Sport Psych Test 2

Underlying psychological reason for withdrawal from sport.

"Deeper" reasons children drop out of sports, including stress, fear of failure, loss of self-esteem, and loss of confidence.

Vealey's Types of sport-confidence are.

- Cognitive efficiency - Physical skills training - Resilience

Parent and family socialization of the youth sport experience can be organized around three components. Identify and discuss each of these important components.

Parents as role models, parents as interpreters of experience, and parents as providers of experience.

Parents as Providers of Experiences

Parents support and encourage children's athletic involvement in a variety of ways, from time involvement to monetary support.

Extrinsic Motivation.

Refers to motivation that comes from an external as to internal source.

Moral Functioning

Relative to sport, moral functioning represents respect for social conventions, respect for rules and officials, respect for one's full commitment toward sport, and true respect and concern for teammates and opponents.

Sport Commitment Model

A model that describes and identifies factors (antecedents) believed to determine an athlete's level of sport commitment and persistence.

Goal orientation

A person's disposition to be task oriented and/or ego goal oriented.

What is the "reversed-dependency trap"? Provide two examples.

A situation in which a parent comes to define his own sense of self-worth in terms of success and failure of his son or daughter, examples include an angry parent who was not successful at sports "frustrated jockey syndrome" or was successful and expects the son or daughter to maintain a legacy, which ties back to the parent.

Goal involvement

A situation specific state measure of how an individual relates to an achievement situation at a specific point in time.

Informational aspect of external motivation

A term describing the tendency of people who come to perceive that extrinsic motivation provides them with information that suggests personal competence to respond with increased levels of intrinsic motivation.

Controlling aspect of external motivation

A term describing the tendency of people who come to perceive that their behavior is controlled by external forces to respond with decreased levels of intrinsic motivation.

Provide a comprehensive and coherent description of self-determination theory as it relates to the development of intrinsic motivation in children

A theory of motivation that is based on the writings of Deci and Ryan and describes how motivation is developed and how it relates to the concept of autonomy or agency.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

A theory that proposes that external rewards may have either a controlling or an informational effect upon the person receiving the reward.

Developmental model of sport participation

A youth sport model that is based upon early diversification as opposed to specialization.

Vealey's Sources of Sport-confidence

Achievement, self-regulation, and social climate.

Parents as role models

Active parents have active children.

Reflected Appraisal Process

An appraisal process that is a function of the actual appraisal of others, one's own appraisal of self, and one's perception of how others appraise one.

Competitive Climate?

An environment in which athletes perceive that mistakes will be punished and competition between teammates will be encouraged.

Moderator variable

An independent variable that modifies or determines the effect that a second independent variable has upon a dependent variable.

Competence Motivation

An individual's belief that he is competent, which leads to the motivation to try and learn new tasks.

Matching Hypothesis

As used in this chapter, the term relates to matching a person's motivational climate to bring about maximum achievement benefits.

Undifferentiated Goal Perspective (Level 1)

At this level, the child views effort, ability, and outcome as the same thing.

Vicarious Experience

Beginning athletes can experience success through the use of models. This is also referred to as observational learning.

Differentiated Goal Perspective (Level 4)

Children and adults in level 4 have this, At or around age 12, the child can clearly distinguish among the concepts of ability, effort, luck, and outcome. Also clearly understands the ramifications of task difficulty and recognizes that some tasks or opponents will be more difficult than others.

Four Internal Assets

Commitment to learning Positive Values Social Competencies Positive Identity

What are the five C's of youth development

Competence Character Connection Confidence Caring/Compassion

Emotional Arousal

Emotional and physiological arousal are factors that can influence readiness for learning. Details as to exactly how this can happen will be discussed in a subsequent chapter. For now, it is important to understand that we must be emotionally ready and optimally aroused in order to be attentive. Proper attention is important in helping the athlete to master a particular skill and develop a feeling of efficacy.

Mastery Climate?

Environment in which athletes receive positive reinforcement from the coach when they work hard, cooperate, and demonstrate improvement.

Example of Informational aspect of external motivation

Famous Oakland A's baseball player gets a million dollar signing bonus, instead of cashing it he frames it and hangs it on the wall. This motivated him for the reason why he loves playing baseball, and thus have improved his intrinsic motivation.

Example of controlling aspect of external motivation

Father and son are going on a 5 mile race and the father promises to give $10 dollars as an incentive, the son ends up saying what's in it for me after realizing the only positive for him at the time is the money, decreasing the intrinsic motivation.

Define fear of failure

Fear of failure is a motivational construct that is associated with high levels of state anxiety.

Ego Goal Orientation

Goal disposition that perceives ability as being a function of outperforming others as opposed to self-improvement (see competitive orientation).

Task Goal Orientation

Goal disposition to view perceived ability as a function of effort and improvement (see mastery goal orientation).

Parents as interpreters of experience

Higher parental pressure is related to negative child outcomes, and low to moderate levels of parental pressure is related to children's higher enjoyment of athletics.

Discuss the critical importance of autonomy or agency in the development of intrinsic motivation.

If a person feels that they have no control, then they will never be able to transfer any extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation, and will never take on tasks.

How can the Five C's best be realized by the youth sport participant?

If they possess the internal and external assets of development, then the outcome of behaviors should be the five C's.

Discuss how fear of failure can be developed in children as a result of misguided parental socialization practices.

In an effort to motivate their child they may resort to three kinds of behavior in response to perceived failure ion the part of their child. These three socialization practices include punitive behavior, controlling behavior, and excessively high expectations.

Which type of self-regulated extrinsic motivation is most like intrinsic motivation and why?

Integrated Regulation, because it is the process by which an extrinsic motivation has been fully integrated or internalized by the individual. In terms of self-determination, it is very similar to intrinsic motivation.

Describe Vealey's Multidimensional Model of Sport Confidence.

Is a model in which multidimensional sport-confidence is conceptualized as being more dispositional (trait) or state-like across a continuum of time.

Mediator variable

Is a variable that determines how a previous variable affects a subsequent variable. Thus in the following relationship: A > B > C, variable B mediates the effect that variable A has upon C.

Intrinsic Motivation

Is motivation that comes from within.

How does the reflective appraisal process relate to the development of competence motivation?

It provides a thorough evaluation of self to help foster competence motivation, which leads to motivation to try and learn new tasks.

Discuss over justification and discounting as they relate to the reduction in intrinsic motivation.

Justification of bad performance and discounting obvious poor attitudes and performances reduces intrinsic motivation due to the fact that the athlete feels that it is perfectly fine to act and or play in that manner

Identify and discuss benefits of youth sports.

Learning to cooperate with teammates and coaches, learning what it means to be a good sport, and developing a sense of perceived competence and self-efficacy.

Professional Sports Model

Model of a commercial sport enterprise, in which the stated goals are to entertain and make money

Is it always desirable to be high in task goal orientation and low in ego goal orientation? Explain and justify your answer.

No, because a healthy level of competition is very conducive to the nature of any sport

Do external rewards always undermine intrinsic motivation?

No, external rewards can when they become the sole factor such as the controlling aspect of external motivation; however, when they are able to be used as in the informational aspect then they do not undermine intrinsic motivation.

How and why is peer friendship important in the overall psychological development of the youth sport participant?

Peer acceptance and peer friendships are associated with the athletes' perceived ability, perceived competence, perceived self-worth, and positive affect.

Sportspersonship

Performance of athletic tasks with a high level of moral functioning. Those exhibiting a low level of moral functioning are said to exhibit unsportspersonlike behavior.

What is the most important antecedent in youth sport?

Sport Enjoyment.

How can peer friendships be measured?

Sport Friendship Quality Scale (SFQS).

Youth Sports Model

Sports model dedicated to the development of desirable physical and psychological characteristics in young athletes.

According to Bandura, what are four factors necessary for the development of self-efficacy? Be able to recognize an example of each.

Successful performance, Vicarious Experience, Verbal Persuasion, and Emotional Arousal.

Four External Assets

Support Empowerment Boundaries and expectations Constructive use of time.

What are the two main categories of goal orientation?

Task goal orientation and Ego goal orientation.

What is TARGET?

Task, Authority, Recognition, Grouping, Evaluation, and Timing. When all of these are considered a mastery-oriented setting is produced.

What does research say about the desirability of creating either a mastery or a competitive climate?

That a mastery climate is much more desirable than a competitive climate, because the athlete's overall happiness with the sport and their teammates is much higher.

What does research say about the desirability of being either task or ego goal oriented?

That task goal orientation is much more desirable for athletes than ego, because the level of hostility is lower and the level of learning is higher in task goal orientation.

How is goal involvement measured?

The Goal Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (GISQ).

Explain how sources and types of sport-confidence interact to influence performance.

The administration of the SCI Sport-Confidence Inventory, The Sport Confidence Inventory (SCI) is composed of 14 items that measure the three aspects of sport-confidence.

Successful performance

The athlete must experience success in order for self-efficacy to develop. With a difficult task, this is an unrealistic expectation, so the coach or teacher must ensure success by initially reducing the difficulty of the task. An example of how this can be accomplished is found in tennis and volleyball instruction. A beginner may not be able to successfully serve a volleyball across the net on a regulation court, but when the coach encourages the athlete to step into the court several meters, it can be accomplished.

Relatedness

The basic need to relate to other people, to care for others and have others care for you.

Autonomy

The belief a person has that she is in control of her destiny and her own actions and choices.

Beginning to differentiate (Level 2)

The child is beginning to recognize that there is a difference between effort and ability, but the child believes that effort is the major determinant of achieving success. If you try hard and expend lots of effort, you will find success.

Identify and briefly discuss three potential negative factors associated with youth sports.

Too much competition and focus upon winning. Too much distress and anxiety in the minds and bodies of the participants. Violence of adults.

How is Mastery Climate or Competitive Climate Measured?

The perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ).

Discuss the concept of internalization as it relates to self-determinism and extrinsic motivation.

The process by which rewards and other forms of extrinsic motivation become less external and more internal, people become more motivated to accomplish these said tasks.

Surface reasons for withdrawal from sport

The reasons that children give for withdrawing form sport, which seldom reflect deeper psychological reasons (ex. Not fun anymore, lack of physical activity, lack of thrill).

What does it mean for the two main kinds of goal orientations to be orthogonal to each other?

Theoretically, task goal orientation is centered on a mastery climate which fosters are more positive learning environment; whereas ego goal orientation fosters are more competitive and less developmental learning environment. Practically, task goal orientation takes more involvement from the coaching staff and would include involving all members of the team and could cause a decrease in performance with acceptable risk; whereas a ego goal orientation coaches can pit players to compete against each other and foster a hostile environment which does not produce a similar cohesive effect as the latter.

How does including the concept of self-determinism modify current theories of motivation that are based primarily upon perceived competence?

They allow the individual to internalize and increase intrinsic motivation, which goes a lot further in performance than when some is displaying a role-related external level of competence.

Greater ability to differentiate (Level 3)

This level is transitional, in the sense that the child is beginning to differentiate between ability and effort. Sometimes the child will recognize that effort is not the same as ability, but at other times he will revert back to an undifferentiated conceptualization of the two.

Explain Harter's theory of competence motivation

To Satisfy the Urge to be Competent, the Person Attempts Mastery. Successful Attempts at Mastery Promote Self-efficacy & Feelings of Personal Competence. Feelings of Personal Competence Fosters High Competence Motivation.

List the five motives that children most often give for participating in youth sports programs.

To have fun and enjoy participating in sport. To learn new skills and to improve on existing sport skills. To become physically fit and to enjoy good health. To enjoy the challenge and excitement of sports participation and competition. To enjoy a team atmosphere and to be with friends.

Identify and discuss the four developmental levels that children pass through in developing a mature understanding of the differences between effort, ability, luck, and task difficulty.

Undifferentiated goal perspective, beginning to differentiate, greater ability to differentiate, differentiated goal perspective.

Identify and discuss some of the antecedents or factors that lead to a mastery climate in an athletic setting.

Using the TARGET method.

Verbal Persuasion

Verbal persuasion usually comes in the form of encouragement from the coach, parents, or peers. Helpful verbal statements that suggest that the athlete is competent and can succeed are most desirable. Negative comments should always be avoided. Can also be self-persuasion as self-talk.

Why is a focus upon competition and winning a negative factor when associated with youth sports?

When winning becomes that important, it forces an external locus of causality, and the athlete's sense of self-determination and autonomy is diminished, as is intrinsic motivation.

Are the 5 motives children use to play sports also benefits of youth sports participation?

Yes.

Discuss how youth sport coaches typically get their coaching experience and knowledge.

Youth sport coaches are usually former athletes, parents of athletes, and usually do not have formal coaching educations, and a lot of knowledge comes from personal experience and internet sources.