Spinal Anatomy

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the spine? A. Secrete spinal fluid B. Absorb and Transmit Forces C. Support the Body D. Protection and conduit of the spinal cord and spinal nerves E. Movement and stabilization of the neck and trunk F. Neurological input to the central nervous system

Secrete spinal fluid

Bone, Articular Cartilage, Ligaments, Muscles/Tendons, and Neural Structures are all tissues of the _________.

Spine

Which of the following refers to relating to, occurring on, or affecting only one side of an organ or structure, or of the body?

Unilateral

How many spinal nerves run through the coccygeal spine?

1

Match the characteristics to its part of the intervertebral disc: 1. Outer layer of the disc; made of layers of strong fibrocartilage 2. Inner layer of the disc; has a toothpaste consistency; made of loose collagen fibers and proteoglycans; and has a high water content 3. Is mostly Hyaline cartilage attached to bony endplates; allows nutrients/metabolic waste to pass from vertebral bodies to the disc A. Cartilaginous End Plates B. Annulus Fibrosus C. Nucleus Pulposus

1- B. 2- C. 3- A.

Match the part of the Intervertebral Disc with its respecive characteristics: 1. Outer ring of disc, made of layers of strong fibrocartilage 2. Inner disc, consistency of toothpaste; made of loose collagen fibers and proteoglycans; high water content 3. Mostly hyaline cartilage attached to bony endplates; allows nutrients/metabolic waste to pass from vertebral bodies to disc A. Cartilaginous End Plates B. Nucleus Pulposus C. Annulus Fibrosus

1- C. 2- B. 3- A.

Match the definition with its respective term: 1. An increase or exaggeration of normal kyphosis. 2. A decrease or loss of normal kyphosis. 3. An increase or exaggeration of normal lordosis. 4. A decrease or loss of normal lordosis. A. Hyperlordosis B. Hypokyphosis C. Hypolordosis D. Hyperkyphosis

1- D. 2- B. 3- A. 4- C.

How many spinal nerves run through the thoracic spine?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many intervertebral discs are there?

23

What is the range of motion of the C0-C1 articulation?

25 degrees of flexion/extension

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

What is the primary function of the C1-C2 articulation?

Head rotation

What is the primary range of motion of the C1-C2 articulation?

40-45 degrees of rotation

How many fused segments make the sacrum?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many spinal nerves run through the lumbar spine?

5

How many spinal nerves run through the sacral spine?

5

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many spinal nerves run through the cervical spine?

8

C1 is different from the rest of the cervicals because: (Chose all that apply) A. It has no vertebral body B. It has no Pedicles C. It has no Laminae D. It has no Spinous Process

A. It has no vertebral body B. It has no Pedicles C. It has no Laminae D. It has no Spinous Process

Which of the following make up the Intervertebral Discs? (There are 3) A. Cartilaginous End Plates B. Coccygeal C. Annulus Fibrosis D. Nucleus Pulposus E. Thoracolumnar Facia

A. Cartilaginous End Plates C. Annulus Fibrosis D. Nucleus Pulposus

C2 is different from other cervical vertebrae because: (chose all that apply) A. It has the Odontoid Process (Dens) B. It has no Uncinate Processes C. It is the Axis upon which the atlas turns D. It has large transverse processes

A. It has the Odontoid Process (Dens) B. It has no Uncinate Processes C. It is the Axis upon which the atlas turns

What type of skeleton make up the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities?

Appendicular Skeleton

What type of skeleton makes up the spine, skull and thoracic cage?

Axial Skeleton

Fill in the blank: The ______ curve begins to develop before birth with significant development at 3-4 months as the infant begins to life head and maintain erect posture. The ______ curve develops as the child begins to stand and walk. As the spine grows, the discs and lumbar vertebrae become _______ _______. A. Thoracic; Lumbar; Bulging Discs B. Cervical; Lumbar; Wedge Shaped C. Sacral; Cervical; Spread apart

B. Cervical; Lumbar; Wedge Shaped

What are the Unicnate Processes and where are they located on a typical cervical vertebrae? A. A joint located on the spinous process B. Raised lips located on the lateral aspects of the superior endplate C. Depressions on the lateral aspects of the inferior endplate

B. Raised lips located on the lateral aspects of the superior endplate

Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral nerves exit ______ the corresponding numbered vertebrae.

Below

Which of the following refers to having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides?

Bilateral

The main function of the Uncovertebral Joint is: A. To limit lateral flexion and help prevent lateral disc protrusion B. To function as a gliding mechanism for spinal flexion and extension C. All of the above

C. All of the above

What are the Semilunar Facets, and where are they located on a typical cervical vertebrae? A. A joint located on the spinous process B. Raised lips located on the lateral aspects of th superior endplate C. Depressions on the lateral aspects of the inferior endplate

C. Depressions on the lateral aspects of the inferior endplate

Which cervical vertebral are concidered A-Typical?

C1, C2 & C7

Which cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina?

C1-C7 All cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina

The C4 spinal nerve exits between which two vertebrae?

C3-C4

Which cervical vertebrae are concidered typical?

C3-C6

Which spinal verve is between C7 and T1?

C8 nerve

Which layer of bone is the inner core of "trabeculae" and contains red marrow?

Cancellous or Spongy Bone

Which layer of bone is the dense outer layer or shell; covered by a thin layer of periosteum that is supplied with nerve endings; contains many small foramina to allow for passage for veins and arteries which are visible on real bone?

Compact or Cortical Bone

Having a surface or boundary that is hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl is ___________.

Concave

Which of the following refers to something situated or appearing on, acting on or affect the OPPOSITE side of the body?

Contralateral

Having a surface boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere or the outside part of a bowl is _________.

Convex

The shape and stacking of vertebral bones, discs and attachments of stabilizing musculature help create and maintain ___________ in the spine.

Erect Posture

True or False: Lateral curves should be present in the normal spine and are considered normal.

False Lateral curves should NOT be present in the normal spine and are considered ABNORMAL

True or False: The spinal nerves exit the spinal canal between the vertebrae through the vertebral foramen.

False The spinal nerves exit the spinal canal between the vertebrae through the INTERVERTEBRAL foramen.

True or False: The vertebral artery runs through C1-C7.

False The vertebral artery runs from C1-C6

The Annulus Fibrosis, Nucleus Pulposus, and the Cartilagineous End Plates make up the...

Intervertebral Discs

Which of the following refers to something situated or appearing on, acting on or affecting the SAME side of the body?

Ipsilateral

How is the spinal cord protected within the spine?

It lays inside the vertebral canal

Which term refers to spinal curves that are concave anteriorly?

Kyphosis

Which term refers to spinal curves that concave posteriorly?

Lordosis

Fill in the blank: The nose is a _______ structure, as is the vertebral column.

Medial

Which term of relationship refers to structures that lie in the midline of the body? It is an absolute term, not relational.

Medial

The intervertebral disc and other joints allow for __________ in the spine.

Movement

What is the primary function of the intervertebral discs?

Provide cushion for vertebrae

The T8 nerve exits between which two vertebrae?

T8-T9

The anterior joint between the anterior odontoid facet and the fovea dentalis AND the posterior joint between the posterior odontoid facet and the transverse ligament create which joint?

The Median Atlanto-Axial Joint

Which joints articulate the uncinate processes of one vertebrae and the semilunar facets of another vertebrae?

The Uncovertebral Joints

Which structures travel through the transverse foramina?

The Vertebral Artery

The true Transverse Process (posterior bar + posterior tubericle), the Costol Process (the anterior bar + anterior process), and the Intertubercular Lamella (transverse bar) make up what part of the cervical vertebrae?

Transverse process

True or False: Primary curves are present at birth. (Thoracic and Pelvic)

True

True or False: Secondary curves develop after birth. (Cervical and Lumbar)

True

True or False: The Uncovertebral joints run from C2/C3 to C6/C7.

True

True or false: The cervical nerves exit above the corresponding vertebrae EXCEPT for the C8 nerve that exits below C7.

True