S.S test review!

3. What were 3 different ecosystems in South America and how did people adapt to each ecosystem? *

1. In tropical rainforests, groups hunted and fished and gathered plants for food. 2. Along the rain, rocky west coast, there were few animals to hunt so they ate fish, shellfish and seals. 3. In the Pampas, people hunted the animals that roamed the grasslands.

18. According to the paper on Aztec Class Structure, what were the main classes in Aztec society and describe the composition of each class? *

1. The Ruler: Considered semi-devine; not hereditary position 2. Government Officials, Priests & Military Leaders: Nobles counseled the empire; not hereditary. Priests conducted religious rituals and ran schools. 3. Commoners: Made up of several smaller classes -- professional traders; craftspeople and artisans; farmers, fishermen, laborers 4. Peasants or Serfs: Free but inferior to commoners; servants 5. Slaves: Prisoners of war; lawbreakers or debtors.

15. List 3 achievements of early Andean civilizations. *

1. They were skilled at stacking and cutting stones to make large buildings. 2. They were skilled at pottery and making metal items and tools. 3. They also knew what angles to set irrigation channels that were used for controlling the water flow.

16. List 5 reasons that led to the collapse of the Aztec civilization? *

1. Too many enemies as a result of years of conquest and brutal treatment on conquered people. 2. Spanish invaders had superior weapons. 3. Smallpox 4. Spanish invaders joined forces with other local people to conquer the Aztecs 5. Ineffective leadership

1. What is a nomad? *

A person who moves from place to place in search of food.

13. What is a chinampa? *

A tethered raft or artificial island with a garden or food growing on it.

19. The Inca civilization was based upon what 3 things? *

A unifying religion, a strict class system and a very powerful and strong government.

4. What is the Andes? *

A very long mountain range down the western edge of South America

4. What did the Triple Alliance control? *

All the kings of the city-states that the empire conquered.

2. According to Aztec myth, the Aztecs were commanded by Huitzilopochtli to settle where they found _____________? *

An eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake

Increased in the amount of farmland in mountainous and hilly areas that would otherwise be hard to farm

And they conserved water

Of the 4 civilizations we studied in Mesoamerica, which was the largest?

Aztec

12. Describe the government of the Incas? *

Below the Sapa Inca were four governors and they each had a province, below them was the society, a group in multiples of 10. Each village was divided into groups of 10 families and they were organized in larger groups of 100, 1,000 and 10,000 families and a government official was responsible for each group.

Establishing Aztec control well beyond the Valley of Mexico

Bringing social, economical, and political reform to strengthen Aztec rule

11. How did the Inca grow their empire and they owe their success to what factor? *

By taking over the lands of other peoples. They owed their success to careful organization.

26. Raised roads that linked the island to the mainland shore were called? *

Causeways

11. How were Aztec conquests related to religion? *

Conquests provided prisoners of war who sometimes became sacrifices.

14. Who conquered the Aztec? *

Cortes

3. The political system of the Aztecs was ______________? *

Despotism

Beginning construction on some of the most important Aztec temples

Dramatically expanding the sphere of Aztec influence

How did the higher elevations and the basins created by volcanoes affect the geography of where the Aztec civilization was located?

Due to the high elevation there were cooler temperatures than the coastal lowlands so the crops they grew were different and the basins that were created by volcanoes had most of the farmland.

10. The Triple Alliance did not convert the Aztec civilization from a loose collection of semi-independent but often warring city-states into one of the largest empires in the new world and the largest empire to exist in Mesoamerica? *

False

11. Social classes and hierarchy had little influence on the life of the Aztec citizen? *

False

12. Rights, duties and privileges were not determined because of one's social class? *

False

13. Upward mobility was not possible in the Aztec social structure? *

False

14. A slave was predetermined to that social class for their entire life and was unable to achieve emancipation and upward social mobility? *

False

15. Stratification did not occur within Aztec social class? *

False

16. The Aztecs had a well-developed writing system? *

False

17. In his effort to conquer the Aztecs, Cortes unsuccessfully laid siege to Tenochtitlan for months failing to cut off all sources of freshwater and stopping all shipments of food? *

False

18. Cortes was able to defeat the Aztec with little more than a few hundred Spanish conquistadors? *

False

28. When children of slaves were born, they automatically became slaves? *

False

29. In the Aztec civilization, once a slave always a slave? *

False

3. People farmed in every ecosystem in South America? *

False

7. The formation of the Triple Alliance between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan was unsuccessful in gaining control over virtually all settlements in the Valley of Mexico? *

False

9. The Aztec Civilization was a unified civilization? *

False

The geography where the Aztecs lived was the same as where the Mayans lived?

False

The Aztec civilization revolved around what 3 activities?

Farming, warfare and religion.

19. How did the Aztec use natural resources? *

For food, clothing and shelter

25. The Aztecs made the people they conquered pay Tribute. What was that? *

Gifts of gold, silver or other valuables

3. What power did he have? *

He made all the decisions having to do with war and he had complete power over the people of the city.

6. How did the power of the Aztec king compare to that of the other kings in the Triple Alliance. *

He was the most important of the kings and had the most power.

17. What were the main results of the Spanish defeat of the Aztecs? *

Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec civilization and became governor and captain general of New Spain and Mexico City rose from the ruins of Tenochtitlan and christianity spread throughout the region.

13. How did the Inca empire end? *

Huayna Capac died without arranging for a successor. Two of his sons fought to take his place resulting in a brutal civil war that shattered the Incan empire. Soon after the Spanish conquered the empire.

Describe the difference between a hunting and gathering lifestyle and a settled agricultural lifestyle?

Hunter-gatherers spent a great deal of time and energy moving and searching for food. Farmers had more time to devote to endeavors other than obtaining food, allowing for population growth and division of labor.

20. Why were aqueducts important to the Aztec? *

It brought back freshwater from nearby streams to Aztec for drinking, growing crops and cooking.

6. How did domesticating crops and animals change the lives of early South American people? *

It gave them a stable food supply which allowed them to settle down in one place.

What advantages did the Aztec gain from living on an island?

It was very easily defended, It allowed people to transport goods across the water, It provided land for farming and the surrounding water supplied a source of food.

2. What is an ecosystem? *

It's the climate of each place, animals and plants living in the area which affects how people live.

2. Who was the most important ruler in the Triple Alliance? *

King of Aztec

Tenochtitlan is located where what modern day city is located?

Mexico City

21. What was the name of the Aztec emperor who welcomed Cortes when he arrived? *

Montezuma II

12. Aztec gods were based upon ___________? *

Nature or Natural forces

23. The 2 main classes of Aztec society were _______ and ___________? *

Nobles and Commoners

5. Which civilization is thought to be the oldest civilization in the Americas? *

Norte Chico

7. Identify an important detail about each of the following South American civilizations: Norte Chico; Chavin; Moche; Tiahuanaco and Muisca. *

Norte Chico: Were skilled at agriculture and irrigation. Chavin: Built South America's earliest known city. Moche: Were skilled metalworkers and ceramicists. Tiahuanaco: Built a large city and ran a large empire. Muisca: Trade with distant groups.

21. What is the correct chronological order from first to last for the civilizations listed? *

Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca

17. Which was more important to the Aztec civilization - written communication or oral communication? *

Oral

16. How did Pachacuti's way of building an empire different from the Aztecs? *

Pachacuti preferred not to use his strong army and he offered protection and peace to the people who agreed to join his empire, the people that agreed to join his empire kept their customs and leaders and in return they also had to pay taxes in the form of labor and also had to accept Incan authority.

11. The Aztec religion was _____________? *

Polytheistic

14. Who had the second most power in the Aztec civilization right after the King? *

Priests

13. The Aztecs believed in human sacrifice. Most of the people sacrificed were ______________? *

Prisoners of war

14. How did the Inca class structure affect the clothing the Inca wore? *

Regular people wore rough clothing made from colorful dyed wool and people with higher ranks wore softer, very comfortable and nicely colored clothing. Also the emperor and his empress wore the best clothing that was made from the finest materials.

18. Why were Aztec storytellers important? *

Since they did not have a well developed written language they had to rely on storytellers to pass down their history.

9. Montezuma I was credited for what achievements? *

Solidifying the power of the Triple Alliance

8. What were terraces and why were they important? *

Strips of land carved into mountain sides, hills or slopes planted with crops.

15. What was the capital of the Aztec empire? *

Tenochtitlan

7. How did the Triple Alliance work? *

The 3 kings agreed to support one another with troops and to share control of the empire. They controlled the kings of the city-states they conquered which were required to send tribute to the kings of the Triple Alliance.

Why was human sacrifice essential to Aztec society?

The Aztecs believed that without human sacrifice Huitzilopochtli would get weak and the sun would not rise and that they would lose wars.

20. Describe the Inca religion? *

The Inca were polytheistic worshipping many gods based on natural forces. The most important god was Inti, the sun god. The Sapa Inca was believed to be a descendent of Inti and a living god. As long as conquered people honored and worshipped the Sapa Inca they were allowed to continue to worship their own deities as well.

Where did the Aztec live?

The Mexican highlands and Lake Texcoco.

1. Historians believe the Aztecs were related to what other Mesoamerican civilization? *

The Toltecs

1. What was the Triple Alliance *

The Triple alliance were 3 kings who agreed to support one another with troops and to share control of the Aztec empire.

22. What achievements show that the Aztec had engineering skills? *

The building of dikes, palaces, causeways, aqueducts, temples and chinampas.

1. What is a culture region? *

The groups in the region had similar customs, knowledge and beliefs.

21. Why did many Aztec artists put the sun god in the center of their art? *

The importance of the sun in Aztec religion and the sun's movement defined days and years.

18. How did the Inca road system help the empire? *

The road system made communications easier and it made travel and trade much easier. It also helped unify far away regions of the empire under one government.

The center of the Aztec empire was located in what area and what was the name of the body of water located in the center of the area?

The valley of Mexico, lake Texcoco.

17. What facts show the Inca were skilled builders and engineers? *

They cut the stones so precisely they fit together with mortar. Some Inca buildings still stand today.

They built a long and complex road system with suspension bridges

They developed terraces to increase fertile land and conserve water. They developed an intricate irrigation system.

5. What was the result of a city-state being conquered by the Triple Alliance? *

They had to send tribute to the kings of the triple alliance.

2. What change made it possible for some early South American people to settle in one place? *

They learned how to domesticate crops and animals.

9. Why did some South American people continue to live as nomads after others began to farm? *

They lived in environments that were not suited for farming.

5. Why were people nomads? *

They moved from place to place in search of food

4. What does it mean to domesticate plants and animals? *

To change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful to humans.e

24. What was the main purpose of chinampas? *

To increase the amount of farmland

27. The purpose of a dike or levee was to ____________? *

To keep saltwater and freshwater separate

15. Why did the Aztecs perform sacrifices? *

To keep the Gods happy

10. Every child, rich or poor, free or slave, was required to go to school? *

True

16. Hernan Cortes led the effort to conquer the Aztec civilization? *

True

19. Long-standing rivalries combined with resentment toward taxes and tribute imposed by the Aztecs made it easy for Cortes to gain allies in the fight to conquer the Aztecs? *

True

20. Illnesses such as smallpox, measles, mumps, influenza, etc., ultimately killing hundreds of thousands of people, proved to be one of the primary reasons the Spaniards were able to seize control of such a powerful empire in such a short time. *

True

4. Relationships between Aztec city-states were ever-changing and unpredictable? *

True

5. The Aztec empire grew to include approximately 50 or more city-states that occupied the Valley of Mexico and beyond? *

True

6. The primary political foundation that bound them together was a system of taxes and tributes designed to raise the status of the king? *

True

8. The Triple Alliance was formed out of necessity because the Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan resented the heavy handed governance of the Tepanec? *

True

8. The conquered people were allowed to continue to rule themselves and keep their local customs after paying tribute regularly to the Triple Alliance? *

True

The Aztecs had a rigid class structure? *

True

12. Huitzilopochtli was the Aztec God of ___________? *

War or Sun

19. Could slaves become free? If so, how? *

Yes. Gained freedom after working off debt; completing terms of punishment for a crime or when masters died.

20. Did Aztec slaves have rights? If yes, what rights did they have? *

Yes. They could own property, goods and even other slaves. Their children went to school.