Sport Management: Test 1 (Chapters 1-5)

Organizational Culture

"A pattern of basic assumptions—invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration"

Vertical Complexity

# of levels between top executive and lowest positions

Horizontal Complexity

# of units that exist across the organization

Guest speaker takeaways

-Jason made me realize the horizontal complexity of a sport league organization. There were so many jobs that were on the same level --analysts, producers, etc who did different things but had equal importance to the organization

Manager vs. Leader

-Managers focus on efficiency and doing things right. Leaders focus on effectiveness and doing the right things.- The roles of leaders and managers have both similarities and differences. For example, both roles involve people working with other people. The roles are different with respect to the ways in which leaders and managers accomplish the objectives. Managers are often leaders, but not all leaders are necessarily managers. The term leader is broader than the term manager because people need not be in management positions to be leaders. Depending on the situation, all employees of the organization can act as leaders. *Any time a person influences the behavior of others, regardless of the reason, that person is demonstrating leadership*

Why was Spalding such a successful brand?

-Vertical integration -Diversification (variety of products for different sports) -Development of a modern management system -Promotional skills of AG Spalding

Career Decision Steps

1. Self-awareness/assessment 2. Occupational exploration 3. Career decision making 4. Career implementation

3 Dimensions of Structure

1. Specialization 2. Standardization 3. Centralization

TIMELINE OF SPORT

1870s - Technological advances and per capita income growth provide a ripe environment for sport industry to begin thriving. Spalding & Brothers is founded. 1890s - The bicycle craze provides watershed moment for the sport industry - technological advances in production, increased competition, and innovation in marketing and business strategies 1914 - 1918 - WWI helps spur widespread growth among sporting goods companies 1940 - WWII Brings about a reduction of sport equipment production in the U.S. 1970s - Important strides for women in sport occur

T/F? Because of sport's unpredictable nature and the fact that it is produced as it is consumed, the marketing of sport presents unique challenges to sport managers.

True

T/F? Consumers purchased bats that were autographed by Babe Ruth because they wanted to be like him.

True

T/F? Employers view cocurricular activities positively in entry-level job candidates.

True

T/F? In many instances it is acceptable to send a well-composed email instead of a handwritten thank-you note.

True

T/F? Most managers and leaders of organizations rarely achieve efficiency.

True

T/F? Most of the competencies required for sport management tasks are transferable.

True

T/F? Organizations develop strategies to gain a competitive advantage over other organizations.

True

T/F? Professional video gamers and esports participants are now often considered athletes.

True

T/F? Reading trade and academic journals and keeping up with current events are essential to a student's academic preparation in sport management.

True

T/F? The age structure of the population, the level of education, and the standard of living are all examples of demographic elements that might affect an organization.

True

T/F? The desire and ability to engage in principled decision making often distinguish superior sport managers from their peers.

True

T/F? World War I functioned as a catalyst for the growth of sport during the 1920s.

True

T/f? At the turn of the 20th century, white middle-class males were an important market segment for sport businesses.

True

T/f? B.F. Goodrich did not begin as a business for manufacturing sport products.

True

Which of the following accurately describes the field of sport management? a. Few schools offer degrees in sport management. b. It is only slightly competitive. c. Very few people graduate from collegiate sport management programs every year. d. Students must be willing to put forth a great deal of effort to best position themselves for jobs in the field.

d. Students must be willing to put forth a great deal of effort to best position themselves for jobs in the field.

What led Frank Bradsby to create a code of ethics? a. Industry-wide trade practices were hurting the industry's image. b. Industry-wide trade practices were curbing profits. c. Industry-wide trade practices showed positive results for sport businesses. d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

In his letter to Dr. James Mason in 1957, Walter O'Malley cited a need for a course that would do which of the following? a. train a person to administer a survey b. train a person to play Little League baseball c. focus on finite mathematics d. enable a graduate to read architectural and engineering plans

d. enable a graduate to read architectural and engineering plans

An undergraduate sport management education prepares students for a. professorial positions b. doctoral degree work c. specialized responsibilities d. entry-level positions

d. entry-level positions

What type of skills are general abilities that transfer to many jobs or situations? a. adaptive b. job content c. occupational d. functional

d. functional

Which of the following approaches to evaluating organizational effectiveness focuses on the transformation side of the organization (the ability to process inputs while considering the internal well-being of the organization)? a. stakeholder approach b. competing values approach c. resource-based approach d. internal process approach

d. internal process approach

Which of the following best defines economies of scope? a. the extent to which goals are acheived b. the space and objects found in the organization c. savings originating from the mass production of goods and services d. maximization of resources used throughout an organization

d. maximization of resources used throughout an organization

When several levels exist between the top executive and the lowest positions in a sport organization, this organization has a. spatial complexity b. horizontal complexity c. an entrepreneurial design d. vertical complexity

d. vertical complexity

Career Decision making

Decision making is the process of consciously analyzing and weighing all information that you have gathered about yourself and various sport management occupations and career paths. At this stage you will make a tentative career decision, formulate educational and vocational goals, and develop plans to achieve them. The more you learn about yourself and the world of sport management, the better and more realistic your educational and career choices will be.

Stages of Change

Entrepreneurial - Based on the vision of the founder of the organization Collectivity - leadership crisis has been addressed, developing clear goals and establishing its direction Formalization - rules and procedures developed, too much red tape? Elaboration stage - may experience need for revitalization, streamlining

T/F? Most sport businesses are financed in the same ways as other businesses.

False

T/F? Research suggests that sport management competencies are highly specialized and therefore are not universal.

False

T/F? Studies have shown that 55 percent of a first impression is based on what the other person hears.

False

T/F? The bicycle industry was very fortunate because it didn't crash in the 1890s or 1900s.

False

T/F? Typically, organizations are either completely centralized or completely decentralized

False

T/F? Value preferences have a greater influence over descriptive conclusions than over prescriptive conclusions.

False

T/F? When considering an occupation, you should not consider the earnings and work setting.

False

T/f? The baseball craze of the 1890s was a watershed event in sport history.

False

High Specialization =

High Standardization the greater the number of roles in the organization, the more formalized and standardized the organization will be (e.g., more job descriptions, more policies and procedures). Likewise, when an organization has a small number of roles, formalization and standardization will be low.

First step in critical thinking

Identify the problem

Bicycle Craze of 1890s

Most instructive historic example of WATERSHED EVENT. The craze raised questions about how firms coped with the uncertainty created by intense competition. Overproduction and price cutting became watchwords of the sport industry. The influence of the bicycle advertising message, promoting sport in general, convinced sport firms of the necessity of promoting all kinds of sports The bike craze influenced marketing strategy - integrated advertising, sponsorship, and endorsements - taught importance of national and local campaigns

Commercial Sector

Organizations whose ultimate objective is to generate profit (pro sport franchises), sport providers (ski resorts, fitness clubs), sporting goods manufacturers (Nike), and retailers (Dicks), sport media (ESPN) corporations that support sport with sponsorship and endorsement (McDonald's)

Functions of Management

POSDCRB *Please, one scoop did clarice real bad* Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting

Public Sector

Public because they are created by the people for the people (governments)

Contemporary Sport Management Sport Industry Sectors Model

Public, Nonprofit, and Commercial Sectors COLLABORATION AMONG ORGANIZATIONS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SECTORS IS CENTRAL TO THE SUCCESS OF THE SPORT INDUSTRY

Personal Sources of Power

Referent - charisma, charm, and appeal, based on perception Ideas of an expert are often considered more valuable than the opinions of people with legitimate power Access to information - not expertise

Occupational exploration/research

Research entails taking a broad look at career fields and researching specific sport management occupations, work environments, and employers that might match your unique career profile as identified through your self-assessment. Online resources are available to explore occupations and help you understand positions of interest to you. It is helpful to speak with people who are involved in or familiar with these occupations. Internships or job shadowing experiences may be helpful.

Theoretical Approaches to Management

Scientific - early theorists believed that the primary responsibility of managers was to increase works output - commission HR - research found that when employees believed they were important, they became more cohesive and productive Process approach - predominant in recent times, focus on managing the organization as an entity

Self Assessment

Self-assessment involves identifying and understanding your personal and work values, interests, abilities, aptitudes, and personality traits and your desired future lifestyle.

1920s, 1930s, between WWs

Sporting goods products began to be distributed through nontraditional outlets (e.g., drugstores, clothing stores). Distribution practices were further altered when many of the new wholesalers eliminated the retailer and dealt directly with schools, industrial leagues, sport clubs, and community recreation associations. New distributors frequently offered discounts, rebates, and gifts to generate goodwill and secure sales. Improvements in manufacturing techniques meant increased supply and improved distribution, which resulted in lower prices for consumers and greater competition among industry members Because of the new entrants into the marketplace, leaders in the sporting goods segment of the sport industry soon realized that the industry had become highly competitive and consequently unprofitable by the mid-1920s. By 1930s more cooperation and less competition

First World War Effect on Sports

The First World War (1914-1918) increased the attractiveness of the sporting goods segment of the sport industry for companies seeking long-term profitability in at least three important ways. 1) military training programs that introduced and trained soldiers in sport brought a new source of revenue to the industry. 2) the war had an immediate effect on the sale of sporting goods equipment because the demand for all kinds of athletic equipment increased. 3) the belief that sport would nurture and develop manly traits was further solidified by the war. Throughout the war, the military promoted sport as a means of training soldiers and developing better citizens. Local and state governments recognized the benefits of sport and the resultant demand for facilities. Similarly, physical education became a mandatory part of the educational curriculum; school and college athletic programs flourished. The war functioned as a catalyst for the growth of sport during the 1920s

Career Implementation

The search involves sharpening the skills that will help you obtain a position to which you aspire. In this stage, you will network with contacts, pre-pare effective application materials, present yourself professionally in interviews, evaluate and accept a job offer, and adjust to a new position. Acceptance marks the beginning of your career.

WWII in relation to sport

World War II severely curbed the production of sporting equipment, especially goods made from rubber, leather, wood, cotton, and petroleum. Many sporting goods companies attempted to stockpile raw materials; this was a fruitless action because government policy curbed production of sport equipment regardless of material supplies. Rationing was the rule of civilian life, many sport/leisure activities postponed/terminated Wimbledon championships suspended from 1940 through 1945 --Postwar Americans sought out entertainment and leisure as sport participants and as spectators. Because of the growing popularity of men's football, a new professional football league began in 1946 and survived for three seasons before merging with the NFL for the 1950 season. *In 1949, the men's Basketball Association of America merged with the National Basketball League to become the NBA.* The end of the decade was a boom period for professional sports

Which of the following types of organizations has a simple design and little need for specialization and standardization? a. entrepreneurial b. missionary c. professional bureaucracy d. machine bureaucracy

a. entrepreneurial

Which of the following best defines economies of scale? a. savings originating from the mass production of goods and services b. the extent to which goals are achieved c. maximization of resources used throughout an organization d. the space and objects found in the organization

a. savings originating from the mass production of goods and services.

Which of the following methods did A.G. Spalding & Brothers employ to motivate active participation in sport? a. they offered lessons for beginners and advanced players b. they designed and sold television sets to allow consumers to watch sport on TV c. they held classes in which consumers paid to learn about club organization d. they sold trophies for sporting events

a. they offered lessons for beginners and advanced players

Sport defined

all people, activities, businesses, and organizations involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any activity, experience, or business enterprise focused on fitness, recreation, athletics, or leisure; sport products include goods, services, people, places, and ideas

What type of skills are personal attributes or personality traits? a. functional b. adaptive c. job content d. occupational

b. adaptive

Which of the following does not demonstrate a strong work ethic? a. contributing ideas b. possessing values that are not solid c. preparing for meetings d. following through on commitments

b. possessing values that are not solid

What are the benefits of a diverse workforce?

better respond to consumers' needs, and can provide consumers with better goods and services. Diversity can also improve organizational effectiveness by improving managerial decision making

Which of the following could be considered missing information from a critical thinking perspective? a. information that supports the researcher's conclusions b. evidence that supports the same conclusions c. alternative value assumptions d. same value assumptions

c. alternative value assumptions

Which of the following is NOT an element of a sport organization's general environment? a. economy b. technology c. customers d. politics

c. customers

According to chapter 1, sport a. is play-like and competitive and has an uncertain outcome b. is a competitive physical activity that uses specialized equipment and facilities in which the quest for records is of high significance c. is an expansive variety of physical activities and associated businesses d. is a competitive human physical activity governed by institutional rules

c. is an expansive variety of physical activities and associated businesses

Which of the following was not considered unethical by Frank Bradsby in 1927? a. tying contracts b. selling below cost c. marketing d. price cutting

c. marketing

YMCAs, the United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA), and the United States Golf Association (USGA) were all formed during a. the bicycle craze of the 1890s b. the age of innocence c. the age of organization d. watershed events

c. the age of organization

Nonprofit sector

included voluntary organizations whose main purpose is not to make a profit but rather to address a social cause, a special interest, and the needs of members (IOC)

sport management defined

the study and practice of all people, activities, businesses, or organizations involved in producing, facilitating, promoting, or organizing any sport-related business or product

Transactional Leadership vs. Transformational Leadership

transactional: leading to get a hard goal transformational: learning & changing