SS PRAXIS practice

Andrew Johnson, who ascended to the presidency after Lincoln's assassination, treated Southern states

Leniently, he pardoned many former Confederates and had their land restored, and he put a premium on states' rights.

"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that." -Source: Abraham Lincoln, to Horace Greeley, New York Times, 1862 The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1862 which of the following was correct?

Lincoln's primary goal for the Civil War was to reunify the country.

In addition to new maritime technologies, what other innovations helped to spur European exploration in the Americas?

New methods for organizing international trade, like the joint stock company

How did the US continue its transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy?

Urban area growth and employment on the rise

Which of the following concepts can be modeled using a PPC?

When all resources are being used, making more of one good means making less of the other good.

Absolute and relative location are two ways of describing the positions and distribution of people and places on the earth's surface. Absolute location answers the question of:

Where is it?

Which of the following could accurately describe the relationship between migration and technology?

Where people can migrate is determined by available technology

The ability to move from one place/region to another is called?

mobility

What document states the structure of the government must furnish the proper checks and balances between the different departments?

Federalist No. 51

In 1870 Mississippian Hiram Revels became a US Senator occupying the seat recently vacated by Confederate president Jefferson Davis. What was unique about Revels

He was the first African American senator in US history

The National Industrial Recovery Act was a New Deal program that

established the Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration, creating building projects and setting industry codes of conduct

The five themes of geography are: location, human/environment interaction, place, regions, and movement. Rank them in order of development from highest to lowest.

location, place, human/environment interaction, movement, region

A country with a large amount of arable land and a small number of farmers will have a:

low agricultural density

What did the Homestead Act guarantee for American citizens?

A 160-acre plot of land, in exchange for working the land for 5 years.

The violence at the Haymarket Square riot in Chicago led to

A growing distrust in unions, especially in the inclusive Knights of Labor, and the eventual shutdown of that organization.

Image of the Scorpion macehead, dated to c. 3100 BCE. The image shows an Egyptian ruler holding a hoe and standing near a canal. Image credit: Wikimedia The scene depicted on the macehead above is most directly the result of which of the following developments?

Altering the environment to improve agricultural production

"In a pure democracy the people are the sovereign, and their will is declared by themselves; for this purpose they must all come together to deliberate, and decide. This kind of government cannot be exercised, therefore, over a country of any considerable extent; it must be confined to a single city, or at least limited to such bounds as that the people can conveniently assemble, be able to debate, understand the subject submitted to them, and declare their opinion concerning it." -Brutus No. 1 Which of the following political parties would have agreed with the ideological perspectives in the passage when it was written?

Anti-Federalists

Which of the following best describes the law of supply?

As price increases, quantity supplied increases.

In the Homestead Strike of 1892, the manager of Homestead Steelworks locked union steelworkers out of his plant. As a result, the union workers went on strike. A gun battle ensued between the union members and a group of armed men Homestead had hired. The dispute was ultimately resolved when 6,000 state troops reopened the plant. What was the reason for this dispute in the first place?

Big businesses like Homestead were anti-Union. Unions served to protect workers' rights, including working long hours and conditions, which slowed production.

Which of the following is an example of a pull factor?

Booming job market

Which of the following was a reason that England did not have a successful colonial venture in the New World until 1607?

Conflict between Protestants and Catholics consumed much of England's attention in the 1500's.

"Practice no-action; Attend to doing-nothing; Taste the flavorless, Examine the small, Multiply the few, Return love for hate." From the writings of Lao Tzu c. 4th century BCE The religion represented in this excerpt's ideas most directly challenged which of the following ideologies?

Confucianism

What was an effect of Hernando de Soto's expeditions into what is today the Southeastern United States?

De Soto's expedition spread Eurasian disease into the interior of the country, inadvertently killing thousands of Native people.

"In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master. . . the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character." -Source: The Federalist Papers, No. 54, 1788 Which of the following best describes the core ideas behind the Three-Fifths Compromise?

Enslaved persons were counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation.

Which event is generally considered to be the first belligerent act of World War II?

Germany's attack on Poland.

By the sixteenth century, some European manufactured goods reached Timbuktu via the trans-Saharan trade, in particular cloth. There are today Arabic manuscripts from the 1500s copied in Timbuktu on paper that originated in the mills of northern France, Germany, or Italy—according to their watermarks. At the heart of Timbuktu's economy until the late 1500s, was the gold trade. From th[e gold trade], Timbuktu gained its fabled reputation in North Africa and Europe. The boom period began in the 1300s, when merchants from Djenné opened a route southward to the periphery of the forest zone, to what is now the Republic of Ghana. The gold, largely in the form of gold dust, was brought to Djenné overland, traded to Timbuktu by river, and there traded to Saharan and North African merchants, in exchange for rock salt but also all manner of other goods in trans-Saharan commerce." From "Timbuktu," Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Which of the author's statements supports why the gold trade was the heart of Timbuktu's economy?

Gold was traded "in exchange for rock salt but also all manner of other goods in trans-Saharan commerce."

All male white inhabitants, of the age of twenty-one years, and possessed in his own right of ten pounds value, and liable to pay tax in this State, or being of any mechanic trade, and shall have been resident six months in this State, shall have a right to vote at all elections for representatives, or any other officers, herein agreed to be chosen by the people at large; and every person having a right to vote at any election shall vote by ballot personally. . . ." -Source: Georgia State Constitution, 1777 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1770s?

How southern state constitutions maintained pre-Revolutionary property qualifications for voting

Why are human beings resources?

Humans have intelligence which can be used to realize the utility of substances.

The Standard of Ur, from Mesopotamia c. 2600 BCE. This art depicts food, such as fish and grain, being carried by farmers and fisherman (or soldiers carrying war booty), seated dignitaries, a lyre instrument player, a singer, and the king. The Standard of Ur, from Mesopotamia c. 2600 BCE. This art depicts food, such as fish and grain, being carried by farmers and fisherman (or soldiers carrying war booty), seated dignitaries, a lyre instrument player, a singer, and the king. Image credit: Wikipedia This mosaic can be used as evidence of which of the following in ancient Mesopotamia?

Increasing specialization of labor.

What technology transformed the workplace from 1865 - 1900"s

Introduction of Steam

What best describes Japan's role in World War I?

It attacked and took over German possessions in China and the Pacific

"Soap production for the commercial market had started as a by-product of the meat-packing industry, with small companies processing animal fats for regional markets. In the late 1870s mechanical improvements in the mixing and crushing process used in making bar soap greatly expanded output. . . . By using the new machinery, Procter & Gamble was soon making 200,000 cakes of Ivory soap a day." -Source: William Lazonick, American Corporate Economy: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Volume 4, 2002

It led to the production of large quantities of goods.

The Battle of Bull Run, fought in April 1861, was notable because

It was a clear Confederate victory, signaling to the United States that the Civil War would be considerably longer and more difficult than expected.

"By comparison [to twelfth and thirteenth-century northern Italy], economic life in the Eastern world - in the Abbasid Caliphate or [Song] China - was far more advanced (...). To discover modern finance, Europe had to import it. In this, a crucial role was played by a young mathematician called Leonardo of Pisa, or Fibonacci. The son of a Pisan customs official based in what is now Bejaia in Algeria, the young Fibonacci had immersed himself in what he called the 'Indian method' of mathematics, a combination of Indian and Arab insights. His introduction of these ideas was to revolutionize the way Europeans counted. Nowadays he is best remembered for the Fibonacci sequence of numbers ... But the Fibonacci sequence as only one of many Eastern mathematical ideas introduced to Europe in his path-breaking book Liber Abaci, 'The Book of Calculation', which he published in 1202. In it, readers could find fractions explained, as well as the concept of present value...Most important of all was Fibonacci's introduction of Hindu-Arabic numerals. He not only gave Europe the decimal system, which makes all kinds of calculation far easier than with Roman numerals; he also showed how it could be applied to commercial bookkeeping, to currency conversions and, crucially, to the calculation of interest." From Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), 32-33. Which of the following best summarizes Ferguson's argument in this passage?

Italian banking relied on the mathematical insights from other regions that Fibonacci brought together in Liber Abaci

"Chinese records show tribute missions (trade) in the sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries and again in the tenth and eleventh. Srivijaya's "tribute" consisted of pepper, resins, rattans, ivory, plumes, birds' nests, turtles, sea cucumber, and mother-of-pearl; "gifts" from China's emperors to Srivijaya were industrial dyes, iron, ceramics, and silk. In the Chinese presentation, for seven hundred years a Sumatran state is recognized as a vassal, which acts as intermediary for many barbarian archipelago harbor states, bringing their tribute to China along with Srivijaya's own. In Chinese presentation, the honor of being a vassal is conferred by China, and it is taken away by China when the vassal proves itself unworthy. In 1380, Srivijaya was stripped of its special relationship to China and the honor of being China's vassal was transferred to the Javanese kingdom of Majapahit." from Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (Yale University Press, 2003), 24. What does this excerpt tell us generally about the relationship between two dynasties?

Large dynasties had the power to bestow an elevated status on smaller dynasties; both dynasties received goods as a result

the Malabar Coast referenced in this passage is the southwest coast of India. "The strategic link in the trade between India and China was the Strait of Malacca, connecting the Bay of Bengal with the South China Sea. Like the Malabar coast, the strait was a hinge [an essential point] in the monsoonal [seasonal wind] sailing system. Vessels crossing the Bay of Bengal eastbound on the summer monsoon could not normally reach China before the opposing northeast wind set in. Therefore they would winter in a port along the strait before continuing around the Malay Peninsula and across the South China Sea in April or May. Climatic reality encouraged India-based merchants to sell their goods in the strait towns, then return directly to Malabar on the winter wind. China shippers followed the same seasonal pattern of travel, only in reverse." From Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986). What does this excerpt tell us about the relationship between location and trading cities?

Location can sometimes prove beneficial for a trading city

The Sons of Liberty were

Members of a secret society that rebelled against the British Empire through protests that were often violent and destructive.

Which of the following statements concerning migration is false?

Migrants tend to not relocate again after reaching their end destination.

Members of the National Organization for Women (NOW) protest a congressional bill that eliminates protections for pregnant workers. After the bill passes, they form a letter-writing campaign hoping to influence the president to veto the bill. This is an example of which of the following principles of American government?

Multiple access points for stakeholders to influence policymaking

Description: Franklin Roosevelt, dressed as a doctor, talks to the man with the words, "U.S. Constitution" written on his chest. In the background, a nurse with "Supreme Court" written on her smock watches their conversation with a disgruntled face. There is also a medical bag that has "New Deal Remedies" printed on the front of it. FDR says, "There's nothing the matter with you — Your nurse is not giving you proper treatment!" Which of the following developments is the most direct cause of the perspective expressed in the image?

NOT THIS: The Supreme Court was refusing to hear cases about the constitutionality of New Deal laws.

Which of these theories about population growth in the twenty-first century is most widely believed by geographers and demographers?

NOT: Only through strict national population control policies can the rate of population growth be slowed in the twenty-first century. NOT: The rate of population growth will continue escalating in the twenty first century. NOT: The rate of population growth will remain fairly static throughout the twenty-first century,

Which of the following changes would cause a balanced budget to move to a budget surplus?

NOT; A decrease in tax revenue. NOT; An increase in government spending. NOT; A decrease in national income.

Teddy Flood lives in Texas and is voting in the 2018 election. When he gets to the ballot box, he decides to do straight-ticket voting, in which he checks one box to cast a ballot for every candidate from the Democratic party. Which model of voting behavior does this best represent?

Party-line voting

Something has changed about how consumers buy hats which resulted in the change shown in this graph. Which of the following changes could this graph represent?

People do not like hats as much as they did before, so their demand has decreased

Assuming there is no change in the nominal exchange rate, what will be the effect of contractionary monetary policy in Canada on the Canadian price level and the real exchange rate (RER) of the Canadian dollar?

Price level will decrease; RER will decrease.

The Council of Elrond has decided to increase taxes, and the central bank of Elrond has decided to conduct open market sales of financial assets. Assuming that wages are sticky, which of the following best describes the impact of these actions on real output and the price level?

Real output will decrease; the price level will decrease

Relative location is a generality of location, it is a framework of geography best explained by;

Relative location is the relationship of a place to other places.

"As available resources increased, societies had to face, for the first time, the task of dealing with surpluses, whose control and distribution posed entirely novel problems. And, surprisingly quickly, their distribution became lopsided, so that gradients of power and wealth appeared. Surpluses began to sustain populations of privileged (and mainly male) specialists: artisans, traders, warriors, priests, scribes, and rulers. It is worth noting how paradoxical this steepening of hierarchies is. For the increases in productivity associated with the agrarian revolution might, in principle, have raised the average material living standards of all members of society. The reality was different. Unlike water, which prefers to lie flat as it accumulates, material wealth in complex societies likes to pile itself up into huge pyramids." From David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (2004). What does the author argue that resource surpluses caused?

Resource surpluses caused different levels of social status to emerge

In which of these regions is the population growing the fastest?

Sub-Saharian Africa

Which of the following terms describes a situation in which there is an excess quantity demanded in a market?

Shortage

"Thus every man, by agreeing with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone in that society to submit to the decisions of the majority, and to be bound by it. Otherwise—that is, if he were willing to submit himself only to the majority acts that he approved of—the original compact through which he and the others incorporated into society would be meaningless . . ." -John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690 Which of the following democratic ideals is described in the passage?

Social contract

"I suppose if [Sparta] were to become desolate, and [only] the temples and the foundations of the public buildings were left . . . [people would not believe the extent of] her power. Even though [the Spartans] occupy two-fifths of Peloponnese and lead the whole . . . [with] numerous allies beyond . . . because the city is neither built in a compact form, nor is it adorned with magnificent temples and public edifices (but instead is composed of villages after the old fashion of Hellas) there would be an impression of inadequacy. . . If Athens were to suffer the same misfortune, I suppose that any inference would make her power seem twice as great as it is." From: Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War. Which of the following could be used as evidence to support why the cities of Sparta and Athens looked so different, despite both being powerful states?

Sparta's empire relied economically less on trade than did Athens's empire.

What was one of the major problems surrounding Jim Crow laws in the South, which mandated racial segregation in "separate but equal" accommodations for African Americans?

The "equal" accommodations were not actually equal and African Americans had vastly inferior and underfunded resources made available to them.

"In a single republic, all the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government; and the usurpations are guarded against by a division of the government into distinct and separate departments. In the compound republic of America, the power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself." -Source: Publius (James Madison), The Federalist Papers, no. 51, 1788 The ideas expressed in the excerpt indicates a support for which of the following?

The creation of a federal system of government

What was one of Japanese motivations for making an attack on Pearl Harbor?

The United States cut off its oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, which debilitated the Japanese navy.

Which best describes fighting on the Eastern and Western Fronts during World War I?

The Western Front was a defensive stalemate from 1914-1918 while the Eastern Front was much more fluid

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had stalled in Congress in 1963 with hardline segregationists opposing the bill, but by 1964 it was law. What was one of the factors that led to its passage?

The assassination of President Kenndey gave President Lyndon Johnson the political capital to enact Kennedy's vision for the nationm which included the expansion of civil rights.

The National Recovery Act of 1933, enacted by Franklin Roosevelt's administration to combat the Great Depression, vastly expanded the power of the federal government to regulate wages and labor standards. This scenario is an example of which of the following aspects of federalism?

The changing balance of power between the states and federal government in response to societal needs

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. There are both push and pull factors causing people to migrate from their homeland to a new country. Which of the following is an example of a "Push Factor" for migration?

The country they are leaving is at war and their lives are in danger.

In Federalist No. 10, Madison argues that the Constitution delegates authority to elected representatives. Which of the following constitutional provisions does this?

The election of members of the House of Representatives in Article I

Which of the following best describes what we mean by resources in economics?

The factors used to produce goods and services

"The Roman Emperor Gratian committed the task to the Nannienus, a leader of great prudence and skill, joining with him as his colleague with equal power, Mellobaudes, the count-commander of the domestics, as well as the king of the Franks, a man of great courage and renown in war. Nannienus took into his consideration the variable chances of fortune, and therefore voted for acting slowly and with caution, while Mellobaudes, hurried away by a fierce desire for fighting, according to his usual custom, was eager at once to march against the enemy and not delay." From Ammianus, History, written in the late fourth century CE. The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The growing use of non-Roman soldiers in the late Roman empire

The Son of Heaven [the emperor] mounts his jade carriage drawn by dragon-like horses, on which is displayed the great standard with the likenesses of the sun and moon upon it, along with dragons ascending and descending. In this the emperor goes to worship the sun outside the east gate. From: Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial, probably composed between the eighth and fifth centuries BCE. This book described rules and rituals related to Chinese royalty. This passage could best be used as evidence for the existence of which of following in ancient China? Group of answer choices

The idea of divine kingship

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the United States' participation on the world stage?

The irreconcilables, isolationist members of Congress, prevented the United States from ratifying the treaty: the United States never became a member of the League of Nations.

If an economy is producing less than its full employment output, which of the following statements about unemployment best describes this economy?

There will be structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment NOT; There will be cyclical and frictional unemployment, but no structural unemployment. NOT; There will be structural and frictional unemployment, but no cyclical unemployment.

How did post WW-11 conferences contribute to the shape of the Cold War?

They gave countries the opportunities to pick sides.

The Tartars [Mongols of the Golden Horde] set on [attacked] a Genoese trading station in the city of Tana and chased the merchants to their redoubt [fort] at Caffa... a town on the Crimean coast which the Genoese had built and fortified as a base from which to trade with the [East]...Their plans were disastrously disturbed by the plague which was soon taking heavy toll of the besiegers...[F]ew places are so vulnerable to disease as a besieged city and it was not long before the plague was as active within the city as without... [The Genoese] took to their galleys and fled from the Black Sea towards the Mediterranean. With them travelled the plague. One of the main trade routes by which the spices and silks from the East reached the European market was by way of Baghdad and then along the Tigris [River] and through Armenia to the entrepot [trading] stations of the Italian merchants in the Crimea. Nothing is more likely than that the plague should travel with the great caravans and spread itself among the [Mongols] of the Crimea. From: Philip Ziegler, The Black Death (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009, 1969), 15-16. Once in Crimea, how did the plague get to Europe?

Through Genoese traders who carried the plague on their ships

"There are myriad historical, geographical, socioeconomic, religious-doctrinal, and legal differences within the category of women and Islam. Much of the variation in the situations of women in the Muslim world is governed by class as well as religious, ethnic, and social considerations. Women of the same social class have similar life experiences across ethnic, national, or religious lines. Wealthy women and working-class women in different societies may have more in common with one another than with women of other classes in their own communities. In addition, women who are Muslims are affected by non-Muslim practices, beliefs, and cultures." From Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. What does Lapidus claim about the effect of class on the lives of women in the Muslim world?

Women of similar social classes often had similar experiences to one another

Which of the following best describes what is occurring when an economy's actual output is above its full employment level of output?

a positive output gap

What is the term for the number of people an area can support?

capacity

The study of human population is called?

demography

A group of people dispersed from their original homeland into different societies around the world is referred to as a(n):

dispora

The demographic transition model primarily equates the rate of population growth with levels of:

economic development

At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, delegates from 12 states debated

how to organize a central government that was sufficiently powerful while maintaining a balance of power between states.

"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." -Source: Louis S. Warren, God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America, 2017 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

indigenous people's efforts to preserve their culture.

The Great Migration contributed to the growth of?

industrial enters in the north of the United States

A decrease in a region's arable land area will most directly impact which of the following:

physiological density

By repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which drew the horizontal line of slavery across the West along the 36 30' parallel, The Kansas-Nebraska Act

reopened the possibility of slavery to expand to new territories north of the Missouri Compromise line.

All of the following were significant factors in migration to Great Britain's North American colonies from Europe EXCEPT

the ability to gain large amounts of wealth