Speech test 1

steps to encourage group participation

-Directly ask members to contribute -Set a positive tone -Make use of devil's advocacy and dialectical inquiry

source credibility (3 things that build trust)

-Have a solid grasp of the subject (Aristotle's competence). -Are honest and straightforward (good moral character). -Are genuinely respectful of and interested in the welfare of their listeners (goodwill).

Under the first amendment certain types of speech are illegal

-Speech that incites people to imminent violence, or so-called "fighting words." -Speech that expresses blackmail, perjury, child pornography, or obscenity. -Speech that can be proved to be defamatory or potentially harmful to an individual's reputation at work or in the community, called slander.

forum

-an assembly for the discussion of issues of public interest -help policymakers and voters alike deliberate about key policy issues. -may feature a panel or a symposium, followed by an extensive question-and-answer period -example is a town hall meeting

two methods of argument that Optimize Decision Making in Groups

-devil's advocacy: arguing for the sake of raising issues or concerns about the idea under discussion -dialectical inquiry: devil's advocacy that goes a step further by proposing a countersolution to the idea

pre-preparation anxiety

-feel anxious the minute they know they will be giving a speech -arises when a speaker learns he or she must give a speech. -start very early using the stress-reducing techniques

Antigroup roles that do not further the group's goals and focus on individual needs irrelevant to the task

-floor hogger: not allowing others to speak -blocker: being overly negative about group ideas; raising issues that have been settled -recognition seeker: calling attention to oneself rather than to group tasks

things that make people anxious in speeches

-lack of positive experience -feeling different -being the center of attention

strategies to build confidence

-prepare and practice -modify thoughts and attitudes -visualize success

Groupthink

-should be avoided -the tendency to minimize conflict by refusing to examine ideas critically or test solutions

three general speech purposes

-to inform -to persuade -to mark a special occasion

presentational speaking vs public speaking

1) Degree of formality: Presentational speaking is less formal 2)Audience factors: Public-speaking audiences tend to be self-selected or voluntary participants, and they regard the speech as a onetime event. Oral presentations are more likely to have worplace or classroom audience ("captive audience"), and may be required to attend frequent presentations. Attendees also share more information with one another (because of relationship) 3)Speaker expertise: public speaker has expertise or firsthand knowledge on a topic. Presentational speakers are thought of as "first among equals."

factors to consider when giving a speech

1) context- anything that influences the speaker, audience, etc. (physical setting, the order and timing of speech, cultural orientations) 2) goals- what you want audience to learn or do as a result of speech.

basic sales technique or the motivated sequence steps

1)Draw the potential buyer's "attention" to the product. 2)Isolate and clarify the buyer's "need" for the product. 3)Describe how the product will "satisfy" the buyer's need. 4)Illustrate "visualization" the beneficial effects that will result from buying the product. 5)Invite the buyer to purchase the product. "action"

General steps of proposals

1)Introduce the issue. 2)State the problem. 3)Describe the method by which the problem was investigated. 4)Describe the facts learned. 5)Offer explanations and an interpretation of the findings. 6)Offer recommendations, including time lines and budgets. 7)End with a call to action, reiterating your recommendation persuasively.

reports include

1)Preview/summary of reasons for the report; including its scope, methods, and limitations; and main conclusions and recommendations 2)Discussion of the findings/presentation of evidence 3)Key conclusions drawn from evidence 4)Recommendations based on evidence

six-step process of reflective thinking

1. identify the problem 2. conduct research and analysis 3. establish guidelines and criteria 4. generate solutions 5. select the best solution 6. evaluate solution

real-time presentations

A presentation broadcast at the time of delivery; real-time presentations connect the presenter and the audience live and at the same time. synchronous communication

encoding

Creating, organizing, and producing the message -thought into words

Styles of Leadership

Directive: Leader controls group communication by conveying specific instructions to members Supportive: Leader attends to group members' emotional needs, stressing positive relationships Achievement-oriented: Leader sets challenging goals and high standards Participative: Leader views members as equals, welcoming their opinions, summarizing points, and identifying problems that must be solved rather than dictating solutions

Heckler's Veto

Drowning out a speaker's message with which you disagree

performance anxiety

For most people, anxiety is highest just as a speech begins -during the introduction of the speech when we are most aware of the audience's attention

Canons of Rhetoric (5 parts of a speech)

Invention: refers to discovering the types of evidence and arguments you will use to make your case Arrangement: is organizing the evidence and arguments in ways best suited to the topic and audience Style: is the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas Memory: is the practice of the speech until it can be delivered artfully Delivery: is the vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking

Roman numeral outline

Most common format for outlining points main points = roman numerals; supporting = capital letters

All speeches are delivered in response to ___________, or a circumstance calling for a public response.

Rhetorical situation

Video Capture Software

Software used to incorporate video clips into an online presentation. such as Camtasia or Adobe Audition

town hall meeting

Well-known type of forum in which citizens deliberate on issues of importance in the community.

call to action

a challenge to audience members to act in responsive to a speech; placed at conclusion of a persuasive speech. This is done in proposals.

report

a systematic and objective description of facts and observations related to business or professional interests -Reports without recommendations are strictly informative -ones that offer analysis and recommendations combine both informative and persuasive intent.

communication ethics

addresses our responsibilities when seeking influence over other people and for which there are positive and negative, or "right" and "wrong," choices of action.

Vodcast

also called "vidcast" and "video podcasting" is A podcast containing video clips.

Screencast

also called "video screen capture" captures whatever is displayed on a computer, from text to slides to streaming video.

vocal variety

alterations in volume, pitch, speaking rate, pauses, and pronunciation and articulation—must hold audience interest.

preparation anxiety

anxiety arises only when they actually begin to prepare for the speech -immerse yourself in the speech's preparation but calm your nerves by taking short, relaxing breaks

noise

any interference with the message -can be physical (phone ringing, talking or texting) -psychological (heated emotions) -environmental (too-cold of room or unexpected people)

hate speech

any offensive communication—verbal or nonverbal—directed against people's race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, religion, sexual orientation, disability

subordinate points

are given less weight than the points they support and are placed to the right of them

coordinate points

are of equal importance and are indicated by their parallel alignment

Task role

are the hands-on roles that directly relate to the group's accomplishment of its objectives. -Examples include recording secretary (takes notes) and moderator (facilitates discussion).

sales proposal/sales pitch

attempts to lead a potential buyer to purchase a service or a product. Clearly show how the product or service meets the needs of the potential buyer and how it surpasses other options

receiver

audience

Feedback

audience's response to a message (verbally and nonverbally)

Ethnocentrism

avoided -belief that the ways of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures.

summary

brief overview of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories.

small group

collection of between three and twenty people.

thesis statement

concisely identifies, in a single sentence, what the speech is about

working outline

contains points stated in close-to-complete sentences.

message

content of the communication process: thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions

podcast

digital audio recording of a presentation captured and stored in a form that is accessible via the web or an app

four categories of human communication

dyadic, small group, mass, and public speaking

Ethos

ethics is derived from ethos and it means character

pre-performance anxiety

experience anxiety as they rehearse their speech -practice positive self-talk, turning negative thoughts to positive ones

speaking outline

far briefer and uses either short phrases or key words.

symposium

formal meeting at which several speakers deliver short speeches on different aspects of the same topic. -provide audiences with in-depth and varied perspectives on a topic

social role

function to help facilitate effective group interaction -Examples the harmonizer (smoothes over tension by settling differences) and gatekeeper (keeps the discussion moving and gets everyone's input).

Panels, symposia, and forums

group discussions in which multiple speakers share their expertise with an audience forums are convened specifically to discuss issues of public interest. panels, symposia, and forums often may not meet beforehand to coordinate their remarks.

panel discussion

group of people (at least three, and generally not more than nine) discusses a topic in the presence of an audience. Panel discussions do not feature formally prepared speeches

First Amendment

guarantees freedom of speech

Dyadic communication

happens between two people, as in a conversation

Why progress reports are valuable?

help managers determine the value of employees and uncover hidden costs of doing business.

reckless disregard for the truth

if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyway.

Agora

in ancient Greece, a public square or marketplace.

moderator

in panel discussions, these people are used to direct the discussion. -begins by describing the purpose of the panel and introducing panel members -launches the discussion by directing a question -summarizes the discussion and directs questions from the audience

3 general speech purposes

informing, persuading, or marking a special occasion

staff report

informs managers and other employees of new developments that affect them and their work, or reports on the completion of a project or task.

decoding

interpreting the message

Major parts of a speech

introduction: serves to draw the audience's interest to the topic, speaker, and thesis body: contains the speech's main points and subpoints. conclusion: restates the speech thesis and reiterates how the main points confirm it

Small group communication

involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another.

audience-centered perspective

keep the needs, values, attitudes, and wants of your listeners firmly in focus

Copyright

legal protection afforded the creators of original literary and artistic works

Organize your speech around two or three

main points (knowledge or key claims)

Fairness

making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make informed decisions.

civic-minded

means caring about your community, as expressed in your speeches and your deeds.

channel

medium through which the speaker sends a message (air, telephone, televisions, internet).

values

most enduring judgments or standards of what's good and bad in life and of what's important to us.

shared meaning

mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience. -lowest level of shared meaning exists when the speaker has merely caught the audience's attention.

Mass communication

occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people (who usually are not present with the speaker, or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listener.)

Presentational speaking

oral presentations delivered by individuals or teams addressing people in the classroom, workplace, or other group settings. -not the same as formal public speaking

group presentation

oral presentations prepared and delivered by a group of three or more individuals.

visulization

practice of summoning feelings and actions consistent with successful performance (cognitive restructuring- thinking more positive) highly effective method of reducing speech anxiety (close your eyes and visualize a series of positive feelings and actions that will occur on the day of your speech)

Recorded Presentation

presentation in which speaker and audience are separated by time and space and the presentation is stored and played back from a digital medium. Transmission and reception occur at different times in asynchronous communication.

Webinars

real-time seminars, meetings, training sessions, or other presentations that connect presenters and audiences from their computers or mobile devices typically include live video conversation; video capture and screencasting; and functions such as chat, instant messaging, and polling.

proposal

recommends a product, procedure, or policy to a client or company. -try to persuade audience

Online Presentation

require the same basic elements of planning and delivery as in-person presentations.

paraphrase

restatement of someone else's ideas, opinions, or theories in the speaker's own words.

source

sender, creates a message

public speaking anxiety PSA

situation-specific social anxiety that arises from anticipating giving an oral presentation

Communication Process elements

source, the receiver, the message, the channel, and shared meaning

public speaking

speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech

public discourse

speech involving issues of importance to the larger community, such as race relations or immigration reform.

Ethics

study of moral conduct

In a work group what are the two roles you will generally assume

task role social role

fight or flight response

the body's automatic response to threatening or fear-inducing events -can counteract these sensations by activating a relaxation response using techniques such as meditation and controlled breathing.

rhetoric or oratory

the practice of giving speeches was known as

free speech

the right to be free from unreasonable constraints on expression

progress report

updates clients or principals on developments in an ongoing project. -the audience can include people outside the organization as well -long-term projects: progress reports may be given at designated intervals or at the time of specific task completions. short-term projects: reports can occur daily

Plagerism

use of other people's ideas or words without acknowledging the source—is unethical

invective

verbal attacks, designed to discredit and belittle those with whom you disagree ex. arguments that target a person instead of the issue at hand = ad hominem attack

direct quotation

verbatim—or word for word—presentations of statements made by someone else

specific speech purpose

what you want the audience to learn or do as a result of the speech