Spinal Anatomy I midterm review
17) Name three structures that make up the vertebral arch. What is an AKA for the vertebral arch?
2 pedicles & 1 lamina, AKA Nueral Canal
9) How many moveable vertebrae are in the adult human spine?
24
10) How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human spine?
31 pairs
7) The primary and secondary curvatures are viewed on which x-ray view?
A-P X-ray view
What are the 6 spinal ranges of motion? Name the axis around which each movement rotates.
Flexion- forward trunk rotation about the x-axis Extension- Backward trunk rotation about the x-axis Left Rotation- Right Sholder forward, right spinous processrotation y-axis Right Rotation- Left Shoulder forward, left Spinous process rotation y-axis Right lateral flexion- Right lateral bending z-axis Left lateral flexion- Left lateral bending z-axis
14) The superior and inferior vertebral notches are created by what boney structure? What is the name of the foramina that these notches form? What runs through these foramina?
Formed by the pedicle. They create the Intervertebral Foramina. the nerve roots run through these.
T/F: it is now thought that the vertebral bodies play a larger role in spinal shock absorption than the intervertebral discs?
True
18) Collectively, the adjacent vertebral foramina make up what space? What passes through this space?
Vertebral Canal. Spinal Cord passes through this.
16) What structures form the posterior joints between 2 adjacent vertebrae? What are these joints called? What kind of cartilage lines these joint surfaces?
Zygapophyseal Joint- Formed by the inferior and superior articular processes of two vertebra. The joint surfaces are lined with hyaline cartilage.
A typical functional spinal unit has how many interbody joints? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
a) 1
A typical functional spinal unit has how many z joints? a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
a) 2
How many true vertebrae form the spinal column of the adult human spine? a) 24 b) 26 c) 28 d) 31
a) 24
for how many degrees of head flexion/extension does the atlanto-axial occipital joint allow? a) 25 b) 55 c) 45 d) 90
a) 25
how many pair of foramina are on the anterior surface of the sacrum? a) 4 b) 10 c) 8 d) 5
a) 4
the sacrum is created by? a) 5 fused segments b) 6 fused segments c) 3 fused segments d) 4 fused segments
a) 5 fused segments
the basilar process of the occiput lies _________ to the foramen Magnum. a) anterior b) posterior c) lateral d) dorsal
a) anterior
the occipital condyles _______ a) are bean shaped b) are located on the axis c) allow for considerable d) are located on the atlas
a) are bean shaped
the spinous processes of the typical cervical vertebrae are considered: a) bifid b) imbricating c) oval d) hachet shaped
a) bifid
regarding the sacrum, how would you describe the apex in relation to the sacral base? a) caudal b) posterior c) ventral d) dorsal
a) caudal
what are the characteristics of a secondary spinal curve? a) developed after birth b) convex posterior c) includes the thoracic curve d) kyphotic curve
a) developed after birth
ribs 11 and 12 are considered a) floating ribs b) true ribs c) false ribs d) typical ribs
a) floating ribs
the cartilaginous end plates are primarily made of: a) hyaline cartilage b) fibrocartilage c) synovial membrane d) cancellous bone
a) hyaline cartilage
what is the name of the bar which connects the anterior and posterior tubercles of the cervical transverse process? a) intertubercular lamella (transverse bar) b) pedicle c) lamina d) transverse process
a) intertubercular lamella (transverse bar)
the superior nuchal line (ridge) is: a) lateral to the EOP b) located on the internal surface of the squamous portion of the occiput c) medial to the occipital condyles and the attachment site for the transverse ligament d) lateral to the external occipital crest
a) lateral to the EOP
this ligament attaches the neck of the rib to the transverse process of one level above. a) superior costotranverse ligament b) intra-articular ligament c) radiate ligament d) lateral costotransverse ligament
a) superior costotranverse ligament
the clivus is located on which bone? a) the occiput b) the atlas c) T1 d) the sacrum
a) the occiput
all of the following are functions of the uncovertebral joints, EXCEPT: a) they transmit the vertebral artery up the cervical spine b) they function as a gliding mechanism in flexion and extension c) they limit lateral flexion d) they help prevent lateral disc herniation
a) they transmit the vertebral artery up the cervical spine
what is the name of the raised lip on each side of the superior, lateral borders of the vertebral bodies of the typical cervical vertebrae? a) uncinate process b) semilunar facets c) anterior tubercles d) superior articular facets
a) uncinate process
what is the AKA for Ventral, Dorsal, Cranial (rostral), caudal?
anterior, posterior, superior, inferior
the first uncovertebral joint occurs between: a) C1-C2 b) C2-C3 c) C6-C7 d) C7-T1
b) C2-C3
which thoracic vertebrae is the last to have both transverse and vertebral body costal facets? a) T9 b) T10 c) T11 d) T12
b) T10
the coccys is normally connected to the sacrum by a) boney fusion b) a small fibrocartilage disc c) a hyaline cartilage disc d) loose areolar connective tissue
b) a small fibrocartilage disc
the atlanto-axial articulation __________ a) is bean-shaped with deep concave/convex surfaces b) allows for 50% more of the y-axis (verticle axis) rotation of the cervical spine c) primarily produces flexion-extension of the head (head-nodding) d) prodices 90 degrees of lateral flexion between C1-C2
b) allows for 50% more of the y-axis (verticle axis) rotation of the cervical spine
the linea transversaria _____ a) are vertical striations on the typical vertebral bodies b) are fused rudimentary intervertebral discs found in the sacrum c) are paired foramina on the anterior side of the sacrum d) are articular tubercles on either side of the sacral hiatus
b) are fused rudimentary intervertebral discs found in the sacrum
the transverse processes in the thoracic spine ________________ a) are thin and blade-like b) are thick and club-like c) have transverse foramina d) have anterior and posterior tubercles
b) are thick and club-like
in what plane are the facet joints of the thoracic spine primarily oriented? a) transverse b) coronal c) sagittal d) horizontal
b) coronal
the cartilaginous endplate: a) covers the facets of the articular processes b) covers the superior and inferior bony endplates of the vertebral bodies c) covers the full costal facets of the typical thoracic vertebrae d) covers the smooth articular surface of the rib tubercle
b) covers the superior and inferior bony endplates of the vertebral bodies
the term "convex" means: a) situated or appearing on or affecting the same side of the body b) having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere. c) situated or appearing on or affecting the opposite side of the body d) having a surface or boundary that is hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl
b) having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.
which of the following is a characteristic of the mid-thoracic spinous processes? a) ends in a clubbed-shape b) imbricating c) semilunar d) bifid
b) imbricating
the center of the vertebral bodies are________ a) made of dense cortical bone b) made of cancellous bone c) made of striated bone d) made of osteophytes and spurs
b) made of cancellous bone
the colliculus atlantis is located on the: a) lateral aspect of the posterior tubercles of typical cervical vertebrae b) medial side of the lateral masses of C1 c) inferior vertebral body of C2 d) the dens of C2
b) medial side of the lateral masses of C1
the elbow is _______ to the wrist and ________ to the shoulder a) median, proximal b) proximal, distal c) median, distal d) distal, proximal
b) proximal, distal
a 10 degree curvature that is viewed on the AP x-ray that shows a convexity on the right side is called a: a) left lateral curvature b) right lateral curvature c) scoliosis d) lordosis
b) right lateral curvature
the intermediate sacral crest a) composed of 4 sacral tubercles b) the homologue of the articular processes c) located on the anterior side of the sacrum d) is also known as the sacral ala
b) the homologue of the articular processes
in a typical costovertebral articulation, the crest of the rib is attached to: a) the intervertebral disc by the lateral costal transverse ligament b) the intervertebral disc by the intraarticular ligament c) the intervertebral disc by the superior costal transverse ligament d) the intervertebral disc by the transverse ligament
b) the intervertebral disc by the intraarticular ligament
which of the following is considered a primary curve? a) cervical b) thoracic c) lumbar
b) thoracic
the tubercle of Rib #8 articulates with the _____ a) transverse costal facet of T7 b) transverse costal facet of T8 c) costal demi-facet of T8 d) costal demi-facet of T7
b) transverse costal facet of T8
the Z joint in the lumbar spine are designed to resist what spinal roation? a) flexion b) vertical rotation c) lateral bending
b) vertical rotation
the superior and inferior articular processes of a typical vertebrae create part of a (an): a) interbody joint b) z joint c) uncovertebral joint d) median alanto-axial joint
b) z joint
The C3 nerve root exists the vertebral canal between:
between C2 and C3
the C8 nerve root exists the vertebral canal between:
between C7 and T1
the typical costovertebral articulations occur from a) T1/R1 to T10/R10 b) T2?R2 to T12/R12 c) T2/R2 to T9/R9 d) T2/R2 to T8/R8
c) T2/R2 to T9/R9
the functional biochemical structure that is created by the cervical articular processes and z joints is often referred to as the a) cervical enlargement b) interbody joint c) articular pillars d) functional spinal unit
c) articular pillars
all of the following are functions of the spine, EXCEPT? a) protects the spinal cord and the spinal nerve root b) provides the neurological input into the CNS c) assists in regulating our circadian rhythm d) supports and stabilizes the body for all movements
c) assists in regulating our circadian rhythm
the annulus fibrosis: a) forms the center of the intervertebral disc b) is the consistency of toothpaste c) forms the outer ring of the intervertebral disc d) is made of smooth hyaline cartilage
c) forms the outer ring of the intervertebral disc
the primary liability concerning the stability of the lumbar spine is the a) sagittal orientation of the lumbosacral articular facets b) presence of strong lumbosacral ligaments c) inclination of the lumbosacral articulation d) limited axial rotation
c) inclination of the lumbosacral articulation
which is true about the atlas? a) it has a large vertebral body b) it has an easily palpated posterior tubercle c) it has the largest transverse foramina in the cervical spine d) allows for considerable y-axis rotation at the atlanto-occipital articulation
c) it has the largest transverse foramina in the cervical spine
which of the following is true about C7? a) it has large transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral artery b) it has a bifid spinous process c) it has uncinate processes d) it has semi-lunar facets
c) it has uncinate processes
Why is T9 considered atypical ? a) it does not have a transverse costal facet b) its spinous process is long and imbricating c) its inferior costal demi-facet is usually very small and often absent d) its transverse processes are created by three small tubercles
c) its inferior costal demi-facet is usually very small and often absent
what is true about C2? a) its pedicles are small and thin b) it has a non-bifid spinous process c) its vertebral body has semi-lunar facets d) it has bean-shaped superior articular facets
c) its vertebral body has semi-lunar facets
which vertebral structures form the superior and inferior borders of the IVF? a) lamina b) intervertebral discs c) pedicles d) vertebral bodies
c) pedicles
which of the following is considered a "false rib" a) rib 6 b) rib 7 c) rib 8 d) rib 11
c) rib 8
the term "contralateral" means: a) situated or appearing on or affecting the same side of the body b) having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward as the exterior of a sphere. c) situated or appearing on or affecting the opposite side of the body d) having a surface or boundary that is hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl
c) situated or appearing on or affecting the opposite side of the body
on the posterior sacrum, the median sacral crest (and tubercles) is the homologue of what vertebral structure? a) Lamina b) articular processes c) spinous processes d) mamillary process
c) spinous processes
the spine is considered part of the: a) the appendicular skeleton d) the horizontal skeleton c) the axial skeleton d) the transverse skeleton
c) the axial skeleton
which of the following structures create the median atlanto-axial joint? a) the superior and inferior articular processes b) the uncinate processes and the semi-lunar facets c) the dens, the fovea dentalis of C1 and the transverse ligament d) the occipital condyles and the lateral masses
c) the dens, the fovea dentalis of C1 and the transverse ligament
the anterior odontoid facet of the dens creates a synovial joint with: a) the inferior articular processes of C2 b) the superior articular processes of C1 c) the fovea dentalis of C1 d) the transverse ligament
c) the fovea dentalis of C1
which of the following ligaments attaches the transverse process to the non-articular surface of the rib tubercle? a) the radiate ligaments b) the interosseous costotransverse ligament c) the lateral costotransverse ligaments d) the superior costotransverse ligament
c) the lateral costotransverse ligaments
the vertebral artery travels through _____ a) intervertebral foramen b) the vertebral foramen c) the transverse foramen d) the ring of atlas
c) the transverse foramen
the rib head of Rib #11 articulates with: a) the vertebral body of T10 b) the vertebral bodies of T10 and T11 c) the vertebral bodies of T11 d) the vertebral bodies of T11 and T12
c) the vertebral bodies of T11
which of the following structures passes through the transverse foramen of C7? a) the vertebral artery b) the spinal nerves c) the vertebral vein(s) d) the intercostal vein
c) the vertebral vein(s)
the semi-lunar facets on the typical cervical vertebrae create part of a (an): a) interbody joint b) z joint c) uncovertebral joint d) median atlanto-axial joint
c) uncovertebral joint
how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the spinal column of the adult human spine? a) 12 b) 24 c) 28 d) 31
d) 31 pairs
How many total costal facet surfaces are located on T10? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
d) 4
the spinal cord ends at what vertebral level? a) L5/S1 b) S1/S2 c) L3/L4 d) L1/L2
d) L1/L2
the sacral fossae _____ a) articulate with the auricular surfaces of the sacrum b) are "ear shaped" surfaces on the lateral aspect of the sacrum c) are large "wing shaped" surfaces lateral to the the sacral base d) are depressions lateral to the lateral sacral crest
d) are depressions lateral to the lateral sacral crest
the zygapophysial (Z) joints in the cervical spine are oriented: a) at approximately 60 degrees to the horizontal plane b) vertically in both the coronal and sagittal planes c) at approximately 120 degrees to the horizontal plane d) at approximately 45 degrees to the horizontal plane
d) at approximately 45 degrees to the horizontal plane
The primary function of the transverse ligament is to: a) prevent axial rotation of the C1-C2 articulation b) prevent anterior shear of occiput c) divide the deep cervical musculature into right and left halves d) hold the dens to the anterior arch of atlas
d) hold the dens to the anterior arch of atlas
the small protuberances of the S5 sacral segment on either side of sacral hiatus are called _________ ________. a) sacral fossa b) sacral tubercles c) sacral groove d) sacral cornu
d) sacral cornu
the vertebral canal in the cervical spine is larger than the thoracic spine to accomodate which of the following? a) the spinal nerves b) the brain stem c) the cauda equina d) the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
d) the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
in the typical costovertebral articulation, the radiate ligament attaches________ a) the neck of the rib to the transverse process above b) the rib tubercle (non-articular) to the transverse process c) the crest of the rib to the intervertebral disc d) the entire rib head to two adjacent vertebrae and the disc in between
d) the entire rib head to two adjacent vertebrae and the disc in between
which of the following anatomical features is unique to the cervical spine? a) vertebral notch b) accessory process c) pars interarticularis d) transverse foramina
d) transverse foramina
the vertebral bodies of the Lumbar Spine are generally what shape? a) heart-shaped b) circular c) wider A-P than laterally d) wider laterally than A-P
d) wider laterally than A-P
What is the aka for the odontoid process?
dens
a coronal plane of the human body will divide into what? what is another name for this plane?
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts, frontal plane.
describe the horizontal plane. what is the AKA for this plane?
divides the body into superior and inferior portions, also known as the transverse plane.
the mid-saggital plane will divide the body into what?
divides the midline of the body into left and right halves
the S5 spinal nerve exists the spine through the _____?
sacral hiatus
the articular surface of the rib tubercle attaches to which of the following? a) the full costal facet on the vertebral body b) the superior costal demi-facets c) the inferior costal demi-facets d) the transverse costal facet
the transverse costal facet
54) What is the sacral cornua?
Sacral Cornua- The would-be tubercle of S5. Two little bumps that frame the hiatus
54) What is the sacral hiatus?
Sacral Hiatus- The opening for the spinal cord at the inferior, posterior aspect of the sacrum
Match each segment to the correct answer Sacral Ala Wolf's Law Accessory process Coccyx Sacrum Apex
Sacral ala is found on the anterior superior lateral aspect of the sacrum Wolf's Law correlates to osteoblast activity accessory process are found inferior or medial on the lumbar transverse processes coccyx is located caudal to the sacral apex Sacrum apex is located caudal to the sacral base
48) How many fused segments form the sacrum? The coccyx? Approximately when do they fuse?
Sacrum- 5, fuses by age 25 Coccyx- 3-5, fuses also by age 25
41) Name 3 anatomical features of a typical rib. Name the true, false and floating ribs.
Typical Rib: Head, Crest, Tubercle, Angle, Attaches via Costal Cartilage to the Sternum True Ribs: T1-7 False Ribs: T8-10 Floating Ribs: T11/12
24) What structures make up the Joints of Luschka? What is another name for these joints? In what part of the spine are Joints of Luschka located? What movement do these joints limit?
Uncovertebral Joints- Formed by the uncinate processes and semi lunar facets on the vertebral bodies of C3-C7. Limit lateral flexion of the neck.
45) Describe the unique orientation of the zygapophysial joints of the lumbar spine. What spinal movement does this orientation primarily allow? What spinal movement does this orientation primarily resist?
"J-Shaped," allows flexion/extension, resists rotation around the y axis
23) How are the zygapophysial joints of the cervical spine oriented? (And for which movement do they allow?)
45 Degrees to the transverse plane. Allows rotation and flextion/extension
25) The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are viewed on what x-ray view?
A-P(Anterior-Posterior) Oblique
11) Name the 3 parts of the intervertebral disc. Each part is made of what kind of cartilage?
Anulus Fibrosus- Fibrocartilage Nucleus Pulposus- loose collagen fibers and proteoglycans Cartlaginous Endplates- Hyaline Cartilage
22) The superior and inferior articular processes of the typical cervical vertebrae and the inferior articular processes of C2 collectively create what functional unit?
Articular Pillars
31) With what structures does C2 articulate superiorly? What is the primary movement of this articulation?
Articulates with: Inferior Articular Surfaces of C1, Fovea Dentalis, Transverse Ligament. Allows for R/L Rotation
28) What is another name for C1? Name 2 anatomical characteristics that make it unique from the typical cervical vertebrae.
Atlas No vertebral body, Pedicles, lamina, or spinous process
39) The rib head of Rib #6 attaches to which vertebral bodies? Name the typical costovertebral articulations?
Attaches to T5/6. Costocentral articulation (rib head to VB), Costotransverse articulation (tubercle of rib to transverse process)
Ligament: Supraspinous Ligament (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Along the tops of the spinous processes (C7-Sacrum) Spinal Movement Resisted: Resists flexion
Ligament: Anterior Longitudinal (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Basioppicital along ant. VB's to Sacrum Spinal Movement Resisted: Resists Extension
Ligament: Intertransverse Ligament (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Between adjacent TP's (mostly in thoracic) Spinal Movement Resisted: Resists Lateral Flexion
Ligament: Interspinous Ligament (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrea (starting at C2/3 to L4/5) Spinal Movement Resisted:Resists flexion
Ligament: Intervertebral Disc (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Bony endplates of one VB to the one below Spinal Movement Resisted: Resists Compressive forces to the spine
Ligament: Posterior Longitudinal (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: Posterior VB's, from C2 to Sacrum Spinal Movement Resisted: Resists Flexion
Ligament: Ligamentum Flavum (Answer Attachments and Spinal Movement Resisited)
Attachments: The anterior lamina of one vertebra to the posterior lamina of the vertebra below (C2/3 to L4/5) Spinal Movement Resisted: Assistis in Extension, slows flexion.
52) What is the articular surface on the lateral aspect of the sacrum called? With what does it articulate?
Auricular Surface- it articulates with auricular surface of the os coxa
44) Name 2 unique things about the 5th lumbar vertebra.
Body is wedge shaped. Big pedicles and TP's. Tiny Spinous Processes
which vertebra has the largest bifid spinous process?
C2
21) Which vertebrae have a "transverse bar"? What is an AKA for this bar?
C3-C7 have a Intertubecular Lamella
34) What is the Vertebral Prominens? Name 2 anatomical differences between C7 and T1.
C7: • Transverse Foramen • Uncincate Processes on superior VB • Change in orientation between Superior and Inferior Articular Processes T1:• Full Costal Facet on VB • Costal Facets of TP's • Small demi costal facet on inferior aspect of lateral/posterior VB
6) Which curve becomes apparent as an infant begins to lift their head?
Cervical Curve
12) Describe the differences between the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies.
Cervical- • Rectangular shaped • Has semi lunar facets and uncinate processes • Anterior, inferior lip Thoracic- • Heart shaped • Has full/demi costal facets Lumbar- • Bean shaped- wider laterally than A-P • L5 is wedge shaped (viewed laterally)
54) What is the coccygeal cornua?
Coccygeal Cornua- Little lumps near the base on the posterior aspect
42) Name 2 costocorporeal ligaments. Name 3 costotransverse ligaments.
Costocorporeal: • Intr-articular Ligament • Radiate Ligament • Capsular Ligament Costotransverse: • Interosseus Costotransverse Ligament • Lateral Costotransverse Ligament • Superior Costotransverse Ligament
30) What is another name for C2?Name 2 anatomical characteristics that make it unique from the other typical vertebrae.What is another name for the dens?
Epistropheus- Includes the Dens largest bifid spinous process no uncinate process (only semilunar facets to articulate with uncinate process of C3) the vertebral body is strangely shaped Dens = Odontoid Process
T/F: Bone is not a living tissue.
False
T/F: C1 has a semi- lunar facet that attaches to the lateral masses of C2.
False
T/F: C2 to C7 are considered typical spinal vertebrae.
False
T/F: C2 vertebral body has a Uncinate process
False
T/F: C7 is the last cervical vertebrae to have a bifid spinous process.
False
T/F: Characteristics of a Primary spinal curve include; development after birth and it involves the Lumbar and Thoracic spine regions.
False
T/F: Characteristics of a secondary spinal curve include; development after birth and it involves the pelvis and thoracic spine regions.
False
T/F: The C7 spinal nerve exits between C8/T1 vertebrae Inter-Vertebral Foramina.
False
T/F: The Colliculus Atlantis is a tubercle placed on anterior arch of Axis.
False
T/F: The Intervertebral disc is made up of only hyaline cartilage.
False
T/F: The Primary functional movement for C1-C2 is head nodding (flexion, extension).
False
T/F: the colliculus atlantis is a tubercle placed on lateral mass of Dens
False
T/F: the verterbal foramen are larger in the Lumbar spine to accomodate for the vertebral artery.
False
27) What is the name of the large hole found in the occiput? What goes through it?
Foramen Magnum- Medulla Oblingata runs through it
33) What is the name of the articular surface found on the inside surface of the anterior arch of atlas, just posterior to the anterior tubercle? With what does it articulate?
Fovea Dentalis- Articulates with the anterior aspect of the dens.
13) What kind of bone makes the up the inner vertebral body?
Inner- Cancellous/Spongy Bone
15) What structures form the anterior joint between 2 adjacent vertebrae? What is this joint called?
Interbody Joint- formed by two adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs they share.
8) An abnormal lateral curvature (or scoliosis) is viewed on which x-ray view?
Lateral x-ray view
6) Which curve develops as the child begins to walk?
Lumbar Curve
43) Name 2 anatomical differences between a typical lumbar vertebra and a typical thoracic vertebra.
Lumbar have Mamillary and Accessory processes Lumbar Sup/Inf Create a J shape to resist rotation around the Y axis.
50) Name all of the crests found on the sacrum.
Median, Intermediate, Lateral
29) With what structures does C1 articulate superiorly? What is the primary movement of this articulation?
Occipital Condyles- allows flexion/extension
36) How are the zygapophysial joints of the thoracic spine oriented?What spinal movement does this orientation primarily allow?What movement does this orientation primarly resist?
Oriented 60-75 degrees to the transverse plane. Allows for rotation, resists flexion/extension and lateral flexion
13) What kind of bone makes the up the outer shell of the vertebral body?
Outer- Compact/Cortical Bone
46) What is the pars interarticularis? What is a fracture of the pars called? The pars is viewed best on what x-ray view?
Pars is the curly end bit of the "J" (posterior aspect of the pedicle/lamina/Superior Articular process). The fracture is a spondylolysis. It is best viewd on a Lumbar A-P Oblique X-Ray.
26) On what portion of the occiput is the external occipital protuberance found?
Prominent tubercle on the Posterior portion of the occiput
which atypical vertebrae has 3 tubercles instead of a typical transverse process? a) C1 b) T12 c) T1 d) L5
b) T12
47) What is spondylolysis? Spondylolisthesis? Lumbarization? Sacralization?
Spondylolysis- fracture of the Pars Interarticularis (usually by extreme/forced hyper extention of lumbar spine) Spondylolisthesis- When the VB slides forward after fracturing the Pars Interarticularis Lumbarization- When a segment or portion of the sacrum did not fuse with the others- looks like a 6th lumbar (either a full 6 th lumbar, or half lumber half sacrum) Sacralization- When a portion of L5 fuses with the Sacrum.
37) How many costal demifacets are there are on T4? How many costal facets are located on the T12? How many pairs of costal facets are located on the T1?
T4- 4 T12- 2 T1- 3
51) What are the fused rudimentary discs on the sacrum called?
The Linea Transveresrii
38) What is unique about T10, T11 and T12?
The have a full costal facet on the vertebral bodies
53) With what does the superior articular facets of the sacrum articulate? With what does the sacral base articulate.
The inferior articular facets of the L5. The base articulates with the VB of L5
20) What is the name of the foramen on the transverse process of the typical cervical vertebrae? What runs through these foramina?
Transverse Foramen- The vertebral artery runs through this (runs C1-C6 only)
32) Name the ligament that attaches to the small tubercles on the medial aspect of the lateral masses of C1 and the posterior aspect of the dens.What are these small tubercles called?What is the primary function of this important ligament?
Transverse Ligament. Small Tubercles = Caliculus Atlantis Function: To keep the dens in place
T/F: C2 is the first Cervical Vertebrae to have a bifid spinous process.
True
T/F: C7 is considered the Vertebral Prominence 70-75% of the time.
True
T/F: Spina bifida is a failure for lamina to come together to form a spinous process.
True
T/F: The spinal cord is shorter than the Spinal canal.
True
T/F: Transverse foramina are unique to the cervical spine.
True
T/F: dens is the AKA for the odontoid process
True
40) What articulates with the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra?
Tubercle of Rib
19) What is a Functional Spinal Unit (FSU)?
Two adjacent vertebra with all their ligaments, muscles, tendons.
what is the AKA for the term "anterior"?
Ventral
The Apex of the Sacrum is ____ to the sacral base? a) Caudal b) Coronal c) superior d) posterior
a) Caudal
what are the characteristics of a secondary spinal curve? a) includes thoracic curve b) forms after birth c) convex posteriorly d) kyphotic
b) forms after birth
this feature is unique to the lumbar spine a) imbricating segments b) lamina c) mamillary process d) transverse foramen
c) mamillary process
the cartilaginous endplate is: a) toothpaste like b) the center of the IVD c) made of fibrocartilage d) made of hyaline cartilage
d) made of Hyaline cartilage
49) Which spinal nerves exit the posterior sacral foramina?
the Anterior and Posterior Rami of S1-4 nerve roots exit from their respective anterior and posterior sacral foramina
35) Name 3 anatomical characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebra.
• Thick, club shaped TP's • Demi Costal Facets on Inf/Sup VB • Costal Facets on Transverse Processes • Heart shaped VB • Sup/Inf Articular Processes orients 60 degrees to transverse plane
