SRG 115 Chapter 13 Blood and Chapter 19 Cancer (Oncology)

Medullary

-Large, soft, fleshy tumors. Thyroid and breast tumors may be medullary.

Bleeding time

-Time is required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound. The normal time is 8 minutes or less.

how many years can HIV infected patient remain asymptomatic?

10 years

AB blood has

A and B antigens, no antibodies

A blood has

A antigens, B antibodies

B blood has

B antigen and A antibodies

Fulguration

Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current.

complete blood count (CBC)

Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration 12-14 grams, less than 10 indicates anemia; hematocrit (percentage of RBC 45%); RBC 5 million; WBC 5000-10,000; elevated WBC indicates infection.

Cystic (pathological description)

Forming large open spaces filled with fluid. Mucinous tumors are filled with mucus (thick, sticky fluid), and serous tumors are filled with a thin, watery fluid resembling serum. The most common site of cystic tumors is in the ovaries.

erythroblast

Immature red blood cells that is found only in bone marrow and still contains a nucleus.

Core needle biopsy

Placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue.

Fine needle aspiration

Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation.

Diffuse

Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue. Malignant lymphomas may display diffuse involvement of lymph nodes.

Stereotactic radiosurgery-

Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors.

Antiglobulin test (Coombs test)

Test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes.

Sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape; prevalent in black persons of African or African american ancestry. Hemoglobin S is prevalent.

Erythropoietin

a hormone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

a malignant tumor, carcinoma of the vagina, in daughters of women treated with DES during pregnancy.

Nucleotides are composed of

a sugar, phosphate, and a base, such as adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine).

Allergy

abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

Dysplasia

an alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells

Ulcerating

an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue. Ulcerating tumors often are found in the stomach, breast, colon, and skin. Verrucous resembling a wart-like growth. Tumors of the gingiva (gum) frequently are verrucous.

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

are mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies. Chemotherapy may cure or stop the progress of this disease.

carcinoma in situ

atypical cells residing in the epithelial layer of tissue, not having broken through the basement membrane and invading other local tissues

Coagulation

blood clotting

Hemoglobin

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in RBC's

Myelosuppression

bone marrow depression—anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Drugs such as estrogens can cause cancer

by stimulating the proliferation of cells in target organs such as the lining of the uterus.

Kaposi sarcoma

cancerous condition starting as purple or brown papules on the lower extremities that spreads through the skin to the lymph nodes and internal organs; frequently seen with AIDS

Oncogenic viruses

cause tumors to develop

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV destroys helper T cells (also known as CD4+ cells, containing the CD4 protein antigen).

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Alveolar Tumor

cells form patterns resembling small sacs; commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage.

Vitamin B12 helps with

clotting factors; people with pernicious anemia lacks this factor.

Necrotic

containing dead tissue. Any type of tumor can outgrow its blood supply with resulting cell death and necrosis of part or all of the tumor

Benign tumors

encapsulated (contained within a fibrous capsule or cover), so that the tumor cells do not invade the surrounding tissue. Derived from epithelial cells that line the wall of the gastrointestinal tract

Acute Leukemias

have common clinical characteristics: Abrupt onset of symptoms, fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly

Disorders of blood clotting

hemophilia and purpura

Myeloblast

immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

Erythroblast

immature red blood cell

Infertility

inability to contribute to the conception of a child

Anaplasia

indicates that the cancerous cells are dedifferentiated, or undifferentiated. Lack an orderly arrangement. Tumor cells vary in size and shape.

Mononucleosis

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Pneumonitis

inflammation of the lung

Plasma

liquid portion of blood

Malignant tumors

local growth, cancerous cells spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels. Invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize.

Multiple myeloma

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.

Electrophoresis

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

Bone marrow biopsy

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

Macrophage

monocyte that migrates from blood to tissue spaces

Purpura

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. Hemorrhages into the skin and mucus membranes produce red -purple discoloration of the skin. Can be caused by having too few platelets(thrombocytopenia)

red blood cell count (RBC)

number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood; The normal number is 4 to 6 million per mm3 (or μL).

white blood cell count (WBC)

number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood; Normal number of leukocytes averages between 5000 and 10,000 per mm3 (or μL).

Immunoglobulin

protein with antibody activity, lgC, lgH, IgE

Nausea and vomiting

reaction to radiation therapy to the brain (vomiting center is located in the brainstem) or gastrointestinal tract (loss of epithelial lining tissue)

Hemolytic anemia

reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction. Because the spleen destroys RBC's removal usually improves this anemia

Proton therapy

small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all the absorbed dose at a focused finite point

Simulation

study prior to radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map treatment. Simulation is required for all patients undergoing RT.

Environmental agents that causes cancer

the environment, such as chemicals, drugs, tobacco smoke, radiation, and viruses.

Prothrombin Time (PT)

the test used to monitor patients taking anticoagulation drugs; Prothrombin is one of the clotting factors (factor II) made by the liver.

Coagulation time

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

Petechiae

tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages. (NP. Normally found in strangulation victims)

Cryosurgery

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

Polymorphonuclear

white blood cell with a multilobed nucleus, neutrophil

Granulocytes

white blood cells with numerous dark staining granules; basophil, neutrophil & eosinophil.

Alopecia

(baldness)—may be permanent or temporary with radiation therapy

Fibrosis

(increase in connective tissue) in normal tissues

(T-tumor N- nodes M- metastasis) (TNM) International Staging System.

A system for staging malignant neoplastic disease

Radiotherapy complications

Alopecia, Fibrosis, Infertility, Mucositis, Myelosuppression, Nausea and vomiting, Pneumonitis, Secondary tumors, Xerostomia

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding is caused by a hereditary lack of blood clotting factors(Factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting. Patients with clotting factor deficiencies often bleed into weight-bearing joints, especially ankles and knees.

Follicular

Forming small glandular sacs. example, Thyroid gland cancer and lymphomas

Brachytherapy

Implantation of small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into the tumor (interstitial therapy);

Anaphylaxis

Life threatening allergic reaction

Hodgkin's disease

Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes. Often is made by identifying a malignant cell (Reed-Sternberg cell) in the lymph nodes. Characterized by lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite. Treatment may be radiotherapy or chemotherapy. If the the disease is more widespread, chemotherapy is given alone.

Fungating

Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface. Tumors found in the colon

Epidermoid

Resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like); often occurring in the respiratory tract.

Mixed-tissue tumors

derived from tissue that is capable of differentiating into both epithelial and connective tissue. Uncommon tumors are thus composed of several different types of cells. Examples are found in the kidney, ovaries, and testes.

Cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning

Hemochromatosis

excess iron deposits throughout the body: Hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, skin pigmentation, diabetes, and cardiac failure may occur

Aplastic Anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. The cause of most cases of aplastic anemia is unknown(idiopathic)

Chemical carcinogens

found in a variety of products and drugs, including hydrocarbons—in cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke and automobile exhaust—insecticides, dyes, industrial chemicals, insulation, and hormones.

Leukemia

increase in cancerous white blood cells. tumors derived from bone marrow and lymphomas are derived from immune cells of the lymphatic system.

Basophil

leukocyte(granulocyte) with dark staining blue granules; releases histamine and heparin

Lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue;

Thymoma

malignant tumor of the thymus gland

Sarcomas

malignant tumors but are less common than carcinomas. They derive from connective tissues in the body, such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow, and from cells of the lymphatic system.

Differential count

measures the percentage of each type of WBC

Iron deficiency anemia

most common type of anemia caused by lack of iron, which is required for hemoglobin production

Tumors (neoplasms)

new growths that arise from normal tissue

O blood has

no antigens, A and B antibodies

Pancytopenia

occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes.

Urinalysis (UA)

pH6, bacteria count over 5000 indicates GU infection, protein or albumin may indicate renal disease ; normal specific gravity is 1.001-1.035(urine in tube with a ball inside)

Incisional biopsy

piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis

Plasmapheresis

removal of centrifuge of plasma from withdrawn blood.

En bloc resection Tumor

removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes. Examples, Modified radical mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy

Verrucous

resembling a wart-like growth

Four major approaches to cancer treatment

surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy.

Second, DNA contains

the master code for all proteins produced in the cell.

Carcinoma

the most common type of malignant neoplasm arising from epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces, including skin, glands, and digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. Approximately 90% of all malignancies are carcinomas

Photon therapy (Radiation)

using x-rays or gamma rays. A linear accelerator produces photon beams to treat tumors.

Polycythemia veras

A general increase in red blood cells(erythemia). Blood consistency is viscous(thick) because of greatly increasing numbers of erythrocytes

Fractionation

A method of dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses.

Gliomas

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells

Dysplastic

Containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous. Dysplastic nevi (moles on skin) are an example. They are often forerunners of skin cancers.

Scirrhous

Densely packed (hard) tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue; commonly found in breast or stomach cancer

Radioresistant

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays. Many cancer chemotherapy drugs, especially 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, sensitize tumors and normal tissue to radiation, thereby improving the outcome of treatment.

Papillary

Forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells. Example Bladder and thyroid cancers

Hematocrit of 45%

Lab values that falls within the normal range

Excisional biopsy

Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue. May be curative for small noninvasive tumors.

Granulocytosis

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood; An increase in neutrophils in the blood may occur in response to the infection of inflammation of any type (a) Eosinophilia is an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain allergic conditions. (b)Basophilic is an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia.

Viruses that are carcinogenic.

cervical cancer (papillomavirus) and a tumor of lymph nodes called Burkitt lymphoma (Epstein-Barr virus).

Hemolysis

destruction or break down of red blood cells.

Carcinogenesis

development of cancer

Warfarin (Coumadin)

drug given to patients to prevent formation of clots

Xerostomia

dryness of the mouth—occurs after radiation therapy to the salivary glands

Inflammatory

features of inflammation—that is, redness, swelling, and heat. Inflammatory changes result from tumor blockage of the lymphatic drainage of the skin, as in breast cancer

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID).

immunodeficiency disorders are present at birth. Affected infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in a lack of immunity.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

infectious mononucleosis; Lymphadenitis is present, with fever, fatigue, asthenia (weakness), and pharyngitis.

Mucositis

inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth, pharynx, vagina, bladder, or large or small intestine

Thalassemia

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia(deficiency of color or pigmentation)

The thymus

is small, and children have little or no protection against infection; large in kids and decreases in size as you get older

Grading

its degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope. Grade 1 tumors are differentiated and Grade IV are undifferentiated or anaplastic. Grade II and III are intermediate in appearance moderately and poorly differentiated.

Staging (Stage 1- 4)

its extent of spread of the tumor within the body. using CT, PET/CT, and MRI scans and radionuclide (radioactive) bone scans.

Pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

Linear accelerator

large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

Megakaryocyte

large platelet precursor(forerunner) cell found in the bone marrow

Diseases of the white blood cells

leukemia, Granulocytosis, Mononucleosis, Acute myelogenous(myeloblasts) leukemia (AML),Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML), Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Eosinophil

leukocyte with dense, reddish granules having an affinity for red acidic dye; associated with allergic reactions.

Neutrophil

leukocyte(polymorphonuclear granulocyte) formed in the bone marrow; granules do not stain intensely and have a pale color

Secondary tumors

new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor including sarcomas or carcinomas, or leukemias that may arise from damaged tissue

Bilirubin

orange-yellow pigment produced from hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed

Serum

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.

Fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

Globulin

plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples

Differentiation

the process of individual specialization of cells. epithelial cells begin functioning to cover & protect .. bone cells function to provide structure & support

Radiation

the process of using light, short-waves, ultraviolet or X-rays, or any other rays

Radiocurable tumor

tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy

Gray (Gy)

unit of absorbed radiation dose

Exenteration

wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space