Speech: Chapter 1-4

rhetoric

Aristotle's term for public speaking; emphasized the importance of adapting speeches to specific audiences and situations which is now known as audience-centered communication; adapting audiences and building credibility as a speaker with specific groups you address form major parts of the audience-centered approach

internal consistency

a logical relationship among the ideas that make up any main heading or subheading in a speech

thesis

a single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech

cultural diversity

differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe

invention

discovering what you want to say in a speech like by choosing a topic and developing good arguments

environment

external surroundings that influence a public speaking event beyond immediate context that influence a communicative interaction like what's happening in the world

speech anxiety

fear of speaking in front of an audience before, during, or after a speech; speakers experience a wide range of sensations, thoughts, and behaviors that spring from internal causes of nervousness like quavering voice, shaky hands, changes in body temperature, itchy skin, dry mouth, the mind going blank, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, increased rate of speech, trembling legs, sweaty palms, or cold hands and feet

brainstorming

free-form way of generating ideas without immediately evaluating them

digital divide

gap between populations that have a high level of access to and use of digital communications technology and populations that have a low level of access and use; elderly, poor, less educated, and rural people are less likely Americans to be online

relaxation

helps reduce physical symptoms of stress like increased HR and tense muscles; practicing these helps you to feel calmer and have a sense of well-being; good breathing habits; exercises increase breathing efficiency, reduce nervousness, and help to relax

visualization

imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of actions in a positive, concrete, step by step way; imagine the place, audience, and successfully presenting speech focusing on what will go right; use senses to feel what will happen

audience

intended recipients of a speaker's message who must be full focus to be effective speaking

style

language or words used in a speech; imagery used to bring a speech's content to life

topic

main idea, subject, or theme of speech

channel

mode or medium of communication which can be in person, print, or electronic; slides used in some speech like business

ethical communication

moral aspects of our interaction with others including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect

monologue

occurs when communication is one way and communicators are only concerned with their own individual goals

information overload

occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way

dialogue

occurs when speakers are sensitive to audience needs and listen to audience members' responses and listeners pay careful attention to speakers' messages, so they can respond appropriately and effectively.

speaker

person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context; in public speaking, responsible for choosing a topic, researching the subject, organizing the content, and presenting the speech

spotlight effect

phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do; worry over minor speaking errors more than audience notices

distance speaking

planned and structured presentation of ideas transmitted from one physical location to other locations by means of information and communications technology

cultural norms

prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting; explicit or implicit with how to act; rules rather than laws which means they can be modified; cell phone behavior has evolved over time

delivery

presentation of a speech to an audience; how you use your voice, gestures, body movement when giving a speech

memory

presentation of a speech to an audience; refers to using your knowledge and abilities as a communicator to give an effective speech; importance of practicing public speaking skills comprehensively; considers what you learn about public speaking, the audience, the occasion

plagiarism

presenting someone else's ideas and work like speeches, papers, and images as your own whether intentionally or unintentionally

communication climate

psychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another; listeners come prepared to use active listening skills and provide meaningful feedback

context

situation within which a speech is given; physical setting or occasion

general purpose

speaker's overall objective; to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

narrative

story used in a speech or other form of communication; relies on the power of stories to connect our sense of self with the world, envision of what could be, apply logic to identify patterns and causal connections, and structure events in a logical order; stimulate imagination; combine magnetism of storytelling with well-supported arguments, inclusive language, and an ethical consideration of an audience

illusion of transparency

tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to other than is really the case

internal noise

thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening

copyright

type of intellectual property law that protects an author's original work like a play, book, song, or move from being used by others; protected under Article I Section 8 of the US Constitution

fair use

using someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owner's rights generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting; allows limited portions of an author's work to be used if you credit the source of the information

culture

values, beliefs, and activities shared within a group

arrangement

way ideas present in a speech are organized; intro, body, conclusion; good organization helps maintain the audience's attention and keeps them focused on the ideas the speaker presents

Public Speaking

when an individual speaks to a group of people assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time

message

words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts; how a speaker speaks, what they say, main points and ideas, gestures, eye contact, voice usage interact how it is received

hate speech

words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities; many colleges have adopted policies against these

ethnocentrism

belief that your worldview based on your cultural background is superior to others' worldviews

oral citations

brief references to sources during speech

specific purpose

concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech

external noise

conditions in the environment that interfere with listening

persuasive communication environment

ability to access and share information in multiple forms from multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space

audience-centered

acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after a speech; needs to be relevant to them or they tune out the speaker

working outline

an outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose; includes all main points and possible subpoints; revised during research process

listening anxiety

anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear; Often felt by students during material they will be tested on

noise

anything that interferes with the understanding of the message like daydreaming, hunger, or feeling tired; sounds like people talking, traffic, cell phones; visual- poor lighting, difficulty seeing speaker, cluttered digital slides

relabeling

assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical react ion and feelings associated with speech anxiety; stop using negative words like fearful or apprehensive and instead use positive words like thrilled and delighted; physical symptoms should be attributed to sensations in your body and mind gathering energy to prepare for and present speech; "I'm really excited to give this speech"

feedback

audience member's responses to a speech; nods, smiles, shaking heads, frowns, quizzical looks