Sport and Exercise Nutrition Exam 1

the metabolic changes associated with endurance training allow an athlete to

-achieve a greater vo2max -sustain a higher % of vo2max during prolonged exercise -run faster for a given vo2

All true statements:

-muscle glycogen provides 1 more ATP from anaerobic glycolysis vs glucose. -elite endurance runners have a high proportion of type 1 fibers in their leg muscles -liver glycogen is important in maintaining blood glucose concentration

the capacity of the endurance-trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel results in

-reduction in lactic acid formation -sparing of muscle glycogen -sparing of blood glucose

3 components of energy expenditure and their approximate % of energy expenditure that each accounts for

-resting metabolic rate (60-75%) -diet-induced thermogenesis (10%) -thermic effect of exercise (15-30%)

which of the following releases the most energy when completely oxidized in the body?

1 gram of palmitic acid

of the __ amino acids normally found in dietary protein, humans can synthesize ___. HINT: how many essential amino acids are there?

20;11

A normal blood glucose concentration is ___ mmol/L. When the blood glucose concentration changes to ____, we refer to this condition as hypoglycemia.

5.5 mmol/L 3 mmol/L

the energy released from the breakdown of the high-energy phosphates, ATP and phosphocreatine, can sustain maximal exertion exercise for about

6-10.5 sec

Approximately, how many minutes of sub maximal exercise (at club-level marathon pace) would muscle and liver glycogen stores in a well-nourished athlete be sufficient to sustain, if this were the only energy source used?

90 minutes

Which of the following lipids is not considered a fuel source for ATP production? a. lipoprotein b. plasma triglycerides associated with VLDL or chylomicrons c. intramuscular triglycerides d. free fatty acids bound to albumin in the circulation blood

A. lipoprotein

CHO's are stored in relatively small amounts in muscle and liver. CHO stores can become completely depleted after prolonged, strenuous exercise. When muscle glycogen and liver glycogen become depleted, blood glucose levels will begin to decline in an attempt to continue to fuel vigorous exercise.

ALL TRUE

The energy for all forms of muscle contraction is provided by

ATP

For high force contractions laying 1 to 2 seconds, the initial energy source is:

ATP stores

The two principle contractile proteins found in skeletal muscle are:

Actin and Myosin

RER=

CO2/O2

What are monosaccharides, sucrose, fiber, and glycogen examples of?

Carbohydrates

The term nutrition refers to:

Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, and Ingestion of food

the two most important hydrogen (electron) carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are

FAD and NAD

TRUE/FALSE: Insoluble fiber helps to store carbohydrate in the liver.

FALSE

the most important rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis is

Phosphofructokinase

characteristic of type 1 muscle fibers (slow-twitch fibers)

Red, oxidative, slow contracting

TRUE: Insoluble fiber decreases the transit time of fecal matter through the intestines.

TRUE: Soluble fiber is known to lower blood cholesterol concentrations and normalize blood glucose and helps maintain healthy populations of friendly bacteria.

TRUE/FALSE: essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the body, are therefore required for some critical functions throughout life, and are required in the diet for growth, health, and survival.

True

indirect calorimetry uses what measurement to determine caloric expenditure associated with a given activity and intensity?

VO2

Fast-twitch fibers contain:

a relatively small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity

In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the proportional contribution of:

anaerobic energy production

lipolysis in adipose tissue refers to

breakdown of triaclyglycerol into FFA and glycerol

direct calorimetry measures energy expenditure by measuring

carbohydrate and fat oxidation

the primary function of the krebs cycle is to

complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (i.e., form of NADH and FADH2)

The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the

cytoplasm

TRUE/FALSE: of the 2.0 to 2.8 L of daily water intake, 95% is usually in the form of fluids and the rest is obtained from food

false

What are the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?

fat-soluble: A, D, E, K water-soluble: B & C vitamins

Glycolysis is the name given to the pathway involving the conversion of:

glycogen or glucose to pyruvate

aerobic resynthesis of ATP occurs

in the mitochondria in a process called oxidative phosphorylation

The rate limiting enzyme in the krebs cycle is

isocitrate dehydrogenase

muscle lactate production increases when

pyruvate cannot be converted to acetyl CoA because oxygen levels are low

Vitamins

serve as regulators and links in the processes of energy release from food, are important cofactors in various chemical reactions, and are important in maintaining homeostasis. They do not provide energy

Examples of Insoluble fiber

skins of fruit, nuts and seeds

Examples of Soluble fiber

the flesh of the fruit

TRUE/FALSE: Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals, including humans

true

TRUE/FALSE: absence of an essential nutrient from the diet or inadequate intake will result in characteristic signs of a deficiency, disease, and ultimately death.

true

the new production of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis is

two from glucose and three from glycogen