sport final
Stage of Development, Stage, and Structure are three attributes we can use to help explain a sports popularity. When it comes to Broadcasting rights revenue, the NFL got out in front of baseball in the 1960's. Which of the follow best describes football's 1. stage of development, 2. the stage and 3. the structure that enabled football to gain a competitive advantage
1. Professional football was fairly young (relative to professional baseball) and had just created a new league (AFL). 2. Football was a better TV sport than baseball (which was hard to follow on the small grainy black and white sets). 3. There were two competing leagues and football was able to share broadcast revenue, negotiate as a league and skirt anti-trust violations
ex Schramm said this about a certain decade. " It was the decade in which everybody became watchers instead of doers. Television meant the end of minor league baseball as we had known it and also minor league entertainment. Why pay to see a stage show with one big name and no other talent, when you could turn on your TV and watch the best entertainers in the world." What decade was it?
1950s
Avery Brundage's Olympic administration is marked by these related events
As president of the USOC he supported US participation in the Nazi Olympics in 1936 and in 1968 as President of the IOC he clumsily ordered Carlos and Smith removed from the games
Before the feminist movement began in the late 1960's, this women felt compelled to run the Boston Marathon to demonstrate to the world that women's physiology could indeed handle 26 miles. She knew women could complete a marathon. Who was this woman and how did she know? radical lesbian feminists because they lacked a sense of humor and took running seriously Kay Switzer because she knew competitors were allowed to walk Billie Jean King because tennis matches last over 3 hours Bobbi Gibb because she had already completed 40 mile training runs
Bobbi Gibb because she had already completed 40 mile training runs
fifty years ago _________ said " I know that America is more interested in the grace of a man's swing, in the dexterity of his cutting a base, and his speed afoot, in his scientific body control, in his excellence as a competitor on the field, - America, wide and broad, ... will become instantly more interested in those marvelous, beautiful qualities than they are in the pigmentation of a man's skin." In retrospect however, black athlete excellence was _________
Branch Rickey transformed into evidence of racial differentiation
A religious leader and social activists said this about a sports figure in the 1960's "Not many people know the quality of the mind he's got in there. He fools them. One forgets that though a clown never imitates a wise man, the wise man can imitate the clown. He is sensitive, very humble, yet shrewd - with as much untapped mental energy as he has physical power. He should be a diplomat." Who was the athlete ..
Cassius Clay
When boxer Joe Louise beat Max Schmeling much of the US embraced the Brown Bomber as an American Hero. That was a change from when Jack Johnson went to Fight Billy Wells in England and the fight was canceled. Why was Louise embraced?
Correct Louis was a symbol for American values of " one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all " in contrast to Germany's ideology of Aryan superiority.
Which is NOT a direct or indirect result of the 1961 Broadcast Rights Act
Ended the anti-trust exemption for baseball
n the 1970's, the baseball the union leader, Marvin Miller, had a multi-prong strategy to increasing salaries for the players. Which of the following was part of that strategy
Free agency for players with over 6 years in the league CBA that increased the minimum salary salary arbitration for players in the league for over 3 years
Who is Branch Rickey?
General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers during the 1940's. Previously developed the major league baseball farm system, but best known for signing Jackie Robinson and ushering him into the major leagues.
In 1926, this athlete so captured the imagination of the nation after setting the world record, it was reported that 2 million people lined the streets of New York to celebrate this accomplishment. Which athlete is it?
Gertrude Ederle
Going into the 1960 season the AFL and ABC were the beneficaries of NBC's decision to drop this program.
Gillete Calvacade of Sports
In the 1950's men felt both comforted and trapped by their corporate/suburban/family lives. They longed for something more. The iconic image that captured this social angst and foreshadowed dramatic changes to come was the man in the Hathaway shirt because
He also had an eye patch, hinting at an adventurous rebellious spirit
a founding principle that shaped the nature of the athlete and determined who was allowed to participate in the Olympics was undermined by the 1974 eligibility code. The new rule got the IOC out of the business of policing amateurism and allowed ____________ to establish eligibility. colleges and universities International sport federations (IF) countries the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)
International sports federation
who is roone alridge
Invented modern coverage of sports on television; he created the Wide World Of Sports, developed new uses of cameras, and came up with numerous other ways to make games entertaining to fans and profitable for television
According to Crosset, 1958 was a watershed year for sport in America, two events took place to transform the national pastime. In that year, Dodgers moved to LA and the championship game between the Colts and Giants captured the attention of the public in the televised championship game. Why is the Dodgers move important
It violated the trust between ownership and fans because it was the first time a profitable team moved to become more profitable
This athlete suffered persecution by the federal government. Recently President Trump pardon this athlete. This athlete and the president have been accused of similar offenses. Who is the athlete and what is the offense
Jack Johnson engaging in immoral behavior with women
In the early 1970's, three major, related, social changes transformed American society and women's sport. 1. the passage of Title IX of the education act of 1972 , which ______________ 2. dramatic increases in youth sport training for girls and boys and 3. _____________________ which enable women to have more control over their own bodies a Which made steroids legal for women, Barred coaches from spending more than 20 hours a week with athletes b. Made it illegal to discriminate or deny educational opportunities based on sex, a series of Supreme court rulings regarding "family planning", including Roe V. Wade c. Forced athletic departments to give the same amount of money to women's sports as they give men's sport. Overturning of article 2 of the constitution d. Overturned Plessey vs Fergusson (separate but equal) Made it legal to bus kids out of the inner city to go to school in the suburbs
Made it illegal to discriminate or deny educational opportunities based on sex, a series of Supreme court rulings regarding "family planning", including Roe V. Wade
Women's Professional baseball gained a solid foothold in these places during WWII
Mid-western, military industrial towns like Rochester and Rockland
W.E.B. Du Bois' in his 1903 The Souls of Black Folks where he wrote "One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder." His contemporary and college educated athlete wrote similarly. Who is it?
Moses Fleetwood Walker
There was considerable discontent for young men in the 1960's and 1970's. The image of the ideal man as the responsible corporate family man was losing it's appeal. Two celebrity athletes ahead of their time, demonstrating alternative expressions of masculinity in the 1960's were
Muhammad Ali and Joe Namath
Drawings from the 1500's suggest that the idea for basketball came from ............
Native Americans
Dr. Harry Edwards was, in part, the cause of one episode in long history of black athletes fighting for social justice. Who was he
Organizer of the Olympic Human Rights Project
Who is Bill Veeck a. innovative Madison Square Garden promoter (with Tex Rickard) b. brings back ladies days in Cincinnati c. Helps to create and manage the LPGA for the Golf Manufactures association d. Owner of the Cleveland Indians and innovative MLB promoter
Owner of the Cleveland Indians and innovative MLB promoter
TV made this athlete famous. Who is Gorgeous George
Professional Wrestler
Bryan Fogel is the journalist behind the documentary, Icarus. Almost by accident he ends up exposing ___________ and highlights the hypocrisy of the notion that the Olympics are ________________
Russia's state supported doping program free of politics
One of the richest and most celebrated female athletes of the last century whose post amateur career included movies, products, and extravagant exhibitions
Sonja Heine
Two Reasons for baseball attendance drop in the early 1950's are
TV and increase in suburban family recreation
The decades on either side of the last century (1890-1910) was a period of globalization (trade, communication, ideas). Congruent with the times was the creation of this event at a conference of sport administrators led by a young French physical educator
The Olympics
The decades on either side of the last century (1890-1910) was a period of globalization (trade, communication, ideas). Congruent with the times was the creation of this event at an international conference of sport administrators led by a young French physical educator
The Olympics
In 1905 MIT and Columbia dropped football because
The sport was too brutal. Young men were dieing
According to your reading on the media coverage of Title IX around 1974, narratives emphasized this particular line of thinking which did not prove to be true ...
Title IX would radically change/harm men's sports
In retrospect the integration of baseball became a model for integration in America. Historians argue that as positive as this change was for American Society it also had a downside. This path to integration had what short coming?
Undermined black run organizations and businesses by pulling "talent" away
One way to think about the popularity of certain sports and recreational activities is to assess how they fit (are congruent with) a society or how they fulfill a need (compensate for what is missing) of a society. Presently one of the hottest spectator and participatory sports are e-sports. Using the notion that popular sports need to be congruent with a society which of the following explains e-sports popularity
We are spending more time on screens/computers and e-sports fits easily into this change in our daily life
Crosset likes to say there are two seemingly contradictory stories we can tell about America are ____________ and __________. The first could be the story told through people like Avery Brundridge and the "white washing" of Moses Fleetwood Walker out of the history of baseball. The second could be told through the likes of Jack Johnson or the 1964 St Louis Cardinals victory over the Yankees.
White supremacy amalgamation
The rules of women's basketball from the 1890's, the restrictions on women running the 800 meters, and Dudley Sargent's concern about women athletes nervous system have their roots in this notion about this "natural" difference between men and women.
Women have a closed energy system that can not be replenished. Expending too much energy can have detrimental effects on women's health and her ability to reproduce
1968 was a year of protest and demonstration for human rights across the globe. The gold medalist in the 400 meters in the Mexico City Olympics was Lee Evans from __________ and he demonstrated his support for ___________ by wearing _________________ on the awards stand.
a. United States, Black Power Movement, wearing black beret.
960's Football owners were more likely to _____________ than the _______________ and as a result voted to ________________
act in unison/ baseball owners/ share revenue
Babe Didrickson Zaharias was
all the above
Jack Johnson in words and deeds, set himself apart from other Civil Rights of his day by promoting which path to racial justice a. amalgamation and and economic power via enterprise b. Educational Uplift and hard work c. Equal rights and respectability d. free love and access to the arts
amalgamation and and economic power via enterprise
Sport Illustrated did not make a profit until the mid sixties when the editors
b and c
Who is Billie Jean King a. wrestling promoter - helped to create Gorgeous George b. Founder of the Women's Sports Foundation c. Owner of the Newark Eagles d. Tennis star and founder of the Virginia Slims Tournaments e. b. and d
b and d
In this Olympics, the US out medaled the Soviet Union for the first time in 12 years, Bob Beamon set the long jump mark that stood for two decades, Dick Fosberry revolutionized the High Jump by going over backwards, and Harvard rowers supported black activists. What Olympic year was this
b. Mexico City 1968
The racist and autocratic leadership of ___________ banished __________________ after the Nazi Olympics. He eventually made peace and became a spokesperson for the every people that harmed him. He was later challenged by ________________ as a leader of African American athletes
b. The AAU, Jessie Owens, Olympic Athletes at the 1968 games
An idea hatched by Veeck in 1952 in attempt to benefit his small market baseball team, was modified by Rickey in his proposed Continental League, and was operationalized by Lamar Hunt of the AFL. a. Using colleges as a farm system and and negotiating league wide television contracts b. sharing TV revenue equally among teams and negotiating broadcasting rights as a league c. salary cap on the top players and minimum slaraies d. expansion fees and drafts
b. sharing TV revenue equally among teams and negotiating broadcasting rights as a league
Part of the reason football surpassed baseball as the most popular sport to watch was that baseball owners were slow to innovate and to respond to dropping attendance in the 1950's. Baseball owners and the league office may have been preoccupied by 7 congressional hearings in 10 years, players jumping to the Mexican league, law suits, and a demand to incorporate the Pacific Coast League. All of these distractions were related to _____________ and put them on the defensive a. Tom Yawkey Correctb. baseball's anti trust exemption c. unfair labor practices d. racism
baseball's anti trust exemption
Going into the 1930's the US and Germany shared much in common. Both nation sates supported racial segregation and embraced de-globalization. But with Germany going to war against US allies in Europe the US needed to distinguish itself from Germany and Adolf Hitler. What role did Sport play in that effort? Promoting American sports like baseball, football, volleyball and basketball overseas. This war effort was a form of cultural imperialism and undermined German aggression. by playing up the ethnicity and race of athletes from racial and ethnic minorities (i.e. the Brown Bomber, the Hammering Hebrew) The US could demonstrate it's inclusiveness and equal treatment of all citizens. investment in improving US world cup soccer team to demonstrate the superiority of the US economic system Winning the olympics. the US propaganda machine used the Olympics victory to promote the possibility of a military victory in Europe.
by playing up the ethnicity and race of athletes from racial and ethnic minorities (i.e. the Brown Bomber, the Hammering Hebrew) The US could demonstrate it's inclusiveness and equal treatment of all citizens.
Overall --articles and video's, listening to Crosset, leaves one with the impression that the 1970's through the 1990's Sports grew and generated more revenues. Owners, sponsors, sport managers all seemed to benefit. Athletes too gained more freedom, higher incomes and more power during this time with one exception.
college athletes
After WWI, the push to be "100% American" reflected the progressive era's anti-immigrant ideology and de-globalization. Scapegoating Jews and immigrants was one narrative associated with the Black Sox Scandal. Popular media blamed "aliens" for corrupting the American Game. After WWII a similar narrative was used to explain point shaving in which sport
college basketball
Regents versus NCAA was a court case settle in the Supreme Court in 1984. This case further solidified the power of athletic departments over college athletes at "the big time" football schools by __________________. The NCAA was able to recover __________________ Today the five power conferences generate over $6 billion in revenue.
concentrating and increasing profits from football broadcasting rights on to fewer schools and thus increasing the pressure on coaches and players to perform well. the loss in revenue from the recently expanding ESPN March Madness basketball broadcasting rights.
Women's 5 on 5 full court basketball started replacing women's 6 on 6 basketball in the late 1950's. Nonetheless the game persisted in pockets of the midwest. Girls were still playing 6 on 6 basketball in Oklahoma in the 1990's. Think about the invention of of 6 on 6 rules for women's basketball at the turn of the last century within the context of the congruent vs. compensatory framework. Were these rules that made women's basketball distinct from the men's game congruent with gender norms in American Society in the 1880's or were they compensating for something that was lacking in these women's lives?
congruent
Shook up the world: Place the following sport innovations in chronological order (oldest to most recent) a) Curt Flood challenged the reserve clause in law suit against Major League baseball b) Jack Johnson becomes the first black man to win the heavyweight championship of the world c) The Negro Leagues play their last game d) 6 on 6 basketball for women is invented e) Bobbi Gibb runs the Boston Marathon
d b c e a
According to Gladwell, what Marvin Miller started in Baseball spread to other industries, including banking, fashion and the movie industry. To paraphrase Gladwell, " the talent" shared a greater part of the revenue and even ownership of these industries with those that put up the capital. However, Gladwell, suggests that .. a. The revolution is not complete, owners still have too much control b. It has not happened in football nor in academia. Lineman and professors don't get paid what they are worth c. Olympic athletes are not getting their fair share. d. The scales have been tilted too far in the direction of talent. And talent has gotten greedy
d. The scales have been tilted too far in the direction of talent. And talent has gotten greedy
Plessy vs Ferguson (supreme court ruling that legalized separate but equal) contributed to the disenfranchisement of African Americans. For all its injustice, this court ruling also enabled ___________ to happen in the world of sport
d. the development of black leagues, organizations and sport managers
Place the following facts in chronological order (oldest to most recent) a) Supreme court allows baseball to reserve players b) Radovich beats the NFL in court ensuring that the reserve clause does not apply to football c) Gardella sues MLB d) Napolean Lajoie jumps to the American League e) Billie Jean King and 8 other women start a new professional tennis league
dacbe
Recall that William Hulbert kicked two teams out of his league after they failed to play the last meaningless games of the season in order to save money. By kicking them out, Hulbert enhanced the public's trust in baseball. Why?
demanded that owners put capital at risk and therefore pressuring them assemble a competitive team that would attract fans
Danny Gardella's court case, although settled out of court, is important because a. it reduced gambling on baseball b. Made it illegal to discriminate against black athletes c. demonstrated the courts were not inclined to uphold the reserve clause d. allowed players to move freely between the Mexican Leagues and MLB
demonstrated the courts were not inclined to uphold the reserve clause
According to the lectures there have been four waves of black athlete activism. When Flood sued MLB and when Carlos and Smith made their demonstration on the awards stand in '68 it was a cry/plea for ____________ Black athlete activism in the 1930-1940's the efforts of Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson were protestations __________
dignity for access
Crosset argues that the structure and the culture of NCAA DI sport encourages athletics to take precedence over academics. This started in the late sixties and early 70's because a. coaches sought more control over athletes after a series of protests in 68-9 b. NCAA passed rules that eliminated the 4 year scholarship - making athletes beholden to coaches c. The coaching profession became higher pressure due to the increased costs and potential revenue and as a result coaches felt compelled to control their athletes d. Reduction in academic requirements combined with remedial in-house academic tutoring programs e. all of the above
e all the above
Harness racing's hippodroming and college basketball gambling scandals are similar in which respect (hippodroming is the process of increasing suspense and interest over a series of races by purposefully trading wins with other trotters by "holding back" the faster horses)
fosters a lack of trust in the fans that the event is honest
Baseball writers and advocates emphasized "integrity, loyalty and Americanism" as a remedy for what ailed baseball after the Black Sox scandal. It also ushered in a period of ____________ prohibition and control over __________. Almost a century later MLB signaled a different approach by signing an agreement with ____________
gambling player behavior MGM casinos
Follow the Black Sox scandal MLB installed Judge Landis as commissioner. The formation of the NCAA occurred after reports death and injury of college students at the turn of the last century. The recent restructuring of FIFA followed corruption charges. These moments in history suggest public distrust of sport results ..... in shifts of managerial control in dramatic falls in attendence in increases in player power over their own careers lower ticket prices
in shifts of managerial control
Opportunities for women in sport have increased dramatically over the past forty years. Yet the experience of male and female athletes remains different in fundamental ways. One difference highlighted in the reading Running While Female is that ...
male runners do not face sexual harassment when they go out for a run
From the late 40's and early 50's Through the 70's baseball players challenged the reserve clause. One person instrumental in dismantling the reserve clause was not a player. a. Danny Gardella b. Catfish Hunter c. Kurt Flood d. Marvin Miller
marvin miler
Sonny Vaccaro convinced Phil Knight to invest all of Nike's marketing dollars for athlete endorsements into one recent college graduate in the mid 80's. Then Nike made a commercial that disavowed their shoes having an impact on his performance which features a relatively unknown (at the time) film maker Spike Lee. Who was the athlete.
mj
Owners are very powerful as illustrated by their ability to get taxpayers to help fund sport. According to your reading, presently about 70% of the capital cost of NFL ___________ has been provided by taxpayers
stadiums
Which of the following was NOT a reason that Branch Rickey signed Jackie Robinson
tapping the California market
Spermatic control theory gained popularity in the mid 19th century and supported the notion
that male superiority was based in biology and was demonstrated through a man's control over his sexual desires
The massacre of student protesters by the Mexican government prior to the 1968 Olympics, Hitler's promotion of Nazi Germany via the Olympics, the US governments use of black athletes on goodwill missions, and the hostile reaction to Carlos and Smiths Black Power salute all illustrate _____________ options: of White supremacy that the Olympic games are inherently political that the power of the press is weakened by TV that professional sport is less controversial
that the Olympic games are inherently political
Soap Box Derby and Little League Baseball were created in the 1930's but gained extraordinary popularity in the 1950's in part as a result of this change in American culture
the development of suburban residential living
The University of Massachusetts likes to promote it's turn of the last century athletic success -- a rowing victory over Harvard and Brown in what is considered the first collegiate crew national championship. Another historic first gets less attention, ________________ because it would have to be reconciled _____________
the first African American, head football coach at a Historically White institution -- Matthew Bullock with over 110 years without another black head coach
What part of the country was the base for women's professional baseball and why?
the great lakes region, because so many people were moving there to work in the factories building military equipment
What started with Nap Lajoie, was codified by the supreme court in 1922, when the Supreme Court argued that baseball was not interstate commerce a CBA (collective bargaining agreement) The AFL (American Football League) the reserve clause free agency
the reserve clause
In the video "in to the extreme", academics make the case that extreme sports fit (are congruent) with the values of a particular segment of society. What are the values and the segment
the values of quantified progress, deferred gratification and work ethic necessary for excel in endurance events match the values and work ethic of white professionals
Hobermann in his 1994 article entitled Listening to Steroids articulates three approaches to PED's: Calvinist, Nietzschean, and therapeutic. In your discussions many of you agreed that it is not cheating if athletes take PED's to recover from an injury or to address a medical issue. This is what Hobermann predicted would happen 25 years ago when he wrote this piece. Which approach is this ....
therapeutic
Du Bois wrote that Jack Johnson's problem was "his Unforgivable Blackness". The Federal Government saw his problem as transporting single women across state lines for immoral purposes (violation of the Man Act). But Dr Crosset argues that the issue was more complex. America's problem with Johnson was his support for and practice of
transgressive interracial sexuality
Agency's like IMG gained considerable power in the 80's and 90's because they were _____________________ businesses. They represented athletes, controled broadcasting agreements, held the license to sell sponsorships and managed the events.
vertically integrated
The US government promoted images like Rosie the Riveter to normalize strength and physical labor for women during the war effort. In the wake of WWII, the US government promoted the notion of domesticity for women and the need to make room for returning GIs in the work force. Not surprisingly, Roller Derby, women's baseball and the wrestler Gorgeous George petered out because most men are homophobic Gained popularity in Europe because they are have more liberated views on sex, sexuality and violence gained popularity because they were congruent with US gender propaganda of Post WWII. were popular and each, in their own way, "played with" gender norms
were popular and each, in their own way, "played with" gender norms
In the 1950's many cities built stadiums in the suburbs. In the 1990's the trend was reversed as cities used stadiums as part of a a strategy to creating urban entertainment districts. In both cases the movement was influenced, in part, by the desire to attract
white audiences
Moses Fleetwood Walker, wrote the following, " All belief that education, industry, thrift, or religion will or can make the black man equal to white to such an extent that they can live in the same country on even terms is opposed to all reason and experience. The Negro shows some progress in education, industry and thrift, but many fail to see that even while he improves in those directions the times are growing doubly hard for him. An educated Negro is thrown from a hotel or theatre just as certainly as an ignorant one." Following from this general line of reasoning Walker concludes . . .
whites are racists -- and until that changes there isn't much blacks can do to become fully human and it is better if they left the country and started over in Africa
The documentary The Last Gold, about women's swimming at the 1976 Olympics and the documentary "a hero for Daisy," about the Yale women's crew team leading up to those same Olympics are illustrative of
women athletes struggle for power over their own bodies and their well being