sport psych final

disordered eating

often seen as female anorexia and bulimia are the extremes difficult to diagnose Binge eating is more common than anorexia or bulimia and is commonly associated with severe obesity

Researchers have found that exercise usually reduces state anxiety for approximately how long

2-6 hours

How much more likely is it (%) that people who walk less than .25 miles per day will develop dementia seven years later than those who walk 1 to 2 miles a day?

25%

Why do kids play sports?

30-45 million children play sports -Fun: cheers, rituals, new places, friendships -Socialize with friends -Future athlete - improve skills - compete - exercise same for boys and girls but vary in importance

positive addiction to exercise

A condition in which exercise is viewed as important in one's life but is successfully integrated with other aspects of life (healthy habit)

negative addiction to exercise

A condition in which life becomes structured around exercise to such an extent that home and work responsibilities suffer Symptoms: Tolerance or need for increased amounts of exercise Withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and fatigue more time spent on it, loss of control main focus over responsibilities keep going despite knowledge of problems

exercise addiction

A psychological or physiological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms after 24 to 36 hours without exercise

Recommendations for Coping With Injuries

Accept and positively deal with the situation Focus on high-quality training Set goals

According to the code of ethics developed by the American Sport Education Program, which of these is NOT part of a sport parent's responsibility?

Act as a coach as well as a parent if you know the sport

Which of these statements is true?

Activities such as weight lifting and yoga are associated with positive psychological well-being.

Reinforcement Approaches to exercise adherence

Chart attendance and participation Rewards improve attendance but must be provided throughout the length of the program Feedback: Providing feedback to participants on their progress has positive motivational effects Self-monitoring: Participants keep written records of their physical activity.

Based on a study of injured elite skiers, which of these was NOT a recommendation to coaches for helping athletes cope with season-ending injuries and for facilitating rehabilitation?

Motivate the athlete by pushing her hard to improve

Which of the following statements is true?

No single marker of overtraining exists.

Overtraining and Performance

Overtrained and stale athletes are at risk of developing mood disturbances. Mood disturbances can result in decreased performance levels and dropout. Therefore, more is not always better.

Research Findings on Parental Roles

Parental enjoyment of physical activity is related to parental encouragement and a child's perceived competence and participation. Parental support buffers the adverse stressful effects that players experience. The goal orientations of parent and child are significantly related. Parents can play a highly positive or a highly negative role in the youth sport experience

self-determination theory of burnout

People have three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Those who do not have these basic needs met will be more prone to burnout.

signs of compulsive gambling

They exhibit certain characteristics such as boastfulness, arrogance, unbounded optimism, and extreme competitiveness and are often quite intelligent. experts at denial

Which of these suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give other players to help prevent burnout in the future?

Try to make it fun. Balance tennis with other aspects of your life.

Factors Related to Burnout in certified athletic trainors

Type A personality Role conflict and ambiguity• Occupational stress and work-family conflict

How to Enhance Mood Through Exercise

Use rhythmic abdominal breathing. Avoid interpersonal competition. Make it a closed predictable activity. Use rhythmic and repetitive exercise movements. Exercise 20 to 30 minutes in duration, moderate intensity, 2 or 3 times per week. Make it enjoyable.

Reasons for exercising

Weight control (counter obesity epidemic) Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease Reduction in stress and depression Enjoyment Building self-esteem Socializing

cause factors of eating disorders in athletes

Weight restrictions and standards Coach and peer pressure Sociocultural factors Performance demands Judging criteria Critical comments about body shape and weight Genetic and biological factors

When to seek mental help for injury

When abnormal emotional reactions to injuries are identified, a referral to a sport psychologist or another qualified mental health provider should be made just as should be the case if an uninjured athlete exhibits general life problems (e.g., depression, severe generalized anxiety) of a clinical nature.

Which of these statements about concussions is true?

When an athlete is suspected of a sports-related concussion, he should be removed immediately from play. Second impact syndrome results when an athlete experiences a concussion and does not completely recover before getting a second concussion.

According to research, which of these statements concerning trait anxiety and young athletes is true?

Young athletes have only slightly elevated levels of trait anxiety

Burnout

a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation physiological state of overtraining, which manifests as deteriorated athletic readiness

Garner and Rosen recommend that if a coach suspects an athlete has an eating disorder, the coach should

discuss her concerns with the athlete in a private meeting

Why Children Discontinue Participation in Sport

dropout rates: 35% a change in interest, other things to do percieved competence - not as good as they wanted to be not as fun 28% said for negative factors: lack of fun or failure, boredom, don't like pressure, not excited, no team spirit - no challenge Peak participation occurs between the ages of 10 and 13 years and then consistently declines to the age of 18.• For every 10 children who begin a sport season, 3 or 4 quit before the start of the next season

The most successful intervention to reduce sedentary behavior has been

electronic monitoring devices

social support

needs to vary across rehabilitation phases take the athlete's perspective, provide emotional support, and be realistic but positive and optimistic need for social support is greatest when setbacks occur or when other life demands place additional stress on athletes dont force it

Runner's High

euphoric sensation, usually unexpected, of heightened well-being, an enhanced appreciation of nature, and transcendence of time and space Preliminary results out of Germany provide initial evidence that there is a chemical change (endorphins) in the brain related to the runner's high Characteristics conducive to the runner's high are few distractions; cool, calm weather and low humidity; and a duration of at least 30 minutes Runners differ regarding whether and how often they experience the runner's high and may require slightly different sets of conditions to get it

mirrors in exercise settings

not a negative effect on social physique anxiety with women who were generally more active and confident in their ability to exercise Women who are generally sedentary and have poor perceptions of self tend to focus more often on their own physique, which appears to result in increases in negative affect

A research study using athletic trainers found that the number one psychological reason that athletes do not cope well with injury was

not adhering with treatment protocols

The major reason that athletes often do not return to play after an injury is

fear of reinjury

Ensure injured athletes are psychologically ready to return to play by

having sports medicine professionals work in conjunction with coaches systematically addressing both physical and psychological factors during rehabilitation making assessments of psychological readiness to return to play by considering factors such as confidence, realistic expectations, motivation, and fear of reinjury

Why exercise behavior and adherence are important

high obesity rates and increasing only 10-25% active enough 50% youth age 12-21 are active lot of people dont finish their exercise program

risk factors for injury

high trait anxiety, high life stress, low psychological and coping skills, low social support, and high avoidance coping

Research investigating self-determination theory and burnout has found that

higher levels of competence, autonomy, and relatedness were related to lower levels of burnout self-determined forms of motivation were related to lower levels of burnout

Roles of Sport Psychology in Injury Rehabilitation

holistic approach - healing of both the mind and the body Psychological factors - injury recovery important to treat the psychological aspects of injuries Physical healing does not necessarily coincide with psychological readiness for return Psychological factors (e.g., self-talk, goal setting, self-motivation) also positively affect adherence to injury treatment protocols.

According to Morgan's research, top-level athletes form a psychological profile known as the

iceberg profile

The number one barrier to physical activity is

lack of time

As the pressure to win increases, athletes and coaches usually spend more time training and feel more stress.

leads to overtraining and burnout

Health Belief Model

likelihood of exercising depends on the person's perception of the severity of health risks and appraisal of the costs and benefits of taking action inconsistent support for predictions of exercise behavior

Research that compared participation rates between higher versus lower socioeconomic status children found that the major reason for the lower participation by lower socioeconomic status girls was

lower tangible and emotional support

Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: 7-Step Model

medical management Education Environmental changes Support groups Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) Clinics or short-term immersion CBT II: Long-term immersion Bariatric surgery

Research on the use of mirrors during exercise for women indicates

mirrors should not be used when women have been sedentary

social cognitive theory

most consistent results Exercise behavior is influenced by both personal and environmental factors, particularly self-efficacy. strongly related to exercise participation, especially in middle-aged and older adults.

Other factors related to burnout

parental pressure lack of autonomy social support and money hassles early sport success a lack of recovery passion level perfectionism peer-related motivational climate big changes in training load symptoms increase as the volume of physical training increases & decrease when physical training volume decreases.

underserved youth in sport

parental time and scheduling demands• financial barriers (including costs to participate and equipment)• safety barriers

Although no empirical research has been conducted to date, Pilates (a popular form of exercise focusing on flexibility and balance) has received anecdotal support to help improve quality of life for people who have

parkinsons

Reasons for not exercising

perceived lack of time, lack of energy, lack of motivation, individual barriers

Determinants of Exercise Adherence

personal demographic, age, self efficacy, motivation, partner support, early onset, intensity, group exercise, support, timing, leaders

The key aspect of the ecological model is

physical environment

staleness

physical, emotional, and social withdrawal from a formerly enjoyable sport activity difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results burnout - more cognitive like motivation, staleness is more physical

how coaches should use friendship in sport

place task goals and cooperation above competition.• Conduct drills that require small groups of players to interact, which will maximize involvement reduce displays of social status like captains Time for children to make new friends.• Encourage positive peer reinforcement.• Emphasize teamwork, foster cohesion, and emphasize the pursuit of team goals.

The positive "sandwich" approach to correcting errors involves

positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement

Maladaptations to training are caused by

problems associated with training loads (overtraining) and competition schedules interactions with psychological factors and nonsport stressors.

Which of these is NOT one of the five stages of grief?

rationalization

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), which of these is characteristic of bulimia?

recurrent episodes of binge eating in a discrete period of time a feeling of lack of control over eating behavior during eating binges

The ATLAS and ATHENA programs focus on

reducing substance abuse and poor nutrition among high school boys and girls

The three basic constructs in self-determination theory are

relatedness, autonomy, competence

A variety of studies have investigated the effects of psychological training on adherence to injury rehabilitation protocols. Which of these psychological factors was found to be related to rehabilitation adherence?

self motivation & positive self talk

Which of these produced significantly higher levels of pathology (e.g., dietary restraint, negative affect, body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptomatology)?

self-weigh-ins 3 or more times per week

Professionalization of Children's Sports

shift is occurring from a focus on physical, social, and psychological development to more extrinsic goals such as winning, rankings, fame, and earning college athletic scholarships Early sport specialization + year-round intense training + private coaching = a professionalized approach. • Opportunities for athletic talent development are important. • Programs must be carried out in developmentally appropriate ways, guided by scientific evidence, and not pushed on children at younger and younger ages

Injury definition

trauma to the body or its parts that results in at least temporary, but sometimes permanent, physical disability and inhibition of motor function loss or change of function due to injury

Coakley's model of burnout emphasizes which two concepts?

unidimensional identity and the lack of athlete control over the environment

Athletes vs. Non-Athletes in eating disorders

vary across sport Athletes appear to have a greater occurrence of eating-related problems (disordered eating) than does the general population Athletes and nonathletes have similar eating-related symptoms A significant percentage of athletes engage in pathogenic eating or weight loss behaviors (e.g., bingeing, fasting), although the behaviors are subclinical in intensity.

Which of these is NOT a sign or symptom of people who are substance abusers?

very little sweating

sports with most eating disorders

swimming/diving , gymnastics, wrestling, body building, figure skating emphasize leanness sport-specific prevalence (e.g., among wrestlers versus archers)

Theory of Planned Behavior

the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control Quality and strength of intentions are important as well as people's perceptions of their ability to perform better in influencing behavior

A review article (Striegel-Moore & Bulik, 2007) discussing the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the development of eating disorders concluded that

the interaction of genetic and environmental factors needs to be explored

Sport participation for youth peaks at what age?

12 years old

Predictors and Enhancement of Adherence to Sport Injury Rehabilitation

- Personal attributes Pain tolerance, tough mindedness, self-motivation, and athletic identity - Environmental characteristics Social support, practitioner expectations of adherence, comfortable clinical settings, convenient scheduling of appointments - Effective adherence interventions: Reinforcement, goal setting, education, multimodal interventions - Predictors of adherence Rehabilitation self-efficacy, personal control over injury recovery, emotional distress, treatment efficacy, perceptions of injury severity

Causes of athletic injury

- Physical factors Factors include muscle imbalance, high-speed collisions, overtraining, and physical fatigue. - Social factors Attitudes and norms such as the perception by performers that playing with pain and injury is seen as highly valued in our society. - Psychological factors Personality factors, a history of stressors, and coping influence the onset of injuries, as does an athlete's psychological skills. - Personality factors To date, a direct link between personality factors and athlete's injuries has not been consistently shown. Personality is thought to be involved with injuries in more complex ways, interacting with factors such as stress levels. - Stress levels People with high levels of stress have more sport- and exercise-related injuries.

Exercise in the Reduction of Depression

- The prevalence of major depression in the United States has increased steadily since the early 1950s. - Depression was the leading cause of death in Canada and the United states in 2010. - Depression is especially prevalent in girls and women, who have depression 1.7 times more frequently than men (Albert, 2015). - Depressive disorders are estimated to affect approximately 5% to 8% of adolescents in the United States.

Acute effects of exercise

- aerobic exercise is associated with lower state anxiety and higher tranquility scores - Postexercise reductions in state anxiety return to preexercise anxiety levels within 24 hours - longer training programs are more effective - Moderate-intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses but even low helps - Exercise intensities between 30% and 70% of maximal heart rate appear to be associated with the greatest reduction in postexercise state anxiety. - Although acute exercise is no more effective in reducing state anxiety than quiet rest or relaxation, the effects last longer - Exercise training is particularly effective for people who have elevated levels of anxiety but will reduce anxiety even for people with low levels of anxiety

sport path of olympians

- did not start out with champion aspirations in mind - exposed to active lifestyles and played multiple sports as children - must fall in love with the sport before pursuing intense involvement - dont specialize in a single sport too early - parents and coaches emphasize fun and development

anorexia nervosa

- fear of gaining weight - disturbed body image - very underweight - dont see anything wrong with them most deadly mental illness - 5%, 50% higher to commit suicide

Depression and Physical Activity Involvement

- individuals with moderate or high levels of depressive symptoms were less physically active and were less likely to participate in team sports compared to the low-depression group - As age increased from 10 to 19 years old, depressive symptoms tended to increase and physical activity tended to decrease

Factors Related to Burnout in Coaches

- pressure to win - administrator or parental interference or indifference - disciplinary problems - multiple roles as a coach - extensive travel - intense personal involvement - home and work demands - difficulties handling the high performance demands of elite sport - lack of tools to facilitate recovery - sex differences: NONE - age and experience differences - coaching styles (more empathy as a coach leads to more burnout) - social support

physical signs of burnout

- sleep disturbance - appetite loss - decreased performance - greater fatigue and tiredness

Overtraining and Mood States

-Athletes experience increased mood disturbance under especially heavy training workloads. -Successful athletes exhibit high levels of vigor and low levels of negative mood states, an optimal combination. -Overtrained athletes show an inverted iceberg profile, with negative states pronounced.

Characteristics of Burnout

-Exhaustion: both physical and emotional, in the form of lost concern, energy, interest, and trust -Depersonalization: acting impersonal and unfeeling-in large part due to mental and physical exhaustion -Feeling of low personal accomplishment: low self-esteem, failure, and depression-often visible in low job productivity or a decreased performance level

Keeping People Active: Preventing Relapses

-Expect and plan for lapses (e.g., scheduling alternative activities while on vacation). -Develop coping strategies to deal with high-risk situations (e.g., relaxation training, time management, imagery). -Replace "shoulds" with "wants" to provide more balance in your life. ("Shoulds" put pressure and expectations on you.) -Use positive self-talk and imagery to avoid self-dialogues focusing on relapse. -Identify situations that put you at risk, and attempt to avoid or plan for these settings. -Do not view a temporary relapse as catastrophic since this undermines confidence and willpower (e.g., if you didn't exercise for a week, you are not a total failure; just start again next week).

Sport Deterrence Model of Drug Abuse

-It consists of three major components: the cost of a decision to use, the benefits associated w/ using, and specific situational factors that may in some way affect the cost-benefit analysis of using. -The DSDM is therefore consistent with the rational choice perspective, which states that individuals conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the consequences of law-breaking behavior before deciding to break a law.

Exercise and Mood Changes

-Mood refers to a host of transient, fluctuating affective states that can be positive or negative (e.g., feelings of elation or happiness, sadness). -Exercise is related to positive changes in mood state. -Exercise improves positive mood regardless of the number of negative and positive affective states in a given day. -Exercisers with choice of exercise mode scored lower on negative affect than exercisers having no choice. -Perception of fitness may be responsible for part of the mood-enhancing effects of exercise (as opposed to the actual level of fitness itself).

Causes of Burnout in Junior Tennis Players

-Physical concerns: Erratic play, injury, feeling tired -Logistical concerns: Travel, time demands -Social or interpersonal concerns: Negative parental influence, negative team atmosphere -Psychological concerns: Inappropriate expectations, feeling a lack of improvement, coach and parental pressure

chronic effects of exercise

-Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health and well-being. -Exercise is associated with the reduction of stress emotions such as state anxiety. -Anxiety and depression are common symptoms of failure to cope with mental stress, and exercise has been associated with a decreased level of mild to moderate depression and anxiety. -Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. -Appropriate exercise results in reductions in various stress indicators, such as neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate, and some stress hormones -Current clinical opinion holds that exercise has beneficial emotional effects across ages and sexes. -Physically healthy people who require psychotropic (mood-altering) medication may safely exercise under close medical supervision.

Strains in Junior Athletes

-Social-psychological strain: -Perfectionistic player substrain -Parental or coach pressure substrain -Physically driven strain

Stress-Injury Relationship components

-attentional disruption -increased muscle tension -give 110% attitude and act tough -worthlessness attitude if injured Sport ethic norm, values, and environment in which "winners never quit and quitters never win" and "bravery, bravado, and machismo" lead to denial of pain and injury

Reduction of Depression

-moderate relationship exists between exercise and depression -exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in decreasing depression -correlation not and effect - Exercise produces larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least 9 weeks long. - Reductions in depression after exercise do not depend on fitness levels - Exercising three to five times per week produces significant reductions in depression compared to once-a-week exercise. -exercise outdoors is better than in for mental health

Behavior Modification Approaches

-prompts: verbal, physical, or symbolic cues initiate behaviors -contracting: participants enter into a contract with their exercise practitioners planned, systematic application of learning principles to the modification of behavior.

Six categories of techniques for adhering to exercise

1. Behavior modification approaches 2. Reinforcement approaches 3. Cognitive-behavioral approaches 4. Decision-making approaches 5. Social-support approaches 6. Intrinsic approaches

models of burnout

1. Cognitive-affective stress model 2. Negative-training stress response model 3. Unidimensional identity development and external control model 4. Commitment and entrapment theory 5. Self-determination theory 6. integrated model

Stages of Athletic Talent Development

1. Entry (Initial) Phase 2. Investment Phase 3. Elite Performance Excellence Phase 4. Excellence Maintenance Phase

three phase process of rehabilitation and recovery

1. Injury or illness phase focuses on helping the athlete understand the injury. 2. Rehabilitation and recovery phase focuses attention on helping sustain motivation and adherence to rehabilitation protocols through goal setting and maintaining a positive attitude 3. Return to full activity phase complete recovery does not happen until normal competitive functioning occurs

Increasing Adherence to Mental Training

1. Integrate psychological skills into existing routines and practice. 2. Reduce perceived costs (not enough time) that are associated with employing a mental training program 3. Reinforce athletes' feelings of enjoyment gained from using mental training strategies 4. Show relationship between mental training and achievement of personal goals 5. Individualize mental training programs as much as possible 6. Promote mental training as much as possible before the person starts to work on specific mental training exercises.

Objectives of Sport and Exercise Psychology

1. Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical and motor performance 2. Understand the effects of participation in physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being

Factors Leading to Burnout

Athletes are starting to train at younger ages Training in many sports is virtually year-round.

Stress-Injury Relationship

Athletes with higher levels of life stress experience more injuries than do those with lower levels of life stress

myths of children sports

Athletic talent can be accurately predicted at a young age 2. More is always better! 3. Stages of talent development can be skipped 4. Intense training will lead to a college athletic scholarship 5. Early single-sport specialization is essential 6. One cannot have fun if he or she is going to be an elite athlete. 7. Talented children need different entry programs and coaching approaches than their less talented counterparts.

Sport parent policies and guidelines

Be supportive of your athlete's participation on the team, but don't pressure your athlete Keep winning in perspective, and help your athlete do the same Help your athlete set realistic performance goals Help your athlete meet his or her responsibilities to the team and the coach Inform the coach of any medical or physical ailments that your athlete may have that may affect performance or health. Remain in the spectator area.• Let the coach be the coach. • Provide only supportive comments to coaches, officials, and athletes of both teams. Avoid derogatory comments. • Do not coach your son or daughter during the contest. • Do not drink alcohol at practices or contests or come after having drunk too much. • Cheer for your team. • Show interest, enthusiasm, and support for your athlete. • Control your emotions. • Help when asked by coaches or officials.

Friendship in Sport shows

Both perceived and actual motor competence related to peer acceptance. More positive relationships with peers in physical activity: more positive feelings toward physical activity,• higher physical activity motivation,• higher physical self-worth• lower stress,• higher self-determined motivation, • continued participation• Identity formation NEGATIVE: Conflict • Unattractive personal qualities• Betrayal• Inaccessibility (lack of opportunity to interact)

Commitment and Entrapment Theory

Burnout is explained within the context of sport commitment. Burnout occurs when athletes become entrapped in sport and feel they must play even though they lose motivation for participation.

why care about the psych of young athletes

Children are intensely involved in youth sport. Participation peaks at a critical period in the child's life (around age 12). Sport participation has important physical and psychological consequences for children Organized sport is not automatically beneficial; qualified, competent adult leadership is needed.

dos and donts of how to handle EDs on a team

DO: emphasize important of nutrition, be empathetic, make refer to professional, focus on fitness not body image, teach mental skills, become educated DONT: hold team weight ins, single out someone, work with nonprofessionals

situational sources of stress for children

Defeat versus victory - Children have more state anxiety after losing than after winning Event importance - more importance placed on a contest, the more state anxiety is felt by the participants Sport type - Children in individual sports have more state anxiety than children in team sports.

ways to decrease burnout in children

Develop confidence and constructive attitude toward mistakes.• Use concrete physical strategies (e.g., stress bag to put worries in).• Use fun strategies (e.g., jelly belly, spaghetti toes relaxation).• Use simple strategies (e.g., change channels).• Vary approaches to the same exercise.• Individualize approaches to the child's interests.• Remain positive and optimistic. • Use role models

Cognitive Techniques

Dissociative strategies emphasize external distractions and the environment and produce significantly higher levels of exercise adherence than associative strategies focusing on internal body feedback.

Sport specialization guidelines according to the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP)

Early diversification (sampling of different sports) High amounts of deliberate play Opportunity to specialize (around age 13) Highly specialized training (late adolescence or around age 16)

Recommendations for sports medicine personnel

Educate and inform athletes about injury and rehabilitation Foster positive interaction and customize training Demonstrate competence and confidence

other strategies for rehabilitation

Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process. Teach specific coping skills goal setting, positive self-talk, imagery, visualization, and relaxation training Teach how to cope with setbacks use their mental skills to cope and provide social support. Identify athletes and exercisers who are at high risk for injury learn from injured athletes - Ensure injured athletes are psychologically ready to return to play.

Psychological explanations of exercise

Enhanced feeling of control Feeling of competency and self-efficacy Positive social interactions Improved self-concept and self-esteem Opportunities for fun and enjoyment

Ecological Model

Examine frameworks versus specific variables Explain how the environment and behaviors affect each other - intrapersonal (e.g., biological), - interpersonal (e.g., family) - institutional (e.g., schools) - policy (e.g., laws at all levels)

Exercise and Chronic Diseases

Exercise has been linked to positive effects on people with these conditions Human immunodeficiency virus• Multiple sclerosis• Cancer• Parkinson's disease• Diabetes• Coronary heart disease

exercise and development of the self

Exercise is related to participants' self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy Regular exercise is related to increased self-esteem Esteem-enhancement effects of exercise are especially pronounced in people with low self-esteem programs designed to enhance self-esteem should emphasize experiences of success, feeling of increased physical competence, and attainment of goals

Exercise and Changes in Cognitive Functioning

Exercise programs conducted over long periods are associated with moderate gains in cognitive functioning. Acute exercise increased cognitive functioning in the form of working memory only for people low in working memory positive effect on cognition and brain functions; executive central command is most affected by aerobic exercise Integrating physical activity into the classroom produced increases in children's intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, and effort enhances executive functioning in children with ADHD

Signs of Poor Adjustment to Athletic Injuries

Feelings of anger and confusion Obsession with the question of when one can return to play Denial (e.g., "The injury is no big deal") Repeatedly coming back too soon and experiencing reinjury Exaggerated bragging about accomplishments Dwelling on minor physical complaints Guilt about letting the team down Withdrawal from significant others Rapid mood swings Statements indicating that no matter what is done, recovery will not occur

Intrinsic Approaches

Focus on the experience itself Take a process orientation Engage in purposeful and meaningful physical activity

Negative-Training Stress Response Model

Focuses on physical training (but recognizes the importance of psychological factors). Physical training stresses the athlete physically and psychologically and can have positive and negative effects. Positive adaptation is desirable. Negative adaptation is undesirable (leads to overtraining, staleness, and burnout).

Recommendations for coaches for injury

Foster coach-athlete contact and involvement Demonstrate positive empathy and support Don't repeatedly mention injury in training.

Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches

Goal setting should be used to motivate individuals Exercise-related goals should be - individual, flexible, time based rather than distance

advice for coaches in burnout

Have two-way communication with players Cultivate personal involvement with players Use player input Understand players' feelings

Theories and Models of Exercise Behavior

Health belief model Theory of planned behavior Social cognitive theory Self-determination theory Transtheoretical model Ecological model Physical activity maintenance model

Why exercise for psychological well-being?

Hectic pace of society= causes stress and increased demands= many ill effects extreme high rates of depression, 2nd to most deadly to hear disease Exercise positively influences feelings of well-being and decreases anxiety and depression

Characteristics of Children at Riskfor Heightened State Anxiety

High trait anxiety• Low self-esteem• Maladaptive perfectionism• Low performance expectancies relative to team• Low self-performance expectations• Frequent worries about failure, adult expectations and evaluation by others• Less perceived fun

Physiological explanations of exercise

Increases in cerebral blood flow Changes in brain neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin) Increases in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue• Reductions in muscle tension Structural changes in the brain Increases in serum concentrations

Three general categories of emotional reactions to being injured

Injury-relevant information processing Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviors Positive outlook, coping

Strategies for burnout

Interventions that teach self-regulation skills Monitor critical states in athletes such as stress levels, training loads, and recovery Communicate your feelings to others Foster an autonomy-supportive coaching style Set short-term goals for competition and practice Take relaxation (time-out) breaks

Decision-Making Approaches

Involve exercisers in decisions regarding program structure. Develop balance sheets Completing a decision balance sheet to increase awareness of the costs and benefits of participating in an exercise program can enhance exercise adherence.

Physical Activity Maintenance Model

Key aspects to predicting the maintenance of physical activity: Goal setting Commitment attainment, satisfaction- Self-motivation Persistence in the pursuit of behavioral goals independent of any situational constraints- Self-efficacy Confidence to overcome barriers and avoid relapse- Physical activity environment Access, attractiveness, enjoyable scenery, social support- Life stress Recent life changes, everyday hassles

Measuring Burnout

Maslach Burnout Inventory - Emotional exhaustion - Depersonalization - Personal accomplishments Athlete Burnout Questionnaire - Emotional and physical exhaustion - Reduced sense of accomplishments - Sport devaluation

Guidelines for Improving Exercise Adherence

Match the intervention to the participant's stage of change. Provide cues for exercises (signs, posters, cartoons). Make the exercise enjoyable. Tailor the intensity, duration, and frequency of the exercises. Promote exercising with a group or friend. Have participants sign a contract or statement of intent to comply with the exercise program. Offer a choice of activities. Provide rewards for attendance and participation. Give individualized feedback. Find a convenient place for exercising. Have participants reward themselves for achieving certain goals. Encourage goals to be self-set, flexible, and time-based (rather than distance-based). Remind participants to focus on environmental cues (not bodily cues) when exercising. Use small-group discussions. Have participants complete a decision balance sheet before starting the exercise program. Obtain social support from the participant's spouse, family members, and peers. Suggest keeping daily exercise logs. Practice time management skills. Help participants choose purposeful physical activity.

Side effects of drugs in athletes

Mood swings Distorted vision Decreased reaction time Changes in blood pressure some warning signs - change in personality or behavior, sweating, impaired coordination and judgement, twitches

Which of these findings using behavior modification approaches to exercise adherence is true?

People willing to sign a statement of intent to comply with the exercise program had significantly better attendance than those refusing to sign such a statement. Individuals given a choice concerning the activities they participated in had higher levels of adherence than individuals who were not given a choice.

why athletes and exercisers take drugs

Physical reasons include wanting to enhance performance, rehabilitate injury, look better, and control appetite and lose weight. Psychological reasons include wanting to escape from unpleasant emotions or stress, build confidence or enhance self-esteem, and seek thrills. Social reasons: Peer pressure Emulating athletic heroes think everyones doing it

Advice for young tennis players

Play for your own reasons.• Balance tennis and other things.• Try to make it fun.• Take time off and relax.

Which of these statements is true regarding the relationship between exercise and self-esteem?

Positive changes in self-esteem related to exercise have been found in normal populations.

primary vs secondary exercise dependence

Primary - Exercise is an end in itself, although it may include altered eating behaviors for the purpose of enhancing performance Secondary - Exercise is a symptom of another primary pathological condition, such as an eating disorder.

advice for parents with burnout kids

Recognize what is an optimal amount of pushing Give support, show empathy, and reduce the importance of outcome Involve players in decision making Lessen involvement. Take time off and relax.

Thompson, Garner, and Rosen list some "dos" and "don'ts" for dealing with eating disorders. Which of these is a "don't"?

Recommend weight loss in order to improve performance. Hold team weigh-ins.

Which of these is NOT a coaching guideline put forth by Smoll and Smith (1980) and Weiss (1991)?

Reward outcome more than effort.

strategies to prevent exercise addiction

Schedule rest days Work out regularly with a slower partner If you're injured, stop exercising until healed. Train hard-easy: Mix in low intensity and less distance with days of harder training If interested in the health aspect, exercise three or four times a week for 30 minutes Set realistic short- and long-term goals.

Six Dimensions of Well-Being

Self-Acceptance (positive views of oneself) Positive Relation to Others (trusting, caring, and empathetic relationships)• Autonomy (self-determined with intrinsic motivation and self-referenced standards)• Environmental Mastery (effective mastery of the environment to fulfill personal values) Personal Growth (sense of development and self-fulfillment over time) Purpose in Life (directed toward purposeful goals for living)

Social-Support Approaches

Social support can be enhanced by participation in a small group, the use of personalized feedback, and the use of a buddy system

different parent roles in youth sports

Socializer• Role model• Interpreter of child's sport experience

Unidimensional Identity Development and External Control Model

Stress is involved in burnout, but it is only a symptom The real causes of burnout deal with faulty identity development and external control of young athletes structure of sport prevents young athletes from spending enough time with peers outside of sport. This causes a sole focus on identifying with athletic success, which can be unhealthy, especially when failure or injury occurs. The social worlds of young athletes are organized in such a way that their control and decision making are inhibited.

Which of these implications for practices is based on the research on peer friendships?

Teamwork and group goals should be emphasized. Time should be provided for children to be with their friends. Coaches should use an autocratic coaching style is false

Which of the following statements is true?

Ten to fifteen percent of all adults participate in vigorous and frequent physical activity. Fifty percent of adults are sedentary. 75% of adults being active weekly is false

Which of these statements regarding the relationship between exercise and depression is true?

The positive effects are seen across age, health status, and gender. Both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression.

Exercise and Personality

aerobic fitness training increased scores on self-sufficiency and intelligence and decreased scores on insecurity

During which period of life does one's sense of well-being decrease the most?

ages 18-25

Research by Harwood and Knight introduced the notion of sport parent expertise. Which of the following was one of the postulates for sport parent expertise?

all Employing an autonomy-supportive parent style Selecting the appropriate sport opportunities for their child Serving as an emotionally intelligent role model

Some people believe that performance-enhancing drugs should be legalized in professional sports. Which of these is an argument put forth for legalization?

all Players would be performing at an even higher level, which spectators like. It would lead to greater interest in sports, resulting in more money spent on game attendance and related merchandise. Inconsistencies in administering drug policies would be eliminated.

The new Integrated Model of Athlete Burnout argues that burnout can best be understood by examining its

all antecedents (such as excessive training) early signs (for instance, mood disturbance) maladaptive consequences (such as impaired immune functioning)

Although fun is the reason most often given for youth participating in sport, research has broken this down to 11 specific categories of fun. Which of the following is (are) categories of fun?

all team rituals, team friendships, positive coach

According to a consensus statement of experts assembled by the International Olympic Committee, they argued that

all team sport athletes respond better to relatively small changes in training loads congested competition schedules were related to increases in injury maladaptations to training also included psychological factors and nonsport stressors

The biopsychosocial model is especially relevant for which type of sport situation?

all - max effort, high intense training, commitment to challenging goals

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting an awareness that the pattern is abnormal,• fear of being unable to stop eating voluntarily,• depressed mood, and• self-deprecation

In a study by Smith, Smoll, and Ptacek that examined the relationships between life stress, social support, coping skills, and injury, the researchers found that

athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of social support and coping exhibited the highest injury rates

Significant relationships exist between

burnout the amount of stress athletes feel social support and coping.

Target Populations and Settings for Exercise Interventions

change people - reward systems, technical instruction network people - services to help link clients for help change interpersonal environment - classes for family or small group of friends network interpersonal environment - Services to link up couples or small groups to actually participate in activities together

A web-based alcohol prevention program called myPlaybook focuses on

changing perceptions of social norms

According to Dale and Weinberg's study on leadership style and burnout,

coaches with a consideration style of leadership exhibited higher levels of burnout than coaches with an initiating structure style of leadership

Smith's Cognitive-Affective Burnout Model

cognitive appraisal reflects the idea that nothing is either good or bad, but thinking makes it so people differ in how they respond to prolonged stress in sport and exercise settings.

The idea that bravery, bravado, and machismo can lead to denial of pain and injury is a likely contributor to the National Football League increase in

concussions

Sport Deterrence Model of Drug Abuse compoents

costs - social like criticism - legal like suspensions or jail time - health concerns - low self esteem and guilt benefits - material like scholarships or sponsorships - social like acknowledgment - the satisfaction of higher achievement situational/individual differences - Perceptions of prevalence (how frequently others use this drug) - Experience with punishment Professional status (how much money and status might be lost) - Perception of authority legitimacy (can the agency enforce the law?) - Type of drug (its effects and side effects)

Which of these is a symptom of a person who is negatively addicted to exercise?

decreased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed increased priority given to exercise over other activities relief is false

compulsive gambling

despite its long history in competitive sport, is only now getting public attention. Gambling on sporting events is widespread 6-8% of college students are compulsive gamblers

Psychological Reactions to Exercise and Athletic Injuries

emotional & grief responses

Psychosocial signs of overtraining and burnout

emotional exhaustion, apathy increased tension greater dejection concentration loss

Transtheoretical Model - 6 stages

erson progresses through six stages of change 1. Precontemplation: Does not exercise 2. Contemplation: Has fleeting thoughts of exercising 3. Preparation: Exercises, but not regularly enough 4. Action: Has been exercising regularly, but for less than 6 months 5. Maintenance: Has been exercising regularly for more than 6 months 6. Termination: Once exercisers have exercised for 5 years During exercise, behavior induction strategies are used during the different transtheoretical stages Matching the intervention to the stage of change is effective in producing high levels of regular exercise

sexual harassment in sport

increased based on an abuse of power and trust - victim to be unwanted or coerced intended or unintended situation risk factors: rides from coach, going to their house, messaging personal risk: low self esteem, devotion to coach, distant parents make policies, have strong relationships with parents, education/training programs, promote healthy ways of using touch, be consistent

The principal psychological symptom of staleness is

increased mood disturbance

self-determination theory

inherently motivated to feel connected to others within a social milieu (relatedness), to function effectively in that milieu (effectance), and to feel a sense of personal initiative in doing so (autonomy) able to predict adherence in overweight and obese participants Participants who display autonomy in their exercise behavior and have strong social support systems exhibit stronger motivation and enhanced exercise adherence made an important contribution in terms of viewing intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on a continuum rather than a dichotomy

internal vs external factors of eating disorders

internal: low self esteem, negative mood, desire for control, need to be perfect external: hurtful relationships and role models, sport performance

Motivational Interviewing

intervention to increase the likelihood of a client's considering, initiating, and maintaining specific strategies to reduce harmful behavior via an interview Motivation to change is elicited from the client rather than the counselor - partnership

The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are

intrinsic in nature

burnout in refs

job satisfaction Making bad calls/fear of failure Role conflict and ambiguity

Guidelines for Using Exercise as Therapy

shouldn't always be used in treatment - know client history individualized exercise prescription for duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise practical and functional plan for any lack of adherence and irregular patterns of exercise exercise as an adjunct to other forms of therapy

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Gould and colleagues summarized their findings by stating that there are two major "strains" of burnout. These two strains are _________ and _________ in nature.

social-psychological; physical

Research has found that the most effective way to promote initiation into exercise is to have what intentions

strong intention to exercise and a moderate intention to participate in competing activities

Which of these characteristics was identified by athletic trainers as a way to distinguish between athletes who coped most successfully with injury and those who coped least successfully?

willingness to listen to the trainer maintaining a positive attitude about injury

Burnout in young athletes factors

win at all costs, parent pressure, Long repetitive practices with little variety• Inconsistent coaching practices, Overuse injuries from excessive practice• Excessive time demands• High travel demands• Love from others displayed on the basis of winning and losing• Maladaptive perfectionism

positive master approach to coaching

young athletes who played for the trained coaches reported greater amounts of task and social cohesion mutual respect, more fun, positive reinforcement, reward efforts as much as win, positive approaches,

how to refer an athlete with an ED

• A person who has a rapport with the affected individual should schedule a private meeting to discuss the matter. • Emphasize feelings rather than directly focusing on eating behaviors .• Be supportive of the athlete and treatment recommendations, and keep all information confidential. • Consistently show concern for the athlete as a person • Avoid using the term eating disorder • Make and have ready potential referrals to a specific clinic or person