"The natural gas pipeline protesters are uncouth, unruly, and, in my opinion, have far too many tattoos." This statement is an example of which type of fallacy?

An ad hominem fallacy

Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

An argument that compares similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Tyler is giving a speech in favor of the legalization of drugs. He says, "We have seen the success of marijuana legalization in Colorado, Washington, and other states. Surely the legalization of all drugs would have the same rate of success." Which type of fallacy is Tyler committing?

An invalid analogy fallacy

"Sheila led her company division successfully. I have every confidence that she will run the company with the same level of success." This quotation is best exemplifies which of the following types of reasoning?

Analogical reasoning

Which of the following is the reasoning process in which two similar cases are compared and it is inferred that what is true for the first case is also true for the second?

Analogical reasoning

"If we let more refugees into this country, they'll take our jobs." This statement appeals to which of the following emotions?

Anger Fear

How can speakers successfully incorporate evidence into their speeches?

Anticipate the audience's questions and objections Imagine what the audience might be thinking Give evidence to answer the audience's questions and to resolve their objections

Which of the following statements is an example of specific evidence?

Approximately 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016.

Which of the following is the fallacy that assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good or correct?

Bandwagon

How can speakers enhance their credibility with the audience?

By delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction By establishing common ground By explaining their competence

How can a speaker appeal to the emotions of the audience?

By offering a vivid example By using emotional language By speaking with sincerity and conviction

Which of the following describes the reasoning process that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects?

Causal reasoning

"Where will the refugees who are fleeing war-torn countries go, if not here? Other countries are shutting their doors, but our country is better than the rest. We should open our hearts and homes to them." This statement is appealing to which of the following emotions?

Compassion Pride Guilt

Which of these is least likely to help speakers enhance their credibility?

Demonstrating objectivity about the topic

Which of the following is the fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist?

Either-or

Which of the following is the term Aristotle used for the concept of credibility?

Ethos

Which of the following terms refers to the supporting material that proves or disproves something?

Evidence

______________ consists of supporting materials, including examples, statistics, and testimony, that are used in speeches to prove or disprove something.

Evidence

Which of the following are benefits of using evidence in a speech?

Evidence is especially useful when speaking to people who disagree with you. Evidence can help persuade listeners.

Which of the following terms describes an error in reasoning?

Fallacy

True or false: Effective persuasion rarely requires emotional appeal.

False

True or false: In causal reasoning, a speaker compares two cases that are similar in order to argue that what applied in one case will apply in another.

False

True or false: It is appropriate to use fallacies in your speeches.

False

The Roman rhetorician Quintilian stated that eloquence is derived from the force of the imagination and what other factor?

Feeling

Which of the following is the most common fallacy that occurs when reasoning from specific instances?

Hasty generalization

Which of the following describes an error in reasoning from specific instances when a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence?

Hasty generalization fallacy

In a speech persuading his audience to take precautions against tick bites, Frank first described Lyme disease, then discussed its symptoms and treatments. Next, he spoke about the experiences of three of his friends who had each come down with Lyme disease from tick bites after camping in a different state. In conclusion, he said, "As you can see from these three examples, everyone should take precautions against becoming infected with Lyme disease." Which of the following are ways that Frank failed to follow guidelines for reasoning from specific instances?

He assumed that if campers are prone to infection, everyone else is also prone to infection. He made a generalization about a broad need for precautions from just three examples. His conclusion was not reinforced with statistics on the prevalence of Lyme disease.

What are examples of emotion-laden words that would be suitable for generating an emotional appeal for people to volunteer at a local food bank?

Hunger Gratitude Desperate

Which of the following are guidelines to follow when reasoning from principle?

If the general premise will not be immediately accepted, provide evidence to support it. Determine whether the general premise will be accepted by the audience without evidence. Prepare to support the minor premise with evidence. Select a concept resource to continue.

Which of the following is the type of credibility a speaker has before beginning to speak?

Initial

Which of the following fallacies is a comparison of two cases that are not essentially alike?

Invalid analogy

Which of the following is an example of a hasty generalization?

Jin sees three horses with brown hooves and concludes that all horses have brown hooves.

_____ is used to make listeners feel something.

Pathos

Which of the following is the Latin name for the false cause fallacy?

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Which of the following describes the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence?

Reasoning

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion?

Reasoning from principle

Which of the following is the reasoning process that moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion?

Reasoning from specific instances

Lee and Maschino, two candidates campaigning for state representative, are participating in a debate and are asked whether marijuana should be legal. Lee answers that he feels it should be legal, then finishes by accusing candidate Maschino of opposing legalization only because he receives kickbacks from several liquor companies. Maschino responds, "Who helps fund my campaign is irrelevant. What we should be focusing on is the lack of funding for our schools." Which type of fallacy is Maschino's response?

Red herring

Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion?

Red herring

Which of the following statements is not an example of an emotional appeal?

Refugees are asylum seekers.

Which of the following is an example of an invalid analogy?

Senator Jones is overweight. If he can't control his waistline, he can't control government spending.

Lucille has been asked to speak to a local group of volunteers who wish to serve as literacy tutors to disadvantaged children. Which of the following would help her explain her competence?

Stating that she volunteered for a local group called the Literacy Network

If you were seeking to persuade an audience to volunteer for a project, which of the following would be effective ways to establish your credibility?

Talking about your personal experience volunteering for the project Sharing that you care about the audience members Demonstrating your sincerity through the delivery of your speech

Which of the following is the credibility the speaker has at the end of a speech?

Terminal

Which of the following statements is true about a speaker who uses reasoning when making a persuasive speech?

That the audience needs to understand how the speaker drew their conclusion

When giving a speech about a topic over which people have various opinions, the speaker should expect which of the following?

That the audience will question certain points and want evidence to back them up

Which of the following statements will most likely be true if the audience perceives that the speaker does not have credibility?

The audience will not readily believe what the speaker says.

Which of the following fallacies is also referred to as a false dilemma?

The either-or fallacy

Which of the following demonstrate the speaker's competence?

The speaker's expertise The speaker's knowledge of the subject The speaker's intelligence

When audiences judge a speaker's character as part of determining credibility, what do they consider?

The speaker's trustworthiness The speaker's concern for the well-being of the audience The speaker's sincerity

Why do speakers appeal to emotions when giving a persuasive speech?

To grab the attention of listeners To influence listeners

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy if a speaker were trying to persuade an audience about the human contribution to global warming?

To provide evidence that illustrates the increase in global warming in the past century

Which of the following is an example of an unethical emotional appeal?

To urge people to attend a racist rally

What does it mean to use emotional appeals ethically?

To use them only when it is appropriate for your topic To use them in conjunction with building a case on reason

True or false: Cassidy is engaged in ethical speaking when she gives statistics about the poverty level in her city and follows them up with stories about homeless, hungry children.

True

True or false: Credibility can be enhanced.

True

Which of the following are ways to generate an emotional appeal?

Using emotional language Developing vivid examples Speaking with sincerity and conviction

As a speaker, what are your major goals with respect to reasoning?

You must try to get listeners to agree with your reasoning. You must make sure your own reasoning is sound.

The most important issue in assessing analogical reasoning is whether the two cases being compared are essentially

alike

Calling your opponent "wacko" in a debate would be a classic example of

an ad hominem attack.

Pathos was the name used by Aristotle to refer to ______ appeal.

an emotional

A fallacy is ______ reasoning.

an error in

The _____________ fallacy assumes that if something is popular, it is good or right.

bandwagon

The ______________ fallacy assumes that if something is popular, it is good or right.

bandwagon

The statement, "Most people support the legalization of marijuana, and therefore it should be legal," is an example of the

bandwagon fallacy.

The type of reasoning that attempts to understand the relationship between an event and its effects is called _____________ reasoning .

causal

Ethos is the term used by Aristotle to refer to

credibility.

The _______________ generalization fallacy occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases or on the basis of atypical cases.

hasty

The ____________ analogy fallacy is a type of inaccurate and misleading analogical reasoning.

invalid

Evidence that is concrete and quantifiable is called

specific evidence.

The claim that the high school drop-out rate has increased because more women have taken jobs in the workplace would be an example of

the false cause fallacy.