Speech Final Exam

Types of Visual Aids

-3D -2D -Multimedia

Effective Introduction

-Ask question -Make a reference to a historical event -Make a reference to a recent event -Refer to the event at hand

Characteristics of Effective Delivery

-Body delivery -Vocal delivery -Personal appearance

Fallacies

-Causal fallacy: just because an event follows another doesn't mean it caused it (superstition) -Bandwagon: just because everyone else is doing it doesn't make it right -Either/or fallacy: either my way or no way; takes away audience's conclusion of argument -Hasty generalization: draw conclusion from too little or non-existent evidence -Attacking the person: attack personal characteristics instead of actual problem -Red herring: use irrelevant facts or evidence as distractions; from medieval times! -Appeals to misplaced authority: celebrity credibility -Non-sequitur: your conclusion does not follow from your original statement

Crafting Memorable Word Structure

-Creating drama -Create cadence (rhythm) -Creating arresting images

Motivating an Audience to Change a Behavior

-Dissonance theory -Using needs -Positive motivational appeals -Negative motivational appeals

2D Visual Aids

-Drawings -Photographs -Maps -Charts -Graphs (bar graph, pie chart, line graph, pictorial graph)

Why Use Visual Aids?

-Enhance understanding -Enhance memory -Helps listeners organize ideas -Helps gain & maintain listener attention -Helps illustrate a sequence of events or a procedure

Devices to Create Arresting Images

-Figures of speech (language that deviates from the expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable) -Metaphors and similes -Personification DON'T OVERDO HIGHLY STYLIZED LANGUAGE - USE AS ATTENTION GETTERS. USE THEM TO ECONOMIZE.

Different Types of Logical Reasoning

-Inductive (specific -> general) -Deductive (general -> specific) Syllogism: 3 part argument to deductive reasoning. Premises must be true to be sound! **Major premise **Minor premise **Specific conclusion -Causal (cause/effect; 2 or more events related in such a way as to conclude that one of the events caused the other one - simply provide evidence that A caused B)

Prevent Conflict in Groups

-Keep discussion focused on issues, not personalities -Rely on facts instead of opinion for evidence -Seek ways to compromise -Clarify misunderstandings in meaning -Be descriptive rather than evaluative -Keep your emotions in check

Guidelines for Developing Visual Aids

-Keep it simple -Select the right visual aid -Prepare polished visual aids -Do not use dangerous or illegal visual aids

How to Persuade Audience

-Logic -Emotion The goal: use both effectively

Effective Conclusion

-Make reference to introduction -Issue inspirational appeal or challenge -Direct appeal to action

3D Visual Aids

-Objects (tangible item you're referencing in your speech. Make it easy to see) -Models (representation of real thing, usually a smaller size) -People (need to understand their task and role)

Devices to Create Drama

-Omission (leave out word or phrase audience expects to hear; like telegraph) -Inversion (reverse normal word order; putting verb before noun - Yoda) -Suspension (use a key word at the end of sentence rather than the beginning)

Devices to Create Cadence

-Parallelism (2 or more phrases or sentences with the same grammatical pattern - "like father, like son") -Antithesis (opposition; parallel structure, but the 2 parts contrast each other - "to err is human; to forgive divine") -Anaphora (repetition of a key word or phrase - "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times") -Alliteration (repetition of a consonant sound - "Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers")

Organizations of Persuasive Speech

-Problem/Solution (convince that the problem is real) -Refutation (identify key opposing viewpoints to your argument, make them main points, and argue against them!) -Motivated sequence (created by Monroe; 5 steps - attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action)

Methods of Delivery

-Reading from a manuscript (boring, but allows careful crafting of words) -Reciting from memory (the big problem - we forget. Terrifying and super awkward to watch.) -Impromptu speaking (off the top of your head) -Extemporaneous delivery (conversational delivery from an outline; sounds easy-going, but is very well prepared. Expressive, dynamic, allows for eye contact)

Guidelines for Using Visual Aids

-Rehearse with your visual aids -Eye contact with audience (not visual aids) -Explain your visual aids -Don't pass objects among your audience -Use handouts effectively -Use animals with caution -Time visuals to control audience attention -Use technology effectively

Using Words Effectively

-Should be concrete; specific -Easily understandable; simple -Should be unbiased; unoffensive -Use vivid words -Use words correctly (know meaning & pronunciation)

How to Fix the Problem of Meetings

-Structure (agendas!) -Interactions (put people on the spot if you need to)

Multi-Media Visual Aids

-Video -Computer software -Audio aids

Direct Development of Persuasive Speech

1. Consider the audience 2. Select and narrow topic (something you feel strongly about. Your credibility stands on how you yourself feel about your topic) 3. Write a general purpose

Purposes of Introductions

1. Get (favorable) attention of the audience 2. Introduce the subject -write effective thesis -state it out loud in the intro 3. Give audience reason to listen 4. Establish (YOUR) credibility -appear prepared and confident -tell personal experience 5. Preview main points of speech

Reflective Thinking (John Dewey)

1. Identify the problem 2. Analyze the problem (cause, effects, history, etc.) 3. Generate possible solutions (brainstorming) 4. Select the best solution (short or long term? resources? time? success?) 5. Put solution into practice (implementation plan; who, when, how, success?)

Goals of Persuasion

1. Influence attitudes (the way we respond favorably or unfavorably to something) 2. Influence beliefs (how we accept things as being either true or false) A belief-based argument needs evidence! 3. Influence values (concepts of good/bad, right/wrong) 4. Influence behavior (direct appeal to action?) Each goal is increasingly difficult to change

How to Enhance Credibility

1. Initial credibility 2. Derived credibility 3. Lasting credibility

3 Guiding Principles

1. Keep visual aids out of sight of your audience until you're ready to use them, and remove them from sight when you're finished! Avoid distractions at all costs. 2. Keep your visuals out of the hands of your audience! 3. You MUST make it easy to see!

Death by Powerpoint

1. One message per slide 2. Use PP as it is supposed to be used 3. Size - most important part should be the biggest 4. Contrast 5. Objects - magical number is 6!

3 Differences between Oral and Written Styles

1. Oral style is more personal 2. Oral style is less formal 3. Oral style is more repetitious

Purposes of Conclusions

1. Summarize the speech 2. Restate main idea in memorable way 3. Motivate audience to respond 4. Provide closure

How do Groups Report their Recommendations

1. Symposium (every group member presents own individual speech) 2. Forum (series of individual speeches, but ends with Q&A) 3. Panel (no individual speeches, all Q&A) 4. Written report (written group work & recommendations)

Dissonance Theory

1. We all strive to act in a way consistent with our attitudes, beliefs, values 2. Sometimes we're faced with info or situations that are in opposition to the way we think/behave 3. This creates cognitive dissonance (imbalance in thought processes; uncomfortable feeling), which causes us to question our position 4. We seek to get rid of cognitive dissonance and restore sense of balance

Logic

A formal system of rules for making inferences and drawing conclusions. Central to ALL persuasion.

Problem Solving

A means of finding ways of overcoming obstacles to achieve some desired goal

Pathos

Appeals to emotion -use concrete examples -use emotion-arousing words -use visual images to evoke emotion -use selected appeals to fear

Logos

Aristotle's term for the use of logic

Ethos

Aristotle's word for credibility

Derived Credibility

As you speak. -Establish common ground -Support key arguments with sound evidence and reasoning -Present a well-organized message -Practice good delivery skills

Causing Cognitive Dissonance in Speech

Audience will... -Discredit source (you) -> credibility is essential! -Reinterpret message (selective listening) -Seek new information (research study to support their position) -> use all the data you have! -Stop listening altogether -Might actually do what you advocate (what you want!)

Body Language

Body delivery: -Gestures (can repeat what you say, can substitute, can compliment/emphasize. Make sure gestures don't contradict. Stay natural, be definite, don't contradict, vary gestures, don't overdo it, make appropriate for audience) -Body movement (purposeful, coordinated with message) -Posture (reflects your stance) -Eye contact (most important thing you can do!) -Facial Expressions (emotions conveyed easily through facial expressions. Powerful!)

Negative Motivational Appeals

Fear appeals. -Strong threat to a loved one is greater than a direct threat to you -The more competent, trustworthy, and respected the speaker, the more effective the appeal -More successful if you can convince that the fear is real! (fear creates c.d.)

Rehersal

Finish speech at least 2 days before you give your speech. -Time speech every time you practice -Prepare speaking notes -Practice standing up -Get real feedback when you practice -Video yourself when you practice -Practice with your visual aids -Get plenty of rest the night before speech -Review chapter on speech anxiety -Arrive early for class -Visualize your success

Leadership

Helps to get tasks done and maintain a goal. -Authoritarian (complete control) -Democratic (involve group in decision-making process) -Passive (give group complete freedom in all they do) Which is best? Those who implement all 3 at times!

Murphy's Law

If something can go wrong, it will!

Positive Motivational Appeals

If you do this, good things will happen to you!

Lasting (terminal) Credibility

Impression after speech is finished. -Don't leave speaking position until you've finished the speech -Be prepared to answer questions -Maximize eye contact in conclusion

The Importance of Delivery

Nonverbals are natural communicators. 90% of your speech rests on voice inflections, body language, facial expression, etc.

Using Needs

One of the best motivators. Maslow's hierarchy of needs -> appeal to this when persuading. -physiological needs -safety needs -social needs (sense of belonging to a group) -self-esteem needs (reflects desire to think well of ourselves) -self-actualization needs (achieve our highest potential)

Demagouge

Someone who attempts to gain power over others by using impassioned emotional pleas or appealing to prejudice

Vocal Delivery

Speaking to be understood -Volume -Articulation (the ability to make speech sounds clearly and distinctly) -Pronunciation (the ability to use the proper sounds to form words clearly and accurately) Speaking with variety to maintain interest -Pitch of voice -Rate of speech -Pauses (drama, suspense)

Propositional Statement

Statement you want the audience to agree with at the end of your speech; worded similarly to central idea. -Fact (did/didn't happen, does/doesn't exist) -Value (judgement about worth/importance of something; right/wrong, good/bad, for/against something) -Policy (advocating specific action)

Aristotle's Rhetoric

The art of moving people through words. Delivery doesn't matter, but only logic and words.

Credibility

The audience's perception of a speaker's competence (knowledgeable, informed, skilled, in what you are talking about), trustworthiness (honesty and sincerity; often nonverbal), and dynamism (energy level; charm, charisma)

Persuasion

The process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior.

Visual Aids

Tools that help you communicate your ideas more dramatically than words can alone. Support material. Seeing is believing for some.

Initial Credibility

What your audience thinks of you before you even give your speech -give careful thought to your appearance -establish eye contact before you speak -provide bio

Cicero

Without effective delivery, an expert can look dumb (and vice versa)