Sport history exam

____________________was an 18th-century American who rose from the ordinary ranks to the upper class with self-improvement and hard work, promoted swimming, and used science and reason in the American revolutionary era and the Enlightenment.

Benjamin Franklin

What statement is not true about Lon Myers, a 5-foot-8-inch, 115-pound runner who was sickly as a youth yet became the world's most versatile runner?

He popularized the marathon for the modern era.

Which of the following statements is true about lacrosse in this time period?

Hundreds of people could play at a time.

Which of the following is not true about sporting experiences during the revolutionary era?

Interest in recreation among colonists grew in the 1780s to impress the British with their physical prowess.

In his Book of Sports in 1618, __________________________declared that the English could participate in useful sport and pastimes after Sabbath prayers and church attendance; this was at odds with Puritan beliefs.

King James I

The American rodeo evolved from

Mexican-American cowboy contests

As the first African American baseball player to play in a major league in 1884 in Toledo, this athlete was later prohibited from major league baseball because of the "gentlemen's agreement" during the Gilded Age.

Moses "Fleetwood" Walker

Which early colonial settlement was distinct in its cultural and religious heterogeneity?

New Amsterdam

The National Association of Baseball Players, formed in 1858 to adhere to amateur guidelines, was organized by baseball clubs like Empire, Baltic, and Harlem in this major sporting city.

New York City

In 1869, in the first international intercollegiate competition, many spectators followed the Harvard College rowing team race, despite the fact that it did not take place on their home river. Harvard rowers lost this rowing match to which of the following college teams?

Oxford College

Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers writing about education, such as Abigail Adams, pressed for a more active role in the new nation. This role for women was known as

Republican Motherhood

The first intercollegiate football game played in 1869 in the United States included which of these two teams?

Rutgers vs. Princeton

Which statement is not true about sport in the Gilded Age?

The National League successfully defeated efforts by both the upstart American Association and the American League to compete with it.

The popularity of boxing in the Gilded Age benefited from the publication of the magazine edited by Richard Kyle Fox in 1877. Known as "the Bible of boxing" and covering sensational sports and events, this magazine was titled

The National Police Gazette

The recapitulation theory proposed that

different types of play, at particular stages of growth, were necessary for proper development

n the "gouge and bite" style of fighting in the Southern back country, men participating in this sport displayed all the following characteristics except

men took the temperance pledge to better prepare for their fighting

Which factor was not part of the urban influence in the rise of modern American sport in the mid-19th century?

strict prohibition on immoral sport and drinking by the government

Just prior to the American revolutionary era, a religious revival focused on creating an American identity separate from England. Leaders of this event encouraging moral sports and pastimes strived to promote a focus on social change; this movement was called

the Great Awakening

In the promotion of body culture and physical training in the 1880s through the early 1900s, all of the following played an important role except

the inability of Bernarr MacFadden to interest readers in men's and women's body culture and contests for the perfect body discussed in Physical Culture magazine

Early professional baseball teams were initiated

to induce civic pride and commercial gain

At Harvard University in the 19th century, the following person headed the physical training department.

Aaron Molyneaux Hewlett

A Gilded Age businessman, capitalist, and owner of a professional baseball team, __________________________ published sporting guides and held a monopoly over the sale of sporting goods and merchandise.

Albert Spalding

Known as the Father of American Baseball, _________________________, a New York bank clerk, wrote down the rules of the game in 1845 for the Knickerbockers Base Ball club.

Alexander Cartwright

These competitions at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics, referred to as the "Savage Olympics," were part of the World's Fair but were not part of official medal events in athletics.

Anthropology Days

Which statement is not true about the sporting experience of Jews during the Progressive Era?

Because they came to a nation of religious freedom, they didn't experience prejudice as they did in Europe.

The concept of amateurism differed among Americans and the British in all these ways except

British emphasized individual sports competitions while Americans only supported team sports

As the founder of women's seminaries like the Hartford Female Seminary (1823) and promoter of calisthenics in writings and schools, ___________________________ believed American women needed physical and moral fitness to perform their gender roles in American culture.

Catharine Beecher

In the 1850s Frederick Law Olmstead designed this urban outdoor space, _________________, to provide healthful sporting activities in natural settings although various social classes held different views on the type of activities to be played in this outdoor setting.

Central Park, New York City

Catharine Beecher believed that women's proper role as moral guardian of the home required white middle- and upper-class women to pursue domestic and physical education in what was known as

Cult of True Womanhood

In the sports movement for immigrant and public school children, this Progressive Era leader organized important sports programs, including the Playground Association of America, Public School Athletic League in New York City, and physical education at the Young Men's Christian Association.

Dr. Luther Gulick

Native American sport and ball games in early colonial America included all of the following except

Eastern Woodland tribes playing kolf

Several Antebellum health reformers authored self-help manuals and books supporting all of the following woman's physical activities, proper exercise, and health practices except

Eleanor Sears writing on lawn tennis and sport techniques

The development of a looser-fitting costume, allowing women freedom of movement for physical activities in antebellum America, was one of the first steps toward women's rights in America. This sporting costume was created by

Elizabeth Smith Miller

This New York Times sportswriter spread information about baseball and helped modernize this team sport by developing the baseball box score to provide statistical details for fans and the public and suggested teams wear colorful uniforms for spectators to identify their home team.

Henry Chadwick

Which of the following is not true about Tom Molineaux?

His success led to acceptance of black boxers and large paydays for them in the United States.

Which of these statements does not explain the rising popularity of football in the post-Civil War period?

It became a favorite of industrial recreation programs.

Considered the first great sports promoter in the United States, _______________ was an accomplished yachtsman who also became involved in polo, the first intercollegiate track and field meet in the United States, the Newport Casino, and sponsorship of a professional pedestrian.

James Gordon Bennett Jr.

The founder of men's basketball in 1891 and a leader in the Young Men's Christian Association, _______________________, advocated basketball for youngworking-class men for healthful and competitive indoor sport.

James Naismith

This Progressive Era reformer focused on educating and acculturating immigrant children with classes, play, and sports; founded the settlement Hull House in Chicago in 1889; and promoted outdoor recreation at the city's Bowen Park.

Jane Addams

_________________, a wealthy antebellum sporting gentleman, sponsored numerous contests and promoted nationalism by developing the America's Cup Yacht Race in 1851 and by supporting horse racing and pedestrianism.

John Cox Stevens

Known as the "Boston Strong Boy," this working-class Irish boxer became a major star who drew 10,000 spectators in a New York City bout, beat Jake Kilrain in a 75-round contest, and refused to fight black boxers.

John L. Sullivan

The leader of Puritan colonists in Massachusetts Bay in 1630, ___________________, strived to create a model utopian community, wanted to maintain strict Sabbath laws, and wished to prohibit ball games and "blood sports."

John Winthrop

As rowing grew from an amateur to a professional sport, this oarsman became the champion sculler in the U.S.

Joshua Ward

During the unregulated period of college sport in the 1880s, when football had different rules and dangerous play, the Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America (IC4A) became the forerunner of this governing body, founded in 1905, that continues today in intercollegiate sport.

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Blue laws enacted in the colonies during the 1600s were intended to keep people from participating in frivolous pastimes on Sundays, a practice known as

Sabbatarianism

In 1732 in Philadelphia, this group of white elite gentlemen formed an early club for outdoor sport and physical recreation and restricted membership to white upper-class men. Promoting certain sports appropriate for these men, this club also served as a place for meeting and eating and was known as

Schuylkill Fishing Company

This Jewish immigrant woman founded women's basketball in 1892 after observing the men's game, and she changed the rules for women to play basketball at Smith College in 1893 to fit with the gendered view of women in sport.

Senda Berenson

Possibly New England's first sports association, the _______________ was organized in the 1780s to promote outings and a series of fishing contests that were deemed nonviolent and encouraged communing with nature in an invigorating way.

Shad and Salmon Club of Hartford

In the quest to win college rivalries, by the 1860s amateurism became threatened with which change in early intercollegiate sport?

Student-athletes, such as those in rowing at Yale, hired a professional coach.

Which of the following is not true about women and sporting experiences during the revolutionary era?

Taverns encouraged women to participate in card games and other gambling activities.

What was the main reason the first intercollegiate sporting competition, a crew match between Harvard and Yale, took place in New Hampshire in 1852?

The railroad company offered to take players and spectators to New Hampshire to boost the railroad line and the hotel there for commercial interests.

Which of the following suggests that 19th-century intercollegiate athletic teams were "amateurs"?

They did not have official mascots sanctioned by the university.

Which of the following best describes the representation of the body at early institutions of higher learning, such as Princeton, Yale, and the University of Virginia, during the Revolutionary Era?

They integrated physical activities into academic life to help students maintain a wholesome mind and body.

Which of the following is not true about antebellum health reformers?

They sought a reconnection to the Church of England to counteract a corrupting of the United States.

In his 1858 influential article "Saints and Their Bodies" in Atlantic Monthly, _____________________________ promoted health and sport as a key element for men and character-building in American culture in a movement known as Muscular Christianity.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Which of the following is not true about Native American sporting experiences during the revolutionary era?

Which of the following is not true about Native American sporting experiences during the revolutionary era?

Because of the popularity of horse and harness racing, race results and statistics became popular in newspapers, most notably in Spirit of the Times by _____________.

William T. Porter

The Turners were

a German political, educational, and gymnastic society

The reserve clause was

a contract stipulation that forced baseball players to work for only one team at reduced salaries

intercollegiate football in the Progressive Era featured all of the following characteristics except

bowl games for the top 10 ranked teams in the country

Which of the following characteristics does not describe the sporting practices of the Dutch colonists in the Middle Colony of New Amsterdam?

boys not playing outdoor ball games like kolf

All of the following are characteristic of modern sport except

excellence

The Civil War served as a catalyst for the spread of sport because of all of the following except

extensive train lines allowed play from coast to coast

According to a book of the period titled Youthful recreations, which of the following sporting activities was not specifically promoted as healthy?

eye-gouging

The Puritan laws in colonial New England forbade gambling because

gambling challenged the power of God

the first modern sport in American culture, the sport of ___________________ was more democratic and featured such important characteristics in the development of sport as rules, competition, organization, public information, and records.

harness racing

All of the following are true about Dr. Benjamin Rush except

he renounced the Great Awakening

The development of country clubs in the Progressive Era was influenced by all of the following factors except

high property values made it hard to find land

Which of the following sporting activities and pastimes did African American slaves not pursue in the Antebellum Period?

hunting with guns in competitive contests

All of the following are reasons baseball became the most popular American team sport in mid-19th century American culture except

individual sports began to fall out of favor

Progressive era reformers believed that sport was beneficial because of all of the following except

it meant economic stimulus for colleges and cities

The development of the College Union Regatta Association in 1858, formed by Harvard, Yale, Brown, and Trinity, was important because

it was the first collegiate athletic association formed in American culture

The Scottish immigrants who came to the antebellum United States brought their ethnic sporting culture with them when they formed Caledonian clubs. What activity was not part of their competitions?

javelin throw

Southern Colonies The organizers of the Jamestown, VA, colony in 1607 influenced the nature of colonial sporting practices in the South because they desired to

make economic profits by growing tobacco crops

The "blood sports," like cockfighting and bull baiting, in early American culture involved players or spectators from which of the following groups?

plantation owners

The characteristics of the Southern gentry and their sports included all of the following except

quoits and ninepin bowling

The peoples influencing American culture and sport from the early 1500s and 1600s included all of the following except

royal ambassadors from European powers

Which of the sporting practices did William Penn, because of his Quaker values, object to because it did not serve the people of colonial Pennsylvania?

shooting matches and military training

in the Progressive Era, this famous health retreat provided patrons and guests with a vegetarian diet, physical exercise, access to an indoor pool, and outdoor health-building activities to promote a healthy body and vitality.

the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan

In the age of labor-management tensions in sport, the strong ownership of baseball management and their large profits prompted baseball players, led by John Montgomery Ward of the New York Giants, to form the first athletic labor union called

the Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players

The Puritans' name referred to their pursuit of religious freedom and their desire to maintain strict Sabbath laws. Puritans upheld their belief in "detestation of idleness" in seeking to purify

the Church of England

The high status communities formed by the white middle-and upper-class elites to promote competitive, healthy sports with certain skills and to separate themselves from the working class and immigrants included all of the following sport clubs except

the New Gymnastics Club

The group of men in the mid-19th century that promoted a display of masculinity in a male bachelor subculture of working class men, ethnic groups, and men seeking profits in early professional sports like billiards, boxing, and pedestrianism were known as the

the Sporting Fraternity

The rural-urban conflict of the Antebellum Period refers to

the change from a robust lifestyle to a more sedentary lifestyle, which caused many health concerns

The new technology that shaped the process of sport becoming more modernized in American culture included all of the following except

the cotton gin

The first intercollegiate baseball game in 1859 between Amherst and Williams featured the final high score of 73-32 for the following reason:

the game was played by Massachusetts rules

Pierre de Coubertin organized the modern Olympic Games for all the following reasons except

to promote equality between men and women

The Great Awakening became the first intercolonial event, which had the effect of

unifying colonists in revolution when conflict with Great Britain later grew